Nonmagnetic Oxides Research Articles

Origin of Magnetism in a Supposedly Nonmagnetic Osmium Oxide.

A supposedly nonmagnetic 5d^{1} double perovskite oxide is investigated by a combination of spectroscopic and theoretical methods, namely, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism, and multiplet ligand-field calculations. We found that the large spin-orbit coupling admixes the 5d t_{2g} and e_{g} orbitals, covalency raises the 5d population well above the nominal value, and the local symmetry is lower than O_{h}. The obtained electronic interactions account for the finite magnetic moment of Os in this compound and, in general, of 5d^{1} ions. Our results provide direct evidence of elusive Jahn-Teller distortions, hinting at a strong electron-lattice coupling.

Colossal Magnetoresistive Switching Induced by d0 Ferromagnetism of MgO in a Semiconductor Nanochannel Device with Ferromagnetic Fe/MgO Electrodes.

Exploring potential spintronic functionalities in resistive switching (RS) devices is of great interest for creating new applications, such as multifunctional resistive random-access memory and novel neuromorphic computing devices. In particular, the importance of the spin-triplet state of cation vacancies in oxide materials, which is induced by localized and strong O-2p on-site Coulomb interactions, in RS devices has been overlooked. d0 ferromagnetism sometimes appears due to the spin-triplet state and ferromagnetic Zener's double exchange interactions between cation vacancies, which are occasionally strong enough to make nonmagnetic oxides ferromagnetic. Here, for the first time, anomalous and colossal magneto-RS (CMRS) with very high magnetic field dependence is demonstrated by utilizing an unconventional RS device composed of a Ge nanochannel with all-epitaxial single-crystalline Fe/MgO electrodes. The device shows colossal and unusual behavior as the threshold voltage and ON/OFF ratio strongly depend on a magnetic field, which is controllable with an applied voltage. This new phenomenon is attributed to the formation of d0 -ferromagnetic filaments by attractive Mg vacancies due to the spin-triplet states with ferromagnetic double exchange interactions and the ferromagnetic proximity effect of Fe on MgO. The findings will allow the development of energy-efficient CMRS devices with multifield susceptibility.

High-throughput calculations and machine learning modeling of 17O NMR in non-magnetic oxides.

The only NMR-active oxygen isotope, oxygen-17 (17O), serves as a sensitive probe due to its large chemical shift range, the electric field gradient at the oxygen site, and the quadrupolar interaction. Consequently, 17O solid-state NMR offers unique insights into local structures and finds significant applications in the studies of disorder, reactivity, and host-guest chemistry. Despite recent advances in sensitivity enhancement, isotopic labeling, and NMR crystallography, the application of 17O solid-state NMR is still hindered by low natural abundance, costly enrichment, and challenges in handling spectrum signals. Density functional theory calculations and machine learning techniques offer an alternative approach to mapping the local crystal structures to NMR parameters. However, the lack of high-quality data remains a challenge, despite the establishment of some datasets. In this study, we implement and execute a high-throughput workflow combining AiiDA and CASTEP to evaluate the NMR parameters. Focusing on non-magnetic oxides, we have chosen over 7100 binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds from the Materials Project database and performed calculations. Furthermore, using various descriptors for the local crystalline environments, we model the 17O NMR parameters using machine learning techniques, further enhancing our ability to predict and understand 17O NMR parameters in oxide crystals.

Combination NIPS/TIPS Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 and α/γ-Fe2O3 Doped PVDF Composite for Efficient Piezocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B.

Highly porous membranes based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with the addition of nanoscale particles of non-magnetic and magnetic iron oxides were synthesized using a combined method of non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) and thermo-induced phase separation (TIPS) based on the technique developed by Dr. Blade. The obtained membranes were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD, IR, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and fluorescent microscopy. It was shown that the membranes possessed a high fraction of electroactive phase, which increased up to a maximum of 96% with the addition of 2 wt% of α-Fe2O3 and α/γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that doping PVDF with nanoparticles contributed to the reduction of pore size in the membrane. All membranes exhibited piezocatalytic activity in the degradation of Rhodamine B. The degree of degradation increased from 69% when using pure PVDF membrane to 90% when using the composite membrane. The nature of the additive did not affect the piezocatalytic activity. It was determined that the main reactive species responsible for the degradation of Rhodamine B were •OH and •O2-. It was also shown that under piezocatalytic conditions, composite membranes generated a piezopotential of approximately 2.5 V.

Emergent Magnetism with Continuous Control in the Ultrahigh-Conductivity Layered Oxide PdCoO2.

The current challenge to realizing continuously tunable magnetism lies in our inability to systematically change properties, such as valence, spin, and orbital degrees of freedom, as well as crystallographic geometry. Here, we demonstrate that ferromagnetism can be externally turned on with the application of low-energy helium implantation and can be subsequently erased and returned to the pristine state via annealing. This high level of continuous control is made possible by targeting magnetic metastability in the ultrahigh-conductivity, nonmagnetic layered oxide PdCoO2 where local lattice distortions generated by helium implantation induce the emergence of a net moment on the surrounding transition metal octahedral sites. These highly localized moments communicate through the itinerant metal states, which trigger the onset of percolated long-range ferromagnetism. The ability to continuously tune competing interactions enables tailoring precise magnetic and magnetotransport responses in an ultrahigh-conductivity film and will be critical to applications across spintronics.

Surface-disorder and cationic-site defect-induced ferromagnetism and correlated Raman vibrational modes in Sn0.9 In0.1O2 nanocrystalline thin-films

Exploration of magnetism in otherwise nonmagnetic wide-band oxides through defect-engineering has been become a new challenge to achieve the goal of room-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor for potential applications in spintronics. In this backdrop, we report surface-disorder and cationic-site defect-induced FM in series of Sn0.9In0.1O2 nanocrystalline thin films prepared using pulsed laser deposition different Argon (Ar) pressure. With the increase of deposition pressure, surface morphology of Sn0.9In0.1O2 nanocrystalline thin-films changes as nanoclusters, nanofibres, nanoflakes and nanowires respectively, crystallite size decreases and surface disorder increases gradually. Raman, X-ray photoelectron and Photoluminescence spectroscopic analysis confirm the formation tin-vacancy (VSn) and associated combinational defects that significantly increase the ferromagnetic signal in In-doped SnO2 thin-films. The substitution of trivalent In3+ in Sn site also cause serious lattice distortion which transform the Raman inactive modes A2g and Eu modes into Raman active modes and thus appeared at 574 cm−1 and 354 cm−1 respectively. The nanowires of Sn0.9In0.1O2 are found to possess highest concentration of VSn defects and therefore it exhibits strongest ferromagnetic moment (MS) ∼ 11.1 emu/cm3 and highest Curie temperature (TC) ∼ 572 K. The gradual decrease in carrier concentration with the increasing deposition pressure suggests stabilization of hole-mediated VSn-induced room temperature FM in series of In-doped SnO2 nanocrystalline thin-films.

Influence of non-magnetic ions doping on structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline zinc oxide powders

In this research study, nanocrystalline non-magnetic ion-doped zinc oxide powders are synthesized through sol-gel auto combustion with a variety of different ions (Mg, Al, and Ca) at a range of concentrations (0, 5%, 10%, 20% mol). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), filed-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were then used to investigate the calcined products, whereupon the structures, chemical bonds, surface texture, chemical composition, morphologies, particle size, surface elemental composition, electronic state, optical and fluorescence properties including magnetism were reported for each of the samples. From XRD it could be determined that the introduction of minuscule quantities of magnesium and calcium ions to the zinc oxide powder produced solutions of hexagonal solid MgZnO and CaZnO, while composites of Mg/ZnO, CaO/ZnO, Al2O3/ZnO could also be observed, without impurity phases. Textural properties of these modified samples observed from SEM, FE-SEM, and TEM were superior to that of the pure ZnO. XPS studies confirmed the substitution of Zn2+ by Mg2+ and Ca2+ for the samples of low doping concentration. UV-DRS analysis showed that samples which had been optimally modified exhibited improved levels of absorption when compared to visible spectral observations of the pure sample. In comparison to the pure sample, the modified samples also showed higher bandgap energy (Eg). In the pure sample, violet and blue emission bands were seen in the PL spectra ranging from 350 to 430 nm, but these emissions showed significant changes in intensity as the concentration of non-magnetic ions was increased. Furthermore, VSM results revealed that diamagnetism of zinc oxide can be adjusted through the introduction of non-magnetic ions to paramagnetism and ferromagnetism.

Investigation of the composition, structure and magnetic properties of the Nd2Fe14B ceramics dependence on the initial powder characteristics and spark plasma sintering modes

High phase and structural sensitivity of magnetic properties strongly impacts the fabrication quality of the permanent magnets, therefore revealing effects of synthesis conditions on physico-chemical characteristics of magnetic materials is of paramount importance for optimization of magnet production especially in case when non-conventional techniques are involved. Here we report for the influence of pulse current frequency on structure, composition, and magnetic properties of an industrially-important Nd2Fe14B magnetic ceramics on the initial powder characteristics and the modes of its spark plasma sintering (SPS) in a vacuum environment. The influence of initial powder mechanical grinding as well as the number of generated electric current pulses (in the range from 3.3 to 326.7 ms) in SPS conditions on the structure (defects and pores formation, grain size), phase and element composition (formation of secondary nonmagnetic phases and oxides, impurities) of Nd2Fe14B alloy was studied by SEM, TEM, EDS and XRD methods. The regularity of changes in the magnetization saturation value (σ) and coercive force (Нс) depending on the morphology, structure and composition of the initial Nd2Fe14B powder and the alloy obtained by mechanical milling and subsequent sintering at different modes of pulse current has been established.

Enhancement of Microwave Absorption Properties of Hexaferrite/Epoxy Composites on the Addition of Non-magnetic Oxides

The effect of non-magnetic oxides such as Al2O3, TiO2 and ZnO on the microwave absorption properties of magnetoplumbite barium hexaferrite (BaFe11.8Co0.2O19) is analyzed. Barium hexaferrite nanoparticles are synthesized through the sol-gel auto-combustion method. BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-Al2O3, BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-TiO2 and BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-ZnO composites are synthesized in a 1:1 ratio through mechanical mixing and heat treatment. The epoxy composites are fabricated with 50% loading of BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-Al2O3, BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-TiO2 and BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-ZnO in epoxy matrix followed by room temperature curing. The powder XRD analyses showed homogeneous distribution of BaFe11.8Co0.2O19 and Al2O3 in BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-Al2O3 composite while TiO2 and ZnO phases dominate in BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-TiO2 and BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-ZnO composites, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy shows the evenly distributed BaFe11.8Co0.2O19 and Al2O3 in BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-Al2O3 composites. The electromagnetic characterization calculated from experimental permittivity and permeability shows reflection loss RL ≤ -10 dB (≥ 90% absorption) for a very small thickness of 0.5 mm over the entire X-band (8-12 GHz) for BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-Al2O3 composites. BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-TiO2 and BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-ZnO show RL < - 8 dB with a thickness of 2.5 mm over the frequency range 8–9.7 GHz and RL < - 8 dB with a thickness of 3.6 mm over 8.7-11.1 GHz, respectively. Further, when compared with BaFe11.8Co0.2O19 alone (RL < -7 dB at 3.2 mm in 8-11 GHz), the BaFe11.8Co0.2O19-Al2O3 composite is superior both in terms of the thickness of the coating as well as the percentage absorption in the X-band.

Salmonella typhimurium detection and ablation using OmpD specific aptamer with non-magnetic and magnetic graphene oxide

Foodborne diseases have increased in the last few years due to the increased consumption of packaged and contaminated food. Major foodborne bacteria cause diseases such as diarrhea, vomiting, and sometimes death. So, there is a need for early detection of foodborne bacteria as pre-existing detection techniques are time-taking and tedious. Aptamer has gained interest due to its high stability, specificity, and sensitivity. Here, aptamer has been developed against Salmonella Typhimurium through the Cell-Selex method, and to further find the reason for specificity and sensitivity, OmpD protein was isolated, and binding studies were done. Single molecular FRET experiment using aptamer and graphene oxide studies has also been done to understand the mechanism of FRET and subsequently used for target bacterial detection. Using this assay, Salmonella Typhimurium can be detected up to 10 CFU/mL. Further, Magnetic Graphene oxide was used to develop an assay to separate and ablate bacteria using 808 nm NIR where temperature increase was more than 60 °C within 30 s and has been shown by plating as well as a confocal live dead assay. Thus, using various techniques, bacteria can be detected and ablated using specific aptamer and Graphene oxide.

Effects of Fe occupancy on physical properties of non-magnetic GeGa2O4 spinel oxide

This study investigated the structural, elastic, electronic, thermal, magnetic, and optical behavior of GeGa2O4, FeGa2O4, GeFe2O4, and FeFe2O4 spinel oxides based on ab-initio calculations. The results showed that the non-magnetic spinel oxide GeGa2O4 exhibited remarkable physical properties due to Fe occupancy at different lattice sites within the spinel lattice. The Fe containing spinel oxides (FeGa2O4, GeFe2O4, and FeFe2O4) were found to be stable in the magnetic phase in contrast to the host GeGa2O4 spinel oxide. The spin polarizations of FeGa2O4, GeFe2O4, and FeFe2O4 oxides were calculated as 98.5%, 98.4%, and 100%, respectively. Analysis of the elastic and mechanical properties showed that all of the spinel oxides followed the Born and Huang criteria for mechanical stability. The highest Debye temperature (θD = 663.77 K) was determined for the FeGa2O4 spinel oxide. For GeGa2O4, FeGa2O4, GeFe2O4, and FeFe2O4 oxides, the calculated structural parameters (cation–anion bond lengths and average values of tetrahedral and octahedral radii) predicted the following cation distributions among the A and B atomic sites: (Ge2+)[Ga23+]O4−2, (Fe2+)[Ga23+]O4−2, (Ge4+)[Fe22+]O4−2, and (Fe+2)[Fe23+]O4−2. The calculated electronic structures indicated that the host GeGa2O4 spinel oxide and FeFe2O4 spinel ferrite were semi-conducting and half-metallic ferromagnetic, respectively, whereas FeGa2O4 and GeFe2O4 oxides exhibited semi-metallic behavior. The GeFe2O4 spinel oxide was found to have the highest saturation magnetization (185.79 emu g−1) and total magnetic moment (8.26 ΣBfu−1). The calculated optical properties indicated the suitability of these oxides for use in optical filters and sensors. The electronic and magnetic characteristics of these spinel oxides with excellent thermal and elastic stability suggest that they have potential uses in diluted magnetic semiconductor devices.

Spin–Spin Interaction in ε-VOPO4 through Doping Light Elements

Nonmagnetic transition-metal oxides are usually magnetized by doping magnetic metallic elements. Here, we propose an alternative route to achieving magnetization by doping nonmagnetic H and Li atoms. Using vanadium oxide (VOPO4) as an example, we find that the doping of H and Li can effectively localize the excess electrons on V-d orbitals. As such, nonmagnetic ε-VOPO4 is predicted to possess short-range spin–spin interaction. When the doped H2 molecules are bonded with the axial oxygen, we observe a notable charge transfer from oxygen to vanadium. The transferred electrons are localized on two adjacent VO6 octahedrons and induce the spin–spin interaction. We further show that H2 dopants in ε-VOPO4 tend to be dispersed with a homogeneous magnetization. Our results suggest that H2-doped ε-VOPO4 can be utilized in the field of spintronics.

Oxide magnonics: Spin waves in functional magnetic oxides

Spin waves or their quanta magnons are collective excitations in magnetically ordered materials. Magnonics have recently attracted tremendous interest for building next-generation nanoscale devices and circuits with low-power consumption. Oxide materials provide an excellent platform for achieving highly efficient spin-wave excitation and transmission for magnonic applications with versatile functionalities. In this article, we review some recent advances for oxide-based magnonics, including both magnetic oxides for hosting spin waves and non-magnetic oxides for manipulating spin waves. First, we introduce recent development on coherent propagation and incoherent transport of magnons in thin-film iron garnets, low-damping ferrimagnetic oxides widely used in magnonics. Then, we discuss spin-wave chirality due to the inversion symmetry broken in magnetic oxides. Magnonics in antiferromagnetic oxides is also presented, where the spin-wave resonance frequency enters THz regime. Nanoscale spin textures, such as magnetic skyrmions, can be stabilized in magnetic oxides, and provide additional versatilities by coupling their dynamics with spin waves. Last but not the least, we highlight the electrical control of spin waves based on multiferroic oxides toward applications for hybrid magnonics.

Half-metallic ferromagnetism in non-magnetic double perovskite oxides Sr2MSbO6 (M=Al, Ga) doped with C and N

ABSTRACT Double perovskite oxides have gained tremendous attention in material science and device technology due to their facile synthesis and exceptional physical properties. In this paper, we elucidate the origin of magnetisation in non-magnetic double perovskite oxides Sr2MSbO6 (M = Al, Ga) induced by non-magnetic 2p impurities (C and N) substituted. The calculations were done within the full potential linearised augmented plane wave method in the framework of the density functional theory. The exchange–correlation potential is evaluated using the generalised gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof and the modified Becke and Johnson (mBJ-GGA). Regarding structural properties of undoped double perovskites Sr2MSbO6 (M = Al, Ga), we found that the lattice constants and oxygen positions are in rational accord with the experimental results. Furthermore, both of the examined compounds are brittle in nature with isotropic character. For Sr2AlSbO6, we have got the values of energy gap equal to 1.9 and 3.7 eV within the GGA and the mBJ-GGA, respectively. However, for Sr2GaSbO6 the values of energy gap obtained in GGA and mBJ-GGA are equal to 0.8 and 2.9 eV, respectively. Finally, spin-polarised calculations reveal that the doping C and N can lead to drastic changes in the magneto-electronic properties of the semiconducting Sr2MSbO6 matrix with the integer magnetic moment of 6.00 μB and exhibit half-metallic properties. The origin of ferromagnetism can be attributed to the spin–split impurity bands inside the energy gap of the semiconducting Sr2MSbO6 matrix. These results may help experimentalists in synthesising new double perovskites for spintronic applications.

Enhanced microwave absorbing properties of Y2O3 modified PDC SiCN ceramics with heterogeneous amorphous interface

Polymer derived SiCN ceramics (PDC SiCN) are the key high-temperature matrix materials for structural and stealth integrated ceramic matrix composites (CMC). However, low crystallization degree and homogeneous microstructure of PDC SiCN ceramics results in the lack of effective microwave attenuation mechanism. Hence, a new kind of nonmagnetic metal oxide (Y2O3) was in-situ formed in SiCN ceramics to enhance the conductivity loss as well as the polarization loss. Y2O3 modified PDC SiCN ceramics (SiCN-Y2O3 ceramics) were fabricated by pyrolysis polysilazane with different Y(NO3)3 content at 900 ºC. For the SiCN-Y2O3 ceramic, Y2O3 nanoparticles were dispersed in SiCN ceramic uniformly forming a large number of Y2O3-SiCN heterogeneous amorphous interface, defects and dipole polarization to enhance its microwave absorbing properties. Due to the multiple polarization loss mechanism, SiCN-Y2O3 ceramic with 10 wt% Y(NO3)3 content achieved excellent microwave absorption performance at a wide thickness range with the microwave absorbing efficiency more than 90% in the whole X band, and the RCmin could reach − 50.2 dB at the thickness of 3.5 mm.

Hydrogen reduction of spent lithium-ion battery cathode material for metal recovery: Mechanism and kinetics.

Hydrogen reduction is becoming a promising method for recycling lithium-ion battery cathode materials. However, the reaction mechanism and kinetics during hydrogen reduction are unclear, requiring further investigation. Therefore, non-isothermal and isothermal reduction experiments were conducted to evaluate the temperature dependence of the hydrogen reduction kinetics using simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis equipped with mass spectrometry. XRD and SEM were used to characterize the reduction products to understand the underlying reduction mechanisms. The hydrogen reduction profile could be divided into three main stages: decomposition of cathode materials, reduction of the resultant nickel and cobalt oxides, and reduction of LiMnO2 and residual nickel and cobalt oxides. The hydrogen reduction rate increased with increasing temperature, and 800°C was the optimum temperature for separating the magnetic Ni-Co alloy from the non-magnetic manganese oxide particles. The apparent activation energy for the isothermal tests in the range of 500–700°C was 84.86 kJ/mol, and the rate-controlling step was the inward diffusion of H2(g) within each particle. There was an downward progression of the reduction through the material bed for the isothermal tests in the range of 700–900°C, with an apparent activation energy of 51.82 kJ/mol.

Oxygen Vacancy-Induced Anomalous Hall Effect in a Nominally Non-magnetic Oxide

The anomalous Hall effect, a hallmark of broken time-reversal symmetry and spin-orbit coupling, is frequently observed in magnetically polarized systems. Its realization in non-magnetic systems, however, remains elusive. Here, we report on the observation of anomalous Hall effect in nominally non-magnetic KTaO3. Anomalous Hall effect emerges in reduced KTaO3 and shows an extrinsic to intrinsic crossover. A paramagnetic behavior is observed in reduced samples using first principles calculations and quantitative magnetometry. The observed anomalous Hall effect follows the oxygen vacancy-induced magnetization response, suggesting that the localized magnetic moments of the oxygen vacancies scatter conduction electrons asymmetrically and give rise to anomalous Hall effect. The anomalous Hall conductivity becomes insensitive to scattering rate in the low temperature limit (T<5 K), implying that the Berry curvature of the electrons on the Fermi surface controls the anomalous Hall effect. Our observations describe a detailed picture of many-body interactions, triggering anomalous Hall effect in a non-magnetic system.

Gate tunable anomalous Hall effect: Berry curvature probe at oxides interfaces

We present the theoretical prediction of a gate tunable anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in an oxide interface as a hallmark of spin-orbit coupling. The observed AHE at low-temperatures in the presence of an external magnetic field emerges from a complex structure of the Berry curvature of the electrons on the Fermi surface and strongly depends on the orbital character of the occupied bands. A detailed picture of the results comes from a multiband low-energy model with a generalized Rashba interaction that supports characteristic out-of-plane spin and orbital textures. We discuss strategies for optimizing the intrinsic AHE in (111) SrTiO$_3$ heterostructure interfaces.

Accurate and Efficient Approximate Quasiparticle DFT‐1/2 Band Structure Calculations of Transition Metal Oxide Perovskites

The transition metal oxide perovskites are materials intensively studied due to their diversity of chemical and physical properties, as well as their potential for wide applications. From the theoretical point of view of ab initio calculations of quasiparticle (QP) energies and band structures, they remain a challenge. Herein, the performance of the low computational cost ab initio DFT‐1/2 approximate QP method is assessed for the nonmagnetic transition metal oxide perovskites, including 3d , , 4d , and 5d and . The results with experiments and a large set with other QP calculations are compared. It is demonstrated that the DFT‐1/2 method presents a remarkable accuracy for these materials, opening an avenue to study more complex systems.

Comparison of Ferromagnetic Materials: Past Work, Recent Trends, and Applications

Despite our traditional concept-based understanding of ferromagnetism, an investigation of this phenomenon has revealed several other facts. Ferromagnetism was previously supposed to be exhibited by only a few elements. Subsequently, it was realized that specific elements with d- or f- orbitals demonstrated this phenomenon. When elements without these orbitals exhibited ferromagnetism, intrinsic origin-based and structural defect-based theories were introduced. At present, nonmagnetic oxides, hexaborides of alkaline-earth metals, carbon structures, and nonmetallic non-oxide compounds are gaining significant attention owing to their potential applications in spintronics, electronics, biomedicine, etc. Therefore, herein, previous work, recent trends, and the applications of these materials and studies based on relevant topics, ranging from the traditional understanding of ferromagnetism to the most recent two-element-based systems, are reviewed.