Non-monetary Factors Research Articles

Investigating the interconnection between financial performance and eco-efficiency in British universities: a roadmap towards sustainable higher education

ABSTRACT The focus on climate change has heightened interest in eco-efficiency as a fundamental element of sustainable development. This paper has three main objectives: (i) to assess the eco-efficiency performance of British universities, which is a unique analysis in this field; (ii) to examine the impact of financial and non-financial indicators on their environmental performance score; and (iii) to emphasize the importance of adopting eco-efficient and sustainable practices in line with key policies such as the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030 and Responsible Investing. Universities have a restricted comprehension of the idea and quantification of eco-efficiency. Therefore, the uniqueness of this study lies in its quantification of the eco-efficiency performance of British establishments and its examination of the impact of both monetary and non-monetary factors. This study applies a mixed methodology, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and quantile regression analysis, to address the research objective. We retrieved data for the analysis from the official Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) of the United Kingdom for the academic years 2015/2016–2020/2021, and the analysis encompassed all 160 British academic institutions. Findings show that Welsh institutions appear to be the most ecologically efficient in Britain. Additionally, there is data suggesting that eco-efficiency has a positive impact on liquidity financial indicators. Moreover, spin-offs from higher education institutions exert the most advantageous impact on the sustainable and environmentally friendly financial performance of universities, especially in non-financial aspects. These insights can also assist investors in comprehending the influence of financial and non-financial factors on the eco-efficiency of average and other distribution levels. This study assesses the eco-efficiency of universities and suggests strategies to ensure their long-term sustainability, addressing a gap in the existing body of research.

Drivers of agricultural producers' tolerance towards less-charismatic avian species

Increasing wildlife tolerance (i.e., “the willingness of an individual to absorb the extra potential or actual costs of living with wildlife”) can reduce human-wildlife conflict (HWC). Previous research shows how socio-cultural and psychological factors shape HWC, focusing on carnivores and charismatic species. Less-charismatic species, particularly non-mammals, have received less attention from both the scholarly and policy-making communities even though they may be socially, culturally, and ecologically important. This paper applies the Wildlife Tolerance Model (WTM) to examine livestock producers' interactions with a less-charismatic avian species, black vultures (Coragyps atratus), in the Midwestern USA, as an example of an emerging HWC in an agricultural landscape. We collected usable survey data from 168 livestock producers in Indiana and Kentucky and used a partial-least squares structural equation model to assess potential drivers of their tolerance of black vultures. Intangible costs (i.e., negative emotions associated with black vultures), utilitarian wildlife value orientations (WVOs), and tendency towards using more severe management actions were significantly associated with reduced tolerance. Intangible benefits (i.e., “non-monetary factors such as stress and fear”) and mutualistic WVOs were significantly associated with increased tolerance. Importantly, tangible costs (i.e., “estimated economic costs associated with livestock losses due to wildlife predation”) were not a significant predictor of black vulture tolerance. This paper highlights the importance of socio-cultural and psychological factors, rather than economic factors, in shaping people's tolerance of a less-charismatic avian species. It demonstrates the utility of WTM as a framework for assessing the economic, socio-cultural, and psychological drivers of less-charismatic avian species.

Looking beyond household income status: exploring the interplay of income and other drivers of neighbourhood satisfaction in the Gauteng Province of South Africa

Historic inequalities among different income groups remain a contentious issue affecting neighbourhood sustainability, particularly in South Africa. Prior studies frequently focused on the separate influence of income and other variables of neighbourhood satisfaction, failing to thoroughly explore how these variables intersect and interact with one another. The key objective of this study is to examine the interplay of income and other drivers of neighbourhood satisfaction in the Gauteng Province of South Africa to determine the net importance of household income on one’s neighbourhood satisfaction. The study analyses a sample of 8996 adult respondents interviewed in the Quality of Life 6 Survey (2020/21) conducted in the highly urbanised Gauteng province of South Africa. Bivariate and multivariable statistical techniques are employed to estimate the magnitude of the association between household income and neighbourhood satisfaction. The results show a strong association between household income and individuals’ neighbourhood satisfaction. However, neighbourhood satisfaction based on income alone does not offset the adverse roles of other non-monetary factors as individual and contextual factors. It is imperative to comprehensively understand the interactions between income and other drivers of neighbourhood satisfaction to address various disparities and inequities among income groups and create customised interventions to enhance good housing outcomes and neighbourhood satisfaction in Gauteng.

Assessment of sowing environment for wheat cultivars and evaluation of growing degree days for phenological stages in the Northwest Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh

BackgroundThe date of sowing is a non-monetary input factor that plays a crucial role in field crop management. Based on the sowing time, management practices of crop production affect crop growth, development, and yield. Under varied environmental conditions, this factor may be useful in addressing low yields and combating/escaping stresses either due to diseases or due to any unfavourable environment.ResultsA field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 to study the accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and performance of six wheat cultivars (HS 562, HD 2967, HD 3086, HI 1544, MACS 6222 and WR 544) under four sowing dates (5th November, 25th November, 15th December and 5th January). The study revealed that 5th November is the best date for sowing resulting in higher pooled grain yield of 4.85 Mg ha−1 and 3.94 Mg ha−1 at Bajaura and Malan, respectively. Significant reductions in the grain yield and yield attributes were observed when the date of sowing was set beyond 5th November. Among the cultivars tested, HS 562 gave a significantly higher pooled grain yield of 4.46 and 3.75 Mg ha−1 at Bajaura and Malan, respectively. Pooled data on physiological maturity revealed that variety HS 562 took the highest calendar days (168 days) and GDD (1573.42 °C days) to attain physiological maturity at Bajaura while at Malan HI 1544 and HD 3086 took the highest calendar days (156 and 155 days, respectively) and GDD (2055.41 and 2051.81 °C days, respectively) to attain their physiological maturity.ConclusionFrom the study, it can be concluded that the early date of sowing provides the crop with ample duration to accumulate growing degree days resulting in a higher accumulation of photosynthates resulting in significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield. Therefore, 5th November is recommended as the best time for sowing of wheat crop whereas the sowing must not be delayed beyond 25th November. HS 562 was superior among the cultivars and is recommended for Malan and Bajaura regions for attaining higher yield.

Strategic priorities of regional economic development in the context of regulating non-monetary factors of inflation

A vast array of research works concentrates on such aspects of inflation processes as their essence, development factors, anti-inflationary regulation, etc., but precious few of them attempt to identify the factors of inflation in the strategic priorities of regional development. At the same time, economics and state policy at both national and regional levels recognise the significant effect of inflation on economic development. The paper deals with non-monetary factors of inflation in regions and develops a path for formulating regional policy on their regulation. The theories of regional economic development and inflation constitute the methodological framework of the study. The research methods include systematization, functional and comparative analysis, deduction. We identify the provisions of the socio-economic development strategies of the Ural macroregion’s member territories relating to the regulation of non-monetary factors in the development of inflationary processes. The identified aspects of inflation reflect the impact of its non-monetary factors on regional economic development and require anti-inflationary policy to be coupled with the areas of activity of regional authorities. We present a conceptual-logical model for framing regional policy on regulating non-monetary factors of inflation in an RF subject specifying the strategic priorities of economic development that influence regional factors of inflation. The model demonstrates that it is the state programmes of Russia’s constituent entities that are the main tool for regulating non-monetary factors of inflation in the regional government system. It coordinates price regulation measures in the regions with the goals and objectives of policy aimed at developing their economies. The findings contribute to the understanding of regional inflation factors and can be used by regional authorities when executing socio-economic development strategies.

Relationship of Motivational Factors towards Real Estate Sales Agent's Sales Performance

Abstract The study explores the Relationship of motivational factors influencing sales performance among real estate agents. The research key indicators such as monetary, non-monetary, productivity and efficiency resulted to very high descriptive equivalent which describes as indicators are always implemented by the sales agents. Demographic profile in terms of gender, monthly income, and years in the industry did not significantly affect sales performance. Also, A correlation analysis of motivating factors and sales performance among sales agents shows substantial positive connections across all categories. Descriptive-Correlational, inferential, frequency count, mean and analysis of variance are used in this study. There were 80 real estate agents who were participated as respondents of the study. The study shows that monetary and non-monetary incentive factors have an important role in improving real estate agents' sales performance in Davao City. Additionally, Real estate experience and educational achievement have a major impact on motivation and sales performance. To improve sales results, organizations should design complete motivational tactics that target both financial and non-financial incentives.

The Moonlighting Intention in Indonesian Public Community College Employee: A Perceived Threat Moderated Mediation Model

This study headed to probe the moonlighting intentions (MI) empirically from non-monetary factors, including job satisfaction (JS) through the mediation of organizational commitment (OC) and the moderation role of perceived COVID-19 threats (PCT) and perceived financial threats (PFT) during the pandemic. The study accustomed quantitative methods with a survey and a cross-sectional design. This study gathered data from 81 employees at Community College (AK-Tekstil Solo) and analyzed it using SMART PLS. This study discovered that job satisfaction majorly impacts organizational commitment and moonlighting intentions. Organizational commitment negatively influences moonlighting intentions due to its indirect-only (full mediation) relationships with job satisfaction. PCT and PFT did not play a moderating role, but they did diminish the effect sizes between constructs. The results of this study confirmed the substantial non-monetary facets of moonlighting intentions. This research contributes to the development of theory by validating the relationships that it draws from social exchange theory, and the novelty is the introduction of moderating variables in terms of threat aspects perceived during the pandemic, PCT, and PFT. The relevance of the research findings provides some practical implications and valuable insights for managers of formal educational institutions in the environmental condition that may change at any time without certainty

Sanctions as a non-monetary factor of inflation in the conduct of monetary policy

Aim. To determine the degree of influence of the sanctions policy on the inflation dynamics of Russia within the framework of the monetary policy.Objectives. To review the current trends of sanctions policy as a non-monetary factor of inflation; to assess the degree of impact of sanctions on the inflation rate in Russia, taking into account a number of other factors on the basis of macroeconometric modeling in the short term; to substantiate the recommendations for taking into account non-monetary factors of inflation for the implemented monetary policy.Methods. To analyze the current state of sanctions policy as a non-monetary factor of inflation, the study applies comparative analysis and econometric modeling based on the vector autoregression model.Results. On the basis of econometric modeling of the impact of sanctions on inflation dynamics, based on the data of Rosstat and Investing.com on the inflation rate, ruble/US dollar exchange rate, RTS index, oil prices from 2000 to 2023, we obtain the following results. Sanctions as a non-monetary factor has a significant impact on inflation dynamics. In turn, oil prices do not affect inflation dynamics in the short run.Conclusions. Sanctions should be taken into account in the formation and forecasting of inflation. Oil prices do not have a significant impact on inflation, but it is important to take into account the volatility of the oil market when forecasting inflation dynamics. The struggle of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (RF) with non-monetary inflation by monetary methods does not always lead only to a positive result. Therefore, the control of non-monetary factors of inflation should be carried out in the comprehensive work of macroeconomic policy, not only monetary policy.

Compensation System and Employee Motivation in the Public Sector: A Case Study of Ogun State Civil Service

Abstract This study examined the correlation between the civil service compensation system and employee motivation in the public sector. Using both questionnaires and interviews to gather data, the study found out that the compensation system was not sufficient to meet employees’ basic needs. The study therefore advocated a comprehensive approach to increasing motivation at work, acknowledging the significance of non-monetary factors.

Polluted air, smarter factories? China's robot imports shed light on a potential link

Robot-centered intelligent manufacturing is leading a new round of technological revolution and industrial change. Existing studies have neglected the impact of air pollution, a non-monetary factor, on firms' intelligent manufacturing transformation (FIMT). Using matched samples from China's industrial enterprise database and China's customs database, and based on enterprises' “machine replacing human” strategy, this paper reveals the facilitating effect of air pollution on FIMT. The robustness estimation results after endogeneity treatment, replacing the core variables, changing the clustering level, removing the policy influence, avoiding the interference of domestic robots, changing the estimation strategy, and restricting the import trade mode still support the conclusion. The mechanism by which air pollution accelerates FIMT lies in the first: the factor substitution effect of rising labor costs due to air pollution. The second is the skill-capital complementarity effect due to increased firms' human capital investment induced by air pollution. The third is the intelligent investment effect due to increased economic policy uncertainty induced by air pollution. In addition, air pollution accelerates FIMT more significantly in non-state-owned firms, high labor-intensity industries, and regions with high population aging. This paper argues that there is no conflict between environmental governance and intelligent manufacturing transformation. Air pollution and “machines replacing humans” in the labor market efficiency and fairness issues need attention.

The role of foreign reserves in inflation dynamics

Purpose – Central banks’ foreign reserve stocks in emerging markets have increased substantially in recent decades. Foreign reserves accumulation has been widely believed as a shock absorber to prevent financial crises. Meanwhile, accelerating foreign reserves might be contradictory to the monetary policy objectives. This research aims to investigate the impact of foreign reserves on the inflation dynamics.Method – We apply the inflation-expectation augmented Phillips curve on the monthly data over the period of 2005(7) to 2020(12) in the case of Indonesia. Findings – We show that stockpiling foreign exchange reserves indeed has an inflationary pressure impact. The central bank's intervention in the foreign exchange market is more significant in selling rather than purchasing foreign exchange. However, the non-monetary factors also play an important role in determining inflation. Implications – Considering channels through which foreign reserves might affect inflation, our findings suggest the monetary authority should be concerned with inflationary expectations in the short term as one of the major policy-driven goals to maintain price stability in the long run.Originality – This paper contributes to the literature on monetary policy in developing countries. Unlike other empirical studies, this research employs the inflation-expectation augmented Phillips curve and accommodates the issue of asymmetric effects of the change in foreign reserves.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ МОТИВАЦИИ В АПТЕЧНОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

The article presents the results of a study of the motivation of pharmaceutical personnel as one of the most important factors in increasing labor productivity in pharmacy organizations (JSC). Motivation serves as a personalized guideline that helps the manager identify a list of tools that lead JSC specialists to increase labor productivity. Currently, most of the motivational policy is occupied by material factors and this is insufficient in personnel management. The purpose of this work is to identify the primary motivating factors, as well as to study the opinions of JSC employees on the problems of motivation in the work of pharmaceutical personnel. Questionnaires, including those based on the Internet platform Google Forms, were used as research materials; the following methods were chosen: statistical, mathematical, content analysis, sociological survey, grouping methods. The study was conducted in the period April-May 2023. In the course of the work, the degree of significance of motivational factors was revealed, personnel motivation systems in specific pharmacy chains were analyzed, and the main advantages and disadvantages of existing systems in specific pharmacy chains in Voronezh were established. The material and monetary factor is the leading one, while among the material and non-monetary motivational factors, JSC employees give preference to additional medical insurance and partial payment for vacations. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the motivational system should not be built on one type of incentive. By properly motivating pharmacy workers, the head of the pharmacy can successfully coordinate their professional activities. Knowledge of the motives that influence work allows you to improve personnel management processes, obtain the greatest return on human resources, and, as a result, increase the effectiveness and profitability of the organization.

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Incentive Factors on the Teachers’ Performance among Private Higher Institution in China

This empirical study delves into the intricate relationship between incentive factors and the performance of teachers within the realm of private higher education institutions in China. With the rapid expansion of the private higher education sector in China, understanding the mechanisms that drive teacher performance becomes imperative for sustaining educational quality and institutional competitiveness. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this research integrates quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to capture a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted dynamics at play. The quantitative phase involves administering structured questionnaires to a representative sample of teachers across various private higher institutions in China, while the qualitative phase entails in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, including administrators and educators. The study evaluates a range of incentive factors, encompassing financial rewards, professional development opportunities, recognition, and job satisfaction, among others. Through statistical analyses and thematic coding, the research aims to identify the most influential incentive factors and their differential impacts on teachers' performance indicators such as teaching effectiveness, research productivity, and overall job satisfaction. Preliminary findings suggest that while financial incentives remain a significant motivator for teachers, non-monetary factors such as opportunities for professional growth and recognition also play a pivotal role in enhancing performance and job satisfaction. Moreover, the study uncovers nuanced variations in the perceived effectiveness of incentive mechanisms across different demographic and institutional contexts. By shedding light on the intricate interplay between incentive factors and teachers' performance, this study provides valuable insights for private higher education institutions in China to formulate evidence-based strategies for optimizing faculty motivation, productivity, and overall institutional effectiveness. The implications of these findings extend beyond the confines of academia, offering policymakers and educational stakeholders actionable recommendations to foster a conducive environment for teaching excellence and innovation in the private higher education sector.

МОНЕТАРНЫЕ И НЕМОНЕТАРНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОДУКТА В РФ

Socio-economic events in the tourism services market in 2020-2023, associated with the transformation of the political and economic situation both within Russia and abroad, are determined by a number of monetary and non-monetary factors. Among the main aspects are the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, breaks in long-standing business chains in a variety of international tourist destinations, changes in the level of solvency and spending patterns of the population, as well as ideological narratives. Both these factors and their derivatives have led to the emergence of a fundamentally new configuration of the “socio-economic map of tourism” in our country. The purpose of the study is to compare the influence of both monetary components amenable to formal analysis and difficult-to-define non-monetary factors on the tourist choice of Russians, on the one hand, and on the formation of the supply of a tourism product, on the other. The article attempts to analyze the monetary and non-monetary risks of the formation of a tourism product and its effectiveness in new economic conditions. At the same time, risks are considered not so much as threats, but as potential sources of economic growth in the Russian Federation, including through the development of the Russian tourism market.

Employment Preferences of Cardiologists in Türkiye: A Discrete Choice Experiment.

The homogeneous distribution of physicians is important for ensuring patients' access to health services. To encourage physicians to work in underserved areas, policymakers create incentives. Understanding physicians' employment preferences is essential when developing these incentive packages. This study aims to quantitatively reveal the preferences of cardiologists in Türkiye using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). A DCE questionnaire was distributed electronically to all cardiologists in Türkiye. It included 14 different pairs of hypothetical job offers based on seven parameters likely to influence their employment preferences. The data were analyzed using a conditional logit model. The coefficients (CEs) of conditional logistic regression and the willingness-to-accept (WTA) values were calculated. The analysis included 278 cardiologists. It revealed that the most influential parameter was location (CE: 2.86). To move to an undesirable location, the average participant would require an earnings increase of at least 123.3% relative to the average potential earnings of a cardiologist. Other parameters included availability of suitable facilities (CE: 1.07, WTA: 46.3%), harmony with co-workers (CE: 0.92, WTA: 39.61%), working conditions (CE: 0.68, WTA: 29.26%), and the number of night shifts (CE: 0.61, WTA: 26.34%). 'Location' emerged as the most important factor in the employment preferences of cardiologists in Türkiye. However, several other monetary and non-monetary factors were also influential, suggesting that policymakers should adopt a holistic approach when developing incentives for cardiologists.

Measuring non-monetary poverty via machine learning and neutrosophic method: Review

Poverty is an emerging problem that most economies are facing today. The study is aimed at exploring research conducted on measuring non-monetary poverty via machine learning. Non-monetary poverty is identified through the following factors: demographics, population, distribution of income, climate, culture, ethnics, and availability of natural and artificial resources. Today, one of the most important aspects of non-monetary poverty measurement is using machine learning for multiple data points other than wealth or income to assess the quality of life of an individual or community. The socioeconomic factors that contribute poverty in emerging nations have also been found using machine learning algorithms. To achieve our goal neutrosophic model and machine learning algorithms were applied. Neutrosophic model used for reviewing the poverty indicators along with ML algorithms. While exploring the utility of machine learning in our study to measure poverty we will find the answers for the following questions: (1) Why it is important to take into consideration of non-monetary approaches while calculating poverty rate? (2) Which machine learning algorithms were used in poverty measurement? (3) What is the future scope of machine learning applications in poverty prediction? In finding answers for those questions, we have analyzed overall 10 papers which were collected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria and the purpose of the selection according to the content of the paper. During the survey it was found out that machine learning gives sophisticated data for identifying non-monetary reasons of poverty and this survey is first that uses machine learning to non-monetary poverty factors.

Multi-dimensional poverty and health outcomes in Ghana

There is evidence on the social gradient in health in multiple settings. Recent research is increasingly focused on linkages between multidimensional poverty and health to capture and ascertain the role of non-monetary factors on individuals' health. In this paper, using the 2018/19 wave of the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey (GSEPS) and the country's newly introduced multidimensional poverty index, bivariate correlations and regression analyses are carried out to explore associations between household multidimensional poverty and a series of health outcomes, including physical and mental health. There is evidence of significant subgroup differences across the country by gender, rural/urban residence, education, and region. Regression analyses consistently indicate that poorer mental and physical health outcomes are positively and significantly correlated with greater multidimensional poverty. Robustness tests indicate that deprivations in electricity access, safe sanitation and education are particularly relevant. Findings suggest the importance of a more equal geographical distribution of social amenities and infrastructure, as well as adequate targeting of policies to reduce health inequalities across the country and achieve a more equitable and inclusive distribution of resources within the country.

Job preferences of Chinese primary health care workers: A discrete choice experiment.

Primary health workers (PHWs) are a critical pillar of health systems but primary health care centers often struggle to attract and retain talented staff. To better understand why this is, we investigated the job preference of PHWs in a Chinese urban setting. In a discrete choice experiment, PHWs from 15 primary health care centers in Guangzhou, China, made trade-offs between several hypothetical job scenario combinations of salary, type of health institution, bianzhi (permanent post), work years required for promotion, career development and training opportunities, educational opportunities for children, and community respect. Based on the estimate of the mixed logit model, willingness to pay and policy simulations were applied to estimate the utility of each attribute. Data were collected from 446 PHWs. The PHWs were willing to forgo Chinese Renminbi 2806.1 (US$ 438.5) per month to obtain better education opportunities for their children, making it the most important non-monetary factor. Their preferences were also influenced relatively more by salary, bianzhi, and community respect, than with the other attributes we tested for, work years required for promotion, career development and training opportunities, and type of health institution. Salary is a robust predictive factor, while three non-monetary factors (opportunities for children's education, bianzhi, and community respect) are essential in retaining health workers in primary care.

How digital technology affects working conditions in globally fragmented production chains: Evidence from Europe

This paper uses a sample of over 9 million workers from 22 European countries to study the intertwined relationship between digital technology, cross-border production links and working conditions. We compare the social consequences of technological change exhibited by three types of innovation: computerisation (software), automation (robots) and artificial intelligence (AI). To fully quantify work-related wellbeing, we propose a new methodology that amends the information on remuneration by reference to such non-monetary factors as the work environment (physical and social), career development prospects, or work intensity. First, we show that employee wellbeing is related to the type of technological exposure. Employees in occupations with a high degree of software or robot exposure face worse working conditions – contrary to highly AI exposed occupations. Thus, we find that AI technologies differ from previous waves of technological progress - also in relation to workers' wellbeing. Additionally, we show that the relationship between digital technology and working conditions weakly depends on participation in global production chains.

The Monetary and Non-monetary Factors that Influenced Inflation Dynamics in Russia in 2011–2021

The Monetary and Non-monetary Factors that Influenced Inflation Dynamics in Russia in 2011–2021