Abstract
Despite our traditional concept-based understanding of ferromagnetism, an investigation of this phenomenon has revealed several other facts. Ferromagnetism was previously supposed to be exhibited by only a few elements. Subsequently, it was realized that specific elements with d- or f- orbitals demonstrated this phenomenon. When elements without these orbitals exhibited ferromagnetism, intrinsic origin-based and structural defect-based theories were introduced. At present, nonmagnetic oxides, hexaborides of alkaline-earth metals, carbon structures, and nonmetallic non-oxide compounds are gaining significant attention owing to their potential applications in spintronics, electronics, biomedicine, etc. Therefore, herein, previous work, recent trends, and the applications of these materials and studies based on relevant topics, ranging from the traditional understanding of ferromagnetism to the most recent two-element-based systems, are reviewed.
Highlights
Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon whereby a substance can become a permanent magnet or strongly reacts to a magnetic field
Fe was considered to be the first element to exhibit ferromagnetism; later, it was discovered that the elements neighboring Fe in the periodic table, as well as the alloys formed by these elements, Al, and Ti, were capable of demonstrating ferromagnetism
Significant advances have been made in the field of ferromagnetism
Summary
Ferromagnetism is a phenomenon whereby a substance can become a permanent magnet or strongly reacts to a magnetic field. Pierre-Ernest Weiss discovered the structural alignments of dipoles [2] These alignments develop high magnetizations even in the absence of a magnetic field, they occur in microscopic spaces known as domains. (c,d): Images of the magnetic domain in the presence and absence of a magnetic field, respectively, acquired by a Lorentz electron microscope [3] (Published with permission of SPIE) Occurring elements, such as Co, Ni, and Fe, as well as the alloys formed by these elements and some metal and nonmetal oxides that demonstrate ferromagnetism, are termed as “ferromagnetic substances” [4]. Ferromagnetic substances are subjected to certain degrees of magnetic fields to align their domains in particular directions and induce permanent magnetization. The phenomenon whereby the domains of a ferromagnetic substances under a magnetic field remain in the same configurations as earlier is referred to as “hysteresis” [6]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
