Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Research Articles

Cavitation regulated sonochemical synthesis of flexible self-supported CuO@PDA/CC electrode for highly sensitive glucose sensor

Sonochemical synthesis is recognized as a promising high-efficiency method for fabricating transition metal oxides (TMOs) based flexible self-supported electrodes as nonenzymatic glucose sensor. However, it is still a challenge to obtain TMOs self-supported electrodes with well-controlled TMOs nanostructure and desirable interfacial properties via a sonochemical approach because of the uncontrollability of transient cavitation. In this study, CuO@polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles (NPs) are in situ grown onto carbon cloth (CC) to fabricate CuO@PDA/CC self-supported electrode via a sonochemical process. The sonochemically synthesized PDA not only stabilized the transient cavitation intensity, but also regulated the growth of CuO due to the strong chelating ability between Cu2+ and catechol groups from PDA. It is determined that the mean size of CuO@PDA NPs on the CuO@PDA/CC electrode is less than 100 nm with a narrow size distribution. Attributed to high electrochemical active surface area (4.61 mF cm−2) and low interface resistance (2.35 Ω), CuO@PDA/CC electrode displays excellent electrochemical performance as a glucose sensor with high sensitivity of 1.843 μA cm−2 mM−1 in a wide linear range up to 4.985 mM and excellent stability. This work provides a facile approach to fabricating the flexible self-supported electrodes with well-controlled nanostructure and desirable interfacial properties for high-performance electrochemical sensors via regulating the transient cavitation intensity in the sonochemical process.

Synergistic Effect of Composite Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticles and Carbon Fiber on the Enhancement of Salivary Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensing.

An electrospinning method was used for the preparation of an in situ composite based on Ni2P nanoparticles and carbon fiber (FC). The material was tested for the first time against direct glucose oxidation reaction. The Ni2P nanoparticles were distributed homogeneously throughout the carbon fibers with a composition determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of 40 wt% Ni2P and 60 wt% carbon fiber without impurities in the sample. The electrochemical measurement results indicate that the GCE/FC/Ni2P in situ sensor exhibits excellent catalytic activity compared to the GCE/Ni2P and GCE/FC/Ni2P ex situ electrodes. The GCE/FC/Ni2P in situ sensor presents a sensitivity of 1050 µAmM-1cm-2 in the range of 5-208 µM and a detection limit of 0.25 µM. The sensor was applied for glucose detection in artificial saliva, with a low interference observed from normally coexisting electroactive species. In conclusion, our sensor represents a novel and analytical competitive alternative for the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors in the future.

Highly efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on carbon nanotubes functionalized by molybdenum disulfide and decorated with nickel nanoparticles (GCE/CNT/MoS2/NiNPs)

Glucose detection using sensing materials has lately received interest due to the increased demand for sensitive and selective glucose sensors in pharmaceutical, clinical, and industrial settings. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used intensively as a specific class of effective electrode substances in electrochemical sensing due to their large surface area and interesting physical and electrochemical characteristics. Nickel is an attractive transition metal for glucose electrooxidation with high catalytic activity. In this study, CNT/MoS2/NiNPs nanocomposites with different CNT/MoS2 ratios have been prepared by a hydrothermal reaction. The CNT/MoS2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their morphology and composition were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Electrocatalytic activity of the as-prepared nanomaterials towards glucose oxidation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry in alkaline media. An excellent sensitivity value of 1212 μA·mM−1·cm−2 with a wide linear range (0.05–0.65 mM), a low detection threshold of 0.197 μM and a short response time (3 s) were achieved by the hybrid CNT/MoS2/NiNPs sensor. Its superior catalytic activity and low cost make this hybrid very promising for applications in the direct sensing of glucose.

One-step rapid synthesis of Ni0.5Co0.5-CPO-27 nanorod array with oxygen vacancies based on DBD microplasma: As an effective non-enzymatic glucose sensor for beverage and human serum

The rational design of high-efficiency catalysts for non-enzymatic glucose sensing is extremely important for the timely and effective monitoring of glucose content in beverages and human blood. A 3D bimetallic organic framework (Coordination Polymer of Oslo, CPO) nanorod array with oxygen vacancies was green fabricated on carbon cloth (Ni0.5Co0.5-CPO-27 NRA/CC) using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) microplasma for the first time. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the oxygen vacancy of Ni0.5Co0.5-CPO-27 can be effectively induced under DBD microplasma conditions. Based on the 3D nanorod arrays with rich oxygen vacancies and bimetallic synergistic effects, as a non-enzyme glucose sensor, the Ni0.5Co0.5-CPO-27 electrode exhibited a sensitivity of 8499.5 μA L/mmol cm−2 and 3239.2 μA L/mmol cm−2 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.16 μmol/L (S/N = 3). It has been successfully applied to the determination of glucose levels in real samples such as cola, green tea and human serum.

Hollow Spherical NiCo2O4 and Gold Nanoparticle Composite for Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Glucose and H2O2 Sensing

A novel electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor for glucose and H2O2 based on metal organic framework (MOF)-derived cobalt-nickel bimetallic oxides (NiCo2O4) and gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated in this paper. The structure and morphology of the prepared materials was successfully characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), element mapping images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity for glucose and H2O2 was investigated at the NiCo2O4/AuNPs/GCE using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric i–t technique. The catalytic currents for glucose and H2O2 are proportional to their concentrations in the range of 0.2 μM–581 μM and 0.5 μM–1774.5 μM, respectively. The corresponding limits of detection (LOD) were calcuated be 0.0081 μM and 0.181 μM for glucose and H2O2. Furthermore, the NiCo2O4/AuNPs/GCE shows excellent stability, reproducibility and anti-interference ability.

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CoCu@MC derived from CoCu/melamine cyanurate superstructures

Non-enzymatic glucose detections have attracted more and more attentions with the development of electrochemical catalysts. Herein, Co2+ and Cu2+ are introduced into the hexagonal prism of melamine cyanurate, and nitrogen-doped carbon seaweed-like nanosheets ([email protected]) are synthesized through pyrolysis. [email protected] shows superior electrochemical catalytic activity for glucose oxidation with high sensitivity (1.489 μA μM−1 cm−2), low detection limit (0.34 μM) and wide linear range (1 μM–1.25 mM). Also, [email protected] demonstrates excellent application potential for glucose detection in artificial sweat with good conductivity, fast electron transfer, and high selectivity, which result from CoCu bimetal composites and seaweed-like carbon nanostructures. The glassy carbon electrode coated with [email protected] was used as the working electrode along with Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode and carbon rod as the counter electrode. The findings above will provide a general methodology to design and synthesize different carbon nanostructures through the addition of different transition metal cations.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on Pt2Pd1 alloy nanocrystals with high-index facets

Nanocrystals enclosed by high-index facets (HIFs) have drawn considerable attention due to their large number of low coordinate atoms, as well as their remarkable electrical properties and catalysis activity. In this article, a novel non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on the Pt2Pd1 alloy nanocrystals (NCs) with HIFs was established. The mechanism of enhancing sensor performance was investigated by analyzing the composition and surface texture of Pt2Pd1 alloy NCs. The results showed that as-synthesized Pt2Pd1 alloy NCs had a larger electrochemical active surface area (ECSA). In neutral media, all the test results demonstrated the non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Pt2Pd1 alloy NCs showed a good linear range of 1 × 10–6 M to 4 × 10–2 M with a detection limit of 0.245 μM/L (S/N = 3), good sensitivity of 31.3 μA mM–1 cm–2 and fast response time (t < 3 s). Furthermore, the sensor also exhibited good stability, reproducibility, and excellent anti-interference performance toward ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and fructose (Fru). The HIFs and synergistic effects between Pt and Pd were key factors for sensor performance enhancement.

Reduced graphene oxide supported MXene based metal oxide ternary composite electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications

Diagnosis and monitoring of glucose level in human blood has become a prime necessity to avoid health risk and to cater this, a sensor’s performance with wide linearity range and high sensitivity is required. This work reports the use of ternary composite viz. MG–Cu2O (rGO supported MXene sheet with Cu2O) for non-enzymatic sensing of glucose. It has been prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Selected area diffraction. These analyses show a cubic structure with spherical shaped Cu2O grown on the MG sheet. Further, the electrocatalytic activity was carried out with MG–Cu2O sensing element by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry technique and compared with M–Cu2O (MXene with Cu2O) composite without graphene oxide. Of these, MG–Cu2O composite was having the high defect density with lower crystalline size of Cu2O, which might enhance the conductivity thereby increasing the electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of glucose as compared to M–Cu2O. The prepared MG–Cu2O composite shows a sensitivity of 126.6 µAmM−1 cm−2 with a wide linear range of 0.01to 30 mM, good selectivity, good stability over 30 days and shows a low Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 1.7% value towards the sensing of glucose level in human serum. Thus, the aforementioned finding indicates that the prepared sensing electrode is a well suitable candidate for the sensing of glucose level for real time applications.

Ternary metal oxide nanorods (Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4) as efficient positive materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensing and fuel cell application

Ternary metal oxide nanorods Ni0·5Cu0·5Co2O4 with high activities for glucose oxidation were prepared through a simple hydrothermal process. The as prepared Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4 NRs with uniform aspect ratio were composed of many nanoparticles with diameter less than 10 nm Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4 NRs modified glassy carbon electrodes displayed highly improved non-enzymatic glucose sensing (NEGS) performance compared to pure phase NiCo2O4 NRs and CuCo2O4 NRs. The sensitivity of Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4 NRs for glucose detection in the lower (5–3000 μM) and higher regional (3000–7000 μM) is 859.31 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 528.81 μA⋅mM−1⋅cm−2, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 1.67 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the direct glucose fuel cells (DGFCs) equipped with Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4 NRs anode also presented much higher power density (413.7 μW cm−2), which is 2 times higher than that of CuCo2O4 NRs (200.2 μW cm−2) and 4.7 times than NiCo2O4 NRs (87.4 μW cm−2). The improved electrochemical performance of Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4 NR may benefit from the highly increased charge transfer, which is due to the incorporation of third metal atoms into the spinel lattice of CuCo2O4 or NiCo2O4. The results suggested that Ni0.5Cu0.5Co2O4 NR may be a promising catalyst for application in both NEGS and DGFCs.

Synthesis of Copper Nanostructures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors via Direct-Current Magnetron Sputtering.

In this paper, Cu nanocolumnar structure electrodes are synthetized using a clean and easy-to-scale-up direct-current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) technique for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The nanocolumnar structure increases the active surface area of the deposit, with the nanocolumns showing a mean size diameter of 121.0 nm ± 27.2 and a length of 2.52 µm ± 0.23. A scanning transmission electron (STEM) analysis shows the presence of Cu and a small amount of Cu2O. The behavior of the electrodes in alkaline environments and the electrochemical affinity of the Cu nanocolumns (CuNCs) towards the electro-oxidation of glucose are investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). After performing CV in NaOH solution, the columnar structures present corrosion products containing Cu2O, as revealed by STEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The amperometric responses of the CuNCs to the successive addition of glucose show a linear range up to 2 mM and a limit of detection of 5.2 µM. Furthermore, the electrodes are free from chloride poisoning, and they are insensitive to dopamine, uric acid, ascorbic acid, and acetaminophen at their physiological concentrations.

Growth of Ni-Co-S Nanoflakes on Ni Bowl-Like Micro/Nano Array as a Non-Enzymatic Electrode for Detection of Glucose

A new synthetic procedure to Metal/metal sulfide hierarchical pore array composites was described. That is, a layer of Ni-Co-S nanoflakes was in situ constructed on the Ni ordered bowl-like micro/nanoarrays through a two-step electrodeposition method with the assistance of a colloidal sphere template. Such as-grown hierarchical composites could increase the specific surface areas and provide more active sites for electrocatalytic reactions. It exhibited a high catalytic activity to glucose, with a high sensitivity of 1210.1 μM‧mM-1cm-2 and a wide linear range from 0.5 μM to 2.0 mM. This work provides another candidate material for the development of planar non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Au Nanoparticles-Modified NiCo₂O₄ Nanowires-Supporting Co₃O₄ Dodecahedron as High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

A hierarchically nanostructured active material composed of nanoparticles, microsized dodecahedron, and nanowires (NWs) has been successfully fabricated and used for glucose oxidation, in which the NiCo2O4 NWs were grown in situ on the carbon paper (CP) and used for supporting the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67)-derived Co3O4 dodecahedron, with the Au nanoparticles (Au-Np) being further electrodeposited on their surface (Au-Np/Co3O4/NiCo2O4 NWs/CP). The NWs effectively avoid the agglomeration of Co3O4, thus providing greater surface area for loading the Au nanoparticles. The introduction of Au can decrease the oxidation potential and enhance the catalytic current, which is beneficial for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. The Au-Np/Co3O4/NiCo2O4 NWs/CP-based nonenzymatic glucose sensor exhibits good sensing performance, including high sensitivity of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$15.3~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /cm2, outstanding response/recovery times of 2.5/4.0 s (toward 180- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> glucose), good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. Therefore, constructing a hierarchical nanocomposite is a promising strategy to develop a nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor.

An Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Microsensor Modified by CuCo2O4 Nanoparticles for Glucose Sensing

This work reported a low-cost, highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on electrochemical electrode decorated by CuCo2O4 nanoparticles. The CuCo2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide as precipitators. The results showed that the oxalate-assisted CuCo2O4 electrode exhibits excellent glucose sensing performance, including superb sensitivity to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4506.7 \mu \text{A} \cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-{1}}\,\,\cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with the correlation coefficient of 0.99674, and the detection limit as low as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.446 \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , as well as extensive linear range from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1 \mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to 10 mM, which is superior to that of the NaOH-assisted CuCo2O4. Additionally, the glucose sensor had a great selectivity and was not interfered by citric acid (CA), ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), urea, and so on. Moreover, it also showed good repeatability and long-term stability for up to 28 days. In alkaline solution, the synergistic action of bimetallic ions in CuCo2O4 promotes the electrooxidation of glucose. These findings prove that the oxalate-assisted CuCo2O4 is an advantageous electrode material for nonenzyme glucose sensors.

Screen-Printing Preparation of High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors Based on Co3O4 Nanoparticles-Embedded N-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene

Screen-Printing Preparation of High-Performance Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors Based on Co₃O₄ Nanoparticles-Embedded N-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene

Responsive Ag@NiCo2O4 Nanowires Anchored on N-Doped Carbon Cloth as Array Electrodes for Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing.

The development of responsive materials in a predictable manner is high on the list of the material industry's trends. In this work, responsive Ag@NiCo2O4 nanowires were, firstly, anchored on N-doped carbon cloth (NC) and, then, employed as array electrodes for a nonenzymatic glucose-sensing application. The results showed that the highly conductive NiCo2O4 nanowires supported Ag nanoparticles and exhibited high conductivity and electrocatalytic properties. The fully exposed crystalline planes of Ag nanoparticles provided more active surface sites. As a result, the assembled Ag@NiCo2O4-NC electrodes for the glucose-sensing evaluation delivered a selectivity of 2803 μA mM-1 cm-2 and a detection limit of 1.065 μM, which outperformed the literature-reported Ag- and NiCo2O4-based glucose-sensing catalysts.

Stable, reproducible, and binder-free gold/copper core–shell nanostructures for high-sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection

The core–shell non-enzymatic glucose sensors are generally fabricated by chemical synthesis approaches followed by a binder-based immobilization process. Here, we have introduced a new approach to directly synthesis the core–shell of Au@Cu and its Au@CuxO oxides on an FTO electrode for non-enzymatic glucose detection. Physical vapor deposition of Au thin film followed by thermal annealing has been used to fabricate Au nanocores on the electrode. The Cu shells have been deposited selectively on the Au cores using an electrodeposition method. Additionally, Au@Cu2O and Au@CuO have been synthesized via post thermal annealing of the Au@Cu electrode. This binder-free and selective-growing approach has the merit of high electrooxidation activity owing to improving electron transfer ability and providing more active sites on the surface. Electrochemical measurements indicate the superior activity of the Au@Cu2O electrode for glucose oxidation. The high sensitivity of 1601 μAcm−2 mM−1 and a low detection limit of 0.6 μM are achieved for the superior electrode. Additionally, the sensor indicates remarkable reproducibility and supplies accurate results for glucose detection in human serums. Moreover, this synthesis approach can be used for fast, highly controllable and precise fabrication of many core–shell structures by adjusting the electrochemical deposition and thermal treatment parameters.

Cost effective synthesis of Mn doped NiO/rGO nanocomposite for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor

ABSTRACT Herein, we report the synthesis, characterisation and glucose sensor study of prepared compounds and composite. The prepared samples reported here for glucose-sensing applications were doped (Mn.NiO) and un-doped metal oxide (NiO) and their composite with 2D layered material (Mn-doped-NiO/rGO). The structural analysis of the samples was done by conventional technique called as X-rays diffraction (×RD). Spectral and functional groups’ analysis was elucidated by FTIR spectroscopy. The electron microscopy (SEM) was used for morphological features study. The electrochemical measurements were carried out to analyse biosensing response. Carbon fibre cloth was used as a substrate material to fabricate Mn-doped-NiO/rGO nanocomposite-based biosensor for glucose detection. The analytical performance of the synthesised material was evaluated in terms of electrochemical sensitivity, linear response and limit of detection (LOD). The results showed that the material exhibited an excellent electrochemical sensitivity towards glucose detection with wider range of linear responses. The LOD for Mn-doped-NiO/rGO nanocomposite was 0.11 µM, regression equation for the low concentration was I(µA) = 1477.1C + 165.19 with correlation coefficient value R2 = 0.9849. Conclusively, the rGO-based Mn-doped-NiO nanocomposite experienced robust potential as non-enzymatic sensor for detection of glucose.

Instant Facile Method for the In Situ Growth of Ni(OH)2 Nanohives on Nickel Foam for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor

Glucose sensor has attracted the attention of academic and industrial researchers because of its broad applications in diabetes management, food quality control, and bioprocess inspection. Compared with enzymatic glucose sensors, non-enzymatic glucose sensors are more relevant because of their stable, sensitive, and low-cost process. The simple and low-cost synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for a non-enzymatic glucose sensor is vital in practical applications. Here, we introduce a facile chemical method for the direct synthesis of nickel(II) hydroxide nanostructures on porous nickel foam (NF) for an electrochemical glucose sensor. The properties of the synthesized material were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The fabricated materials were applied for glucose concentration measurement in 0.1 M NaOH by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The Ni(OH)2/NF sensor is stable and has excellent sensitivity (12.55 mA mM−1 cm−2) with a low detection limit of 57 μM (S/N = 3) and high selectivity for glucose detection in the presence of common interfering species. The Ni(OH)2/Ni electrode was successfully tested in measuring glucose concentration in real serum samples. The fabricated Ni(OH)2/NF electrode can be used as a low-cost, sensitive, stable and selective platform for non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Hierarchical Structures Composed of Cu(OH)2 Nanograss within Directional Microporous Cu for Glucose Sensing.

Cu(OH)2 nanomaterials are widely investigated for non-enzymatic glucose sensors due to their low-cost and excellent performance. Cu(OH)2 nanomaterials usually grow on substrates to form sensor electrodes. Reported works mainly focus on structure adjusting of the Cu(OH)2 nanostructures, while the optimization of substrates is still lacking. In the present work, directional porous Cu (DPC) was applied as the substrate for the growth of Cu(OH)2 nanograss (NG), and hierarchical structures of Cu(OH)2@DPC were prepared by alkaline oxidation. The morphology and microstructure evolution of the prepared hierarchical structures was investigated, and the non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance was evaluated. Cu(OH)2@DPC exhibits enhanced comprehensive non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance compared to the reported ones, which may benefit from both the effective adsorption of the Cu(OH)2 NG with a relatively high surface area and the high solute exchange of the DPC by a channel effect. This work provides new insights into the further improvement of the non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance of Cu(OH)2 nanostructures by optimizing the substrate structure.

CuZn Complex Used in Electrical Biosensors for Drug Delivery Systems.

This paper is to discuss the potential of using CuZn in an electrical biosensor drug carrier for drug delivery systems. CuZn is the main semiconductor ingredient that has great promise as an electrochemical detector to trigger releases of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). This CuZn biosensor is produced with a green metal of frameworks, which is an anion node in conductive polymers linked by bioactive ligands using metal-polymerisation technology. The studies of Cu, Zn, and their oxides are highlighted by their electrochemical performance as electrical biosensors to electrically trigger API. The three main problems, which are glucose oxidisation, binding affinity, and toxicity, are highlighted, and their solutions are given. Moreover, their biocompatibilities, therapeutic efficacies, and drug delivery efficiencies are discussed with details given. Our three previous investigations of CuZn found results similar to those of other authors' in terms of multiphases, polymerisation, and structure. This affirms that our research is on the right track, especially that related to green synthesis using plant extract, CuZn as a nanochip electric biosensor, and bioactive ligands to bind API, which are limited to the innermost circle of the non-enzymatic glucose sensor category.