Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Research Articles

Glucose determination using amperometric non-enzymatic sensor based on electroactive poly(caffeic acid)@MWCNT decorated with CuO nanoparticles.

A novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on poly(caffeic acid)@multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with CuO nanoparticles (PCA@MWCNT-CuO) was developed. The described approach involves the complexation/accumulation of Cu(II) on PCA@MWCNT followed by electrochemical CuO deposition in analkaline electrolyte. The morphology and surface characteristics of the nanomaterial were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A hybrid-support sensor device was then developed to assess the glucose concentration in different solutions. The sensitivity of the electrode is 2412 μA mM-1cm-2. The electrode exhibited a broad linear range of 2µM to 9mM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.43µM (relative standard deviation, RSD = 2.3%) at + 0.45Vvs Ag/AgCl. The excellent properties obtained for glucose detection were most likely due to the synergistic effect of the combination of individual components: poly(caffeic acid), MWCNTs, and CuO. Good accuracy and high precision were demonstrated for quantifying glucose concentrations in human serum and blood samples (the recovery ranged from 95.0 to 99.5%). The GC/PCA@MWCNT-CuO sensor represents a novel, simple, and low-cost approach to the fabrication of devices for amperometric sensing of glucose.

Cu2O-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Non-Invasive and Portable Glucose Detection.

Electrochemical voltammetric sensors are some of the most promising types of sensors for monitoring various physiological analytes due to their implementation as non-invasive and portable devices. Advantages in reduced analysis time, cost-effectiveness, selective sensing, and simple techniques with low-powered circuits distinguish voltammetric sensors from other methods. In this work, we developed a Cu2O-based non-enzymatic portable glucose sensor on a graphene paste printed on cellulose cloth. The electron transfer of Cu2O in a NaOH alkaline medium and sweat equivalent solution at very low potential (+0.35 V) enable its implementation as a low-powered portable glucose sensor. The redox mechanism of the electrodes with the analyte solution was confirmed through cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies. The developed biocompatible, disposable, and reproducible sensors showed sensing performance in the range of 0.1 to 1 mM glucose, with a sensitivity of 1082.5 ± 4.7% µA mM−1 cm−2 on Cu2O coated glassy carbon electrode and 182.9 ± 8.83% µA mM−1 cm−2 on Cu2O coated graphene printed electrodes, making them a strong candidate for future portable, non-invasive glucose monitoring devices on biodegradable substrates. For portable applications we demonstrated the sensor on artificial sweat in 0.1 M NaOH solution, indicating the Cu2O nanocluster is selective to glucose from 0.0 to +0.6 V even in the presence of common interference such as urea and NaCl.

Synthesis of Au or Ag/Cu2O/ aluminum doped zinc oxide nanorods hybrid electrode for high sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor: Mechanism investigation of formation and surface plasmon resonance

The proposal of the research mainly employs the surface plasmon resonance of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) to stabilized induction current of hybrid cuprous oxide (Cu2O)/aluminum doped zinc oxide nano-rods (AZO NRs) for non-enzymatic glucose sensor. This research investigation concerns the mechanism of formation and surface plasmon resonance. There were mainly three synthesis processes for the hybrid electrode. The first involved the hydrothermal growth of AZO NRs, and the seed layer of AZO was sputtered with different thickness from 35 to 105 nm. The second concerned the deposition of Cu2O on AZO NRs by the method of electrochemical deposition, and the Cu2O films were prepared with different pH value from 3 to 10. The third was concerned with Au and Ag NPs, and they were formed with the hydrothermal method and the seed reduction method, respectively. These NPs were dripped uniformly on the surface of Cu2O/AZO NRs through Nafion dispersants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used to verify these formation performances for the Au or Ag NPs/Cu2O/AZO NRs hybrid electrodes. The results showed that the linear range changed from 70.5 to 37.5 and 54.5 mg/dL, and linear regression coefficients (R2) also increased from 0.982 to 0.9965 and 0.997, respectively for Au and Ag NPs modified Cu2O/AZO NRs electrodes.

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuMn2O4 shuttles supporting on Ni foam

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuMn2O4 shuttles supporting on Ni foam

Synthesis of CoNi2S4 Nanoflake-modified Nickel Wire Electrode for Sensitive Non-enzymatic Detection of Glucose

In this study, CoNi2S4 nanoflake-modified nickel wire sensor for detecting glucose was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method and room temperature vulcanization. Due to the special morphology with large specific surface area and the synergistic effect between Ni and Co, the active material had good electrochemical performance as a biosensor. The results showed that the CoNi2S4 nanoflake-modified nickel wire electrode exhibited good performance in the measurement of glucose amperes. Two linear response ranges (0.001∼3 mM and 3∼8 mM) were exhibited when glucose was tested using the prepared electrode, and the corresponding sensitivity was 2473 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 1794 μA mM−1 cm−2, respectively. The detection limit was 0.3 μM with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. These results indicate that the CoNi2S4 nanoflake-modified nickel wire electrode has broad application prospects in the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Ultra-sensitive Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Ni/Au Bilayer Nanowire Arrays

Ultra-sensitive Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Ni/Au Bilayer Nanowire Arrays

Facile hydrothermal synthesis CuO microflowers for non‐enzymatic glucose sensors

With diabetes mellitus increasing, developing non-enzymatic glucose sensors to replace enzyme-based sensors has become more urgent, owing to its intrinsic disadvantages of enzymes. Herein, CuO microflowers were successfully synthesized through a green hydrothermal method with no template or surfactant. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the crystalline structure, elemental composition and morphology of the as-obtained sample. Then, the CuO microflowers acted as non-enzymatic glucose sensor electrode material. The electrochemical test results indicate that the glucose oxidation controlled by diffusion at 0.5 V had a short response time(5 s), the linear range was wide(∼11 mM), and the detection limit was low(1.3 µm). Moreover, the CuO microflowers exhibit great selectivity to glucose and have high poison resistance to chloride ions. Thus, all these results imply that the as-fabricated CuO has a great application prospect for non-enzymatic glucose sensor electrode material.

Facile synthesis of CuO–Co3O4 prickly-sphere-like composite for non-enzymatic glucose sensors

Facile synthesis of CuO–Co3O4 prickly-sphere-like composite for non-enzymatic glucose sensors

Chitosan polymer matrix-derived nanocomposite (CuS/NSC) for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor

In this study, N and S co-doped chitosan polymer matrix-derived composite (CuS/NSC) was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal technique using a low-cost copper complex of chitosan polymer. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry revealed excellent electrocatalytic performance. The glucose sensor exhibited a linear range of 160 μM to 11.76 mM, a low detection limit 2.72 μM and a sensitivity of 13.62 mA mM−1 cm−2 with an excellent linear response. Furthermore, the sensor also displayed selectivity for glucose over potential interfering agents and exhibited a satisfactory recovery percentage using real sample in human serum. The results demonstrate that, CuS/NSC is an efficient nanocomposite material for non-enzymatic glucose sensors and is applicable for glucose detection in biological fluids.

NiO–MoO3 nanocomposite: A sensitive non-enzymatic sensor for glucose and urea monitoring

Binary transition metal nanocomposites have attracted much attention in the bio-sensing field due to their high activity. In this work, nickel oxide-molybdenum trioxide (NiO–MoO3) nanocomposite as a non-enzymatic sensor for glucose and urea oxidation is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The nanocomposite synthesis is demonstrated using XRD, Raman, SEM, and TEM techniques. The electrochemical activity of the developed sensor is determined by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, impedance spectroscopic, and chronoamperometry. The detection limit of NiO–MoO3 nanocomposite is found to be 0.86 and 0.85 μM for urea and glucose, respectively. From the chronoamperometry test, this sensor maintains 66% and 65% of the initial current for urea and glucose, respectively, representing excellent stability. The results indicate that the NiO–MoO3 nanocomposite has an excellent potential for the detection of glucose and urea.

Binder free 3D core–shell NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets (NSs) supported on Cu foam as a highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor

Rational design with fine-tuning of the electrocatalyst material is vital for achieving the desired sensitivity, selectivity, and stability for an electrochemical sensor. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical core–shell catalyst was employed as a self-standing, binder-free electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The catalyst was prepared by decorating the shell of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets (NSs) on the core of Cu nanowires (NWs) grown on a Cu foam support. The optimized 3D core–shell Cu@NiFe LDH sensor demonstrated higher sensitivity (7.88 mA mM-1cm−2), lower limit of detection (0.10 µM) and wider linear range (1 µM to 0.9 mM) in glucose sensing with a low working potential (0.4 V). The applied sensor also showed excellent stability, reproducibility, interference ability as well as practicability in real environment. The detection of real samples further suggests its great feasibility for practical applications. The superior electrocatalytic performance is collectively ascribed to the excellent electro-conductivity of the Cu substrate, the distinct self-standing 3D porous nanostructure, the ultrathin homogenous architecture, and the appropriate loading amount of NiFe LDH NSs. This study then provides a non-enzymatic glucose sensor with 3D Cu@NiFe LDH electrode for ultrahigh sensitivity and stability.

Development of an electrochemical nanoplatform for non-enzymatic glucose sensing based on Cu/ZnO nanocomposite

A non-enzymatic amperometric glucose sensor was designed based on Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and copper (Cu) composite membrane. The Copper/Zinc Oxide nanocomposite (Cu/ZnO NC) was elaborated by sol-gel technique, which was then characterized for physico-chemical properties using characterization techniques such as UV–Visible, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDXS). For the sensing electrode fabrication, the synthesized NC was deposited on Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) by drop-coating method. The electrochemical behavior of the elaborated sensor was studied through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The Cu/ZnO modified GCE possesses favorable electrocatalytic (EC) properties for the oxidation of glucose in alkaline solution. Furthermore, the suggested sensing nanoplatform for glucose determination had 2 linear ranges: 0.01 mM–1 mM and 1 mM–7 mM, good sensitivity (36.641 μA mM−1cm−2), a limit of detection (LOD) of about 57 μM, good selectivity as well as a response time of about 8 s. The findings of this study contribute to the applicability of a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor and may potentially act as a significant alternative method for glucose analysis.

Carbon fibre-supported hierarchical NiCo layered double hydroxide nanosheets as non-enzymatic glucose sensors for sport drinks and serum

We report a systematic study of carbon fibre (CF)-supported NiCo layered double hydroxide nanosheets (LDHNs) with and without heat treatment at 200 and 400 °C (CF-NiCo LDHN200 and CF-NiCo oxide nanoparticles (NPs), respectively) as catalysts and sensors for glucose oxidation reactions (GORs). Tafel measurements for the GORs showed that the exchange current density of CF-NiCo LDHN was 1.91 × 10−3 mA·cm−2 at an early rest potential of −0.422 V. This was markedly higher than those of CF-NiCo LDHN200 (1.22 × 10−3 mA·cm−2 at − 0.352 V) and CF-NiCo oxide NP (1.18 × 10−3 mA·cm−2 at −0.327 V). The electron transfer number and Tafel slopes suggested that the glucose dehydrogenation step and one-electron release occurred first in the GORs. Amperometric measurements revealed high recoveries (101.92% and 98.92%) and low relative standard deviations (1.98% and 2.34%) for the determination of glucose using the CF-NiCo LDHN in sports drink samples and human serum.

Facile synthesize surfactants and binder-free nanoflake Co(OH)2 on CuCo2S4 nanowire for highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose sensor

The cross-linked Co(OH)2/CuCo2S4/Ni composite material has been successfully prepared by a simple method. CuCo2S4 nanoneedles are grown on NF by hydrothermal method, and then Co(OH)2 nanolayer was constructed by constant potential deposition. This nanostructure provides a good conductive network for effective charge transfer, which can detect direct and non-enzymatic reactions of glucose oxidation at low potential. In this paper, the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the prepared Co(OH)2/CuCo2S4 composites were characterized and tested. In the electrochemical sensing process, Co(OH)2/CuCo2S4 nanomaterials show high sensitivity, low detection limit, excellent selectivity, and linear response, reaching wide linear range of 1 μM-6.957 mM, high sensitivity of 2714.7 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.26 μM. In addition, the sensor shows fast response time (within 2.5s), excellent selectivity and stability. CuCo2S4 nanowire array increases active surface area for the catalytic reaction and act as a stable conductive scaffold of Co(OH)2 to promote electron transfer. This low-cost and straightforward detection method offers a new strategy for non-enzymatic glucose detection.

A novel flexible non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor of excellent performance with ZnO nanorods modified on stainless steel wire sieve and stimulated via UV irradiation

A novel flexible non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor was constructed with hexagonal structured ZnO nanorods hydrothermally grown on bendable stainless steel wire sieve (SSWS) electrode. The electrocatalytic capability of the sensor towards glucose was obviously enhanced with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation introduced during the electrochemical measurements. To be specific, UV irradiation promotes the generation of holes in the ZnO nanorods and these holes raise the amount of hydroxyl. Accordingly, more hydroxyl reacts with glucose and further the electron yield of the glucose sensor is notably increased, thus the sensitivity of the glucose sensor is raised from 36.4 μA mM−1 cm−2 to 91.8 μA mM−1 cm−2. The glucose sensor can maintain 60% and 90% of the initial current after being bended 100 times and used 20 times, respectively. Besides, the glucose sensor also exhibits ignorable response towards interfering substances like d-galactose, fructose, urea, uric acid, ascorbic acid, l-phenylalanine, NaCl, and KCl, and can reliably determine glucose concentrations in human serum samples. This method is considered as an effective way to enhance the electrocatalytic capability of other semiconductor-based electrochemical biosensors.

Bimetallic Layered Hydroxide Nitrate@Graphene Oxide as an Electrocatalyst for Efficient Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Tuning Sensitivity by Hydroxide-Regulated M2(OH)4–n(An–) Phases Derived from Solvent Engineering

Bimetallic Layered Hydroxide Nitrate@Graphene Oxide as an Electrocatalyst for Efficient Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Tuning Sensitivity by Hydroxide-Regulated M₂(OH)_4–<i>n</i>(A^<i>n</i>–) Phases Derived from Solvent Engineering

One-step synthesis of Mn3O4@ZIF-67 on carbon cloth: As an effective non-enzymatic glucose sensor

The Mn3O4@ZIF-67 (zeolite imidazole framework) composite material on carbon cloth (Mn3O4@ZIF-67/CC) was successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method and was used as an enzyme-free glucose sensor. Benefit from the oxidation of manganese oxide and the porous structure of ZIF material, the Mn3O4@ZIF-67/CC sensor showed good glucose sensing performance with an excellent sensitivity of 3421.0 μA mM−1 cm−2, a wide linear range from 0.8 μM to 6.0 mM and the low detection limit (LOD) of 0.24 μM. The proposal synthesized method was simple, rapid and low-cost, which is convenient to apply for the electrochemical electrode. What's more, the Mn3O4@ZIF-67/CC shows extraordinary stability, reproducibility and selectivity for glucose sensing. The actual feasibility of the sensor was confirmed by detecting glucose concentration in human serum samples, and the test results were consistent with commercial blood glucose meters.

A highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuNi nanoalloys through one-step electrodeposition strategy

A highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuNi nanoalloys through one-step electrodeposition strategy

Dendritic Cu(OH)2 nanostructures decorated pencil graphite electrode as a highly sensitive and selective impedimetric non-enzymatic glucose sensor in real human serum blood samples

Dendritic Cu(OH)2 nanostructures decorated pencil graphite electrode as a highly sensitive and selective impedimetric non-enzymatic glucose sensor in real human serum blood samples

Study on the oriented self-assembly of cuprous oxide micro-nano cubes and its application as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor

Herein, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) micro-nano cubes were successfully synthesized via a seed-medium process. It is worth noting that the microcubes were formed by oriented self-assembly of 2 × 2 × 2 nanocubes. The oriented self-assembly process can be effective controlled by simply adjusting the concentration of reactants. What’s more, the obtained samples were applied for non-enzymatic glucose detection and exhibited excellent performance. The Cu2O nanocubes obtained at the highest concentration exhibited the highest sensitivity (2864 μAmM−1cm−2), while the Cu2O microcubes obtained at the lowest concentration shared the widest linear range (up to 10.65 mM) and lowest limit of detection (LOD, 0.87 μΜ). The acceptable anti-interference ability, excellent stability together with the practical application ability make our obtained electrodes a new strategy for monitoring glucose in biological and food samples.