Non-spore Forming Research Articles

Lutibacter oceani sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment in South Korea.

A novel Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic and short-rod shaped bacterial strain, designated as 325-5T, was isolated from marine sediment obtained from a coastal region in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 325-5T showed close similarity to Lutibacter crassostreae (97.8%). The novel isolate was found to grow optimally at 25°C and pH 7.0. The major fatty acids identified in the strain were iso C15:0 and iso C15:0 3OH, which supports the affiliation of strain 325-5T to the genus Lutibacter. Menaquinone (MK-6) was identified as the respiratory quinone component. The polar lipid profile was found to contain phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The G+C molar content of strain 325-5T was determined to be 33.1mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization of strain 325-5T exhibited less than 40% relatedness to L. crassostreae KCTC 42461T. Pigment analysis showed the presence of carotenoid pigments. Based on this polyphasic analysis, we propose that strain 325-5T represents a novel species of the genus Lutibacter, for which the name Lutibacter oceani sp. nov. (type strain 325-5T=JCM 30924T=KEMB 7306-529T) is proposed.

Description of Deinococcus oregonensis sp. nov., from biological soil crusts in the Southwestern arid lands of the United States of America.

Biological soil crusts are distinct habitats, harbor unique prokaryotic diversity and gave an impetus to isolate novel species. In the present study, a pink-pigmented bacterium, (OR316-6T), was isolated from biological soil crusts using oligotrophic BG11-PGY medium. Strain OR316-6T was Gram-positive, short rods, non-motile and non-spore forming. Cells were positive for catalase, oxidase and β-galactosidase and negative for most of the enzymatic activities. The major fatty acids present were C16:0, C17:0, and C16:1ω7c and contained MK-8 and MK-10 as the predominant menaquinones. The cell wall peptidoglycan was of A3β variant with L-ornithine as the diamino acid. Based on the above characteristics, strain OR316-6T was assigned to the genus Deinococcus. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain OR316-6T was closely related to D. aquatilis DSM 23025T with a 16S rRNA gene similarity of 99.3% and clustered with a bootstrap value of 100%. DNA-DNA similarity between strain OR316-6T and D. aquatilis DSM 23025T was 37.0% indicating that strain OR316-6T was a novel species. Further, DNA fingerprinting of stains OR316-6T and D. aquatilis DSM 23035T demonstrated that both strains were related to each other with a similarity coefficient of only 0.32 and supported the species status to strain OR316-6T. In addition, phenotypic characteristics distinguished strain OR316-6T from D. aquatilis DSM 23025T. Based on the cumulative differences, strain OR316-16T exhibited with its closely related species, it was identified as a novel species and proposed the name Deinococcus oregonensis sp. nov. The type strain is D. oregonensis sp. nov. (OR316-6T=JCM 13503T=DSM 17762T).

Nitropelagius marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated From Seawater, Je-bu island, South Korea [corrected

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore forming, non-motile and aerobic strain, designated JB22(T), was isolated from seawater, Je-bu Island, South Korea. Strain JB22(T) was catalase and oxidase positive. Optimal growth of JB22(T) was observed at 30°C and pH 7.0. NaCl tolerance range was 1-9% (w/v) with an optimum of 2.0% concentration. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JB22(T) showed the highest sequence similarity to those of Pelagicola litorisediminis D1-W8(T) (95.8%), Roseovarius litoreus GSW-M15(T) (95.2%), Roseovarius aestuarii SMK-122(T) (95.0%), Donghicola eburmeus SW-277(T) (95.0%), and Roseovarius halotolerans HJ50(T) (94.9%). It contained ubiquine-10 as the major respiratory quinone and C18:1 ω7c (69.3%), :0 (9.9%), C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl (9.6%) as the major fatty acid. The polar lipid profile included phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of the strain JB22(T) was 47mol %. Based on physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain JB22(T) should be regarded as a new genus of the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the Nitropelagi marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JB22(T) (=KEMB 3001-101(T)=JCM 30822(T)).

Agarivorans aestuarii sp. nov., an agar-degrading bacterium isolated from a tidal flat.

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium motile with a single polar flagellum, designated strain hydD622T, was isolated from the sediment of a tidal flat at Asan Bay, Korea. Strain hydD622T exhibited an agarolytic activity. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain hydD622T was closely related to Agarivorans litoreus KCTC 42116T, Agarivorans albus KCTC 22256T and Agarivorans gilvus KCTC 32555T with similarities of 98.4, 98.0 and 96.5 %, respectively. Strain hydD622T was clustered distantly from the other genera in the family Alteromonadaceae but formed a unique clade within the genus Agarivorans based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The DNA-DNA relatedness with Agarivorans litoreus KCTC 42116T and Agarivorans. albus KCTC 22256T was 39.0 and 37.8 %, respectively. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0,C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c and C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8, and the polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 44 mol%. On the basis of physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain hydD622T represents a novel species within the genus Agarivorans, for which the name Agarivorans aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Agarivorans aestuarii sp. nov. is hydD622T (=KCTC 32543T=CGMCC 1.12692T).

Nocardioides pakistanensis sp. nov., isolated from a hot water spring of Tatta Pani in Pakistan.

A Gram-staining positive, non-spore forming, non-pigmented and non-motile bacterium, designated as NCCP-1340(T), was isolated from a hot water spring, Tatta Pani, Pakistan. Cells of strain NCCP-1340(T) were observed to be aerobic, rod shaped, catalase and urease positive but H2S production and oxidase negative. Growth was observed at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and at 20-40°C (optimum 37°C). The strain could tolerate 0-8% NaCl (optimum 2%, w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain NCCP-1340(T) belongs to the genus Nocardioides and is closely related to Nocardioides iriomotensis JCM 17985(T) (96.8%), Nocardioides daedukensis KCTC 19601(T) (96.6%), Nocardioides jensenii KCTC 9134(T) (96.1%) and Nocardioides daejeonensis KCTC 19772(T) (96.1%). The DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain NCCP-1340(T) with N. iriomotensis JCM 17985(T), N. daedukensis KCTC 19601(T) and N. jensenii KCTC 9134(T) were found to be less than 53%. The DNA G+C content of strain NCCP-1340(T) was determined to be 71.8mol %. The affiliation of strain NCCP-1340(T) to the genus Nocardioides was further supported by chemotaxonomic data which showed the presence of MK-8(H4) as major menaquinone system; iso-C16:0, C17:0, C16:0 10-methyl, iso-C15:0 and C 15:0 as major cellular fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and unidentified glycolipids and polar lipids in the polar lipids profile. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained LL-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid. On the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses, strain NCCP-1340(T) can be distinguished from the closely related taxa and thus represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides pakistanensis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain NCCP-1340(T) (=DSM 29942(T)=JCM 30630(T)).

Description of Hydrogenophaga laconesensis sp. nov. isolated from tube well water.

A light cream color colony was isolated, using oligotrophic LB agar medium, from a water sample collected from a tube well and designated as HWB-10(T). Cells of strain HWB-10(T) were Gram-negative, motile rods, non-spore forming, positive for catalase, oxidase, nitrate reduction and esculin. The predominant fatty acids were C16:0, summed feature 4 (C16:1 ω7c/iso-C15:0 2-OH) and summed feature 7 (C18:1 ω7c, C18:1 ω9t and/or C18:1 ω12t), and the major ubiquinone was Q-8. NCBI-BLAST- and EzTaxon-based 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity search identified strain HWB-10(T) as a member of the genus Hydrogenophaga and H. atypica DSM 15342(T), H. defulvi DSM 15341(T), H. palleronii LMG2366(T) and H. taeniospiralis LMG7170(T) being the nearest phylogenetic species with a similarity (%) of 99.3, 99.1, 98.4 and 98.2, respectively, while the similarity was <98.0% with other species of the genus. However, DNA-DNA similarities between HWB-10(T) and H. atypica DSM 15342(T) and H. defulvi DSM 15341(T) were 37.0 and 43.0%, respectively, indicating that strain HWB-10(T) is a novel species. Further, the DNA fingerprinting, based on BOX-, ERIC-, (GTG)5- and REP-PCR amplifications, distinguished strain HWB-10(T) from its closest species, H. atypica DSM 15342(T) and H. defulvi DSM 15341(T) with similarity coefficients of 0.45 and 0.37, respectively, a value sufficient to establish the species status within the genus Hydrogenophaga. In addition, strain HWB-10(T) exhibited several phenotypic differences with its closely related species. Based on the above cumulative differentiating characteristics, strain HWB-10(T) was identified as a new species of the genus Hydrogenophaga and proposed as Hydrogenophaga laconesensis sp. nov. with strain HWB-10(T) (KTCC 42478(T)=LMG 28681(T)) as its type strain.

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Streptococcus varani sp. nov.

Strain FF10T (= CSUR P1489 = DSM 100884) was isolated from the oral cavity of a lizard (Varanus niloticus) in Dakar, Senegal. Here we used a polyphasic study including phenotypic and genomic analyses to describe the strain FF10T. Results support strain FF10T being a Gram-positive coccus, facultative anaerobic bacterium, catalase-negative, non-motile and non-spore forming. The sequenced genome counts 2.46 Mb with one chromosome but no plasmid. It exhibits a G+C content of 40.4% and contains 2471 protein-coding and 45 RNA genes. On the basis of these data, we propose the creation of Streptococcus varani sp. nov.

Noviherbaspirillum humi sp. nov., isolated from soil.

Two novel Gram-stain negative, motile, non-spore forming, facultative aerobic and short rod shaped bacterial strains, designated U15(T) and U32, were isolated from soil obtained from Ukraine. The sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA gene between strains U15(T) and U32 was found to be 99.5%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that new bacteria belong to the genus Noviherbaspirillum. The closest member of the genus was found to be Noviherbaspirillum malthae (97.0%) followed by Noviherbaspirillum suwonensis (96.3%). The novel isolates was observed to grow optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0. The major fatty acids present in the two strains were identified as summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c), C16:0, and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c). Ubiquinone 8 was identified as the respiratory quinone component for both the strains. The polar lipid (L) profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, unidentified aminolipid and unidentified Ls, and putrescine and 2-hydroxyputrescine as major polyamines. The G+C content of the DNA for the strain U15(T) was found to be 61.2mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between U15(T) and U32 and closely related species was less than 40%. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic analysis, a new species, Noviherbaspirillum humi sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is strain U15(T)=JCM 19873(T)=KEMB 7305-102(T).

High-quality genome sequencing and description of Dermabacter indicis sp. nov.

Strain FF11T was isolated from the wound on a researcher's finger who had been bitten by a fish (Protopterus annectens) in Senegal. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry did not provide any identification, but the 16S rRNA sequence exhibited 97.9% identity with Dermabacter hominis. Phenotypic and genomic analyses demonstrated that strain FF11T is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile and non–spore forming; it exhibited a genome of 2 222 902 bp encoding 2074 protein-coding and 50 RNA genes, with a 63.2% G+C content. We consequently proposed the creation of Dermabacter indicis strain FF11T.

Aeromonas spp.: An Emerging Nosocomial Pathogen.

Aeromonads are hallophillic, nonacid fast, nonspore forming, Gram-negative rods which are widely distributed in the soil, foodstuffs, and aquatic environment. Since times immemorial, they are important zoonotic pathogens of poikilotherms but are now emerging as important human pathogens. These emerging enteric pathogens flourish in the water distribution system by forming biofilms. They possess large number of virulence factors including inherent resistance to various antibiotics and ability to form biofilms using quorum sensing. These properties make them easy pathogens for human infections. Aeromonads are important enteric pathogens, but, with the growing level of immunosuppression in the population, they have been associated with various extraintestinal infections, such as skin and soft-tissue infections, traumatic wound infections, and lower respiratory tract/urinary tract infections. The average annual incidence of bacteremia in Southern Taiwan due to Aeromonas spp. was 76 cases/million inhabitants between 2008 and 2010. However, the incidence reported from Western countries is much lower. The case fatality rate among patients with Aeromonas bacteremia ranges from 27.5 to 46%. Aeromonads are universally resistant to the narrow-spectrum penicillin group of antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin. They are however susceptible to piperacillin, azlocillin, second and third generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Most of the Aeromonas species are susceptible to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones, and monobactams. This manuscript is a comprehensive systematic review of the literature available on Aeromonas spp.

High solid saccharification using mild alkali-pretreated rice straw by hyper-cellulolytic fungal strain

The aim of this study was to use traditional mutagenesis to generate hyper-cellulolytic mutants with emphasis on stable, non-spore formers, shorter enzyme producing times and higher saccharification efficiency at high solid loadings. An in-house isolated strain of Aspergillus terreus (At) was identified, fingerprinted and mutated. A sequential process of mutation followed by stringent selection generated mutant At 9 , which produced optimal cellulase at day 4 instead of day 7, was non-spore former with high stability and grew on a lower pH than parental strain. At 9 cellulases were used successfully at high solid loads [up to 25 % (w/v)] in a modified system at 50 °C with reduced hydrolysis times compared to parent strain. In current work ultra violet (UV) mutagenesis and intelligent screening design combined with growth on a cheap substrate for enzyme production was demonstrated. With this work we present a single organism enzyme system with substantially lower production time and decreased saccharification time at high solid loads.

Lysobacter hymeniacidonis sp. nov., isolated from a crude oil-contaminated marine sponge

An aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 2–5T, was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated marine sponge collected near Dalian Bay, China, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Cells of strain 2–5T were non-spore forming, non-motile, rods 0.2–0.3 µm wide and 1.1–1.2µm long. Strain 2–5T grew well on nutrient agar, TSA, R2A agar and LB agar. Colonies of strain 2–5T on LB agar were circular, smooth with entire margins, non-transparent and pale yellow after 3 d of incubation at 30°C. Growth of strain 2–5T occurred in LN medium with 0–6% NaCl; no growth occurred in the presence of 8.0% NaCl. Strain 2–5T grew at 15–42°C and at pH 6.0–8.0. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 2–5T clustered with the species of the genus Lysobacter. Its closet neighbors were the type strains of Lysobacter concretionis KCTC 12205T (97% similarity), Lysobacter arseniciresistens ZS79T (96%), and Lysobacter defluii APB-9T (96%). The value for DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 2–5T and L. concretionis KCTC 12205T was 23%. Branched fatty acids iso-C16: 0, iso-C15: 0, iso-C11: 0 3-OH, iso-C17: 1ω9c and iso-C11: 0 were found to be predominant. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain 2–5T had a DNA G+C content of 63.8 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, DNA-DNA hybridization and phylogenetic data, strain 2–5T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter hymeniacidonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2–5T (=CGMCC 1.12190T = JCM 18137T).

Occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in plant and animal derived food sources: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cronobacter species are motile, non-spore forming, Gram negative emerging opportunistic pathogens mostly associated with bacteremia, meningitis, septicemia, brain abscesses and necrotizing enterocolitis in infected neonates, infants and immunocompromised adults. Members of the genus Cronobacter are previously associated with powdered infant formula although the main reservoir and routes of contamination are yet to be ascertained. This study therefore aim to summarize occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. from different food related sources. A retrospective systematic review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed primary studies reported between 2008 and 2014 for the occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in animal and plant related sources was conducted using “Cronobacter isolation”, “Cronobacter detection” and “Cronobacter enumeration” as search terms in the following databases: Web of Science (Science Direct) and ProQuest. Data extracted from the primary studies were then analyzed with meta-analysis techniques for effect rate and fixed effects was used to explore heterogeneity between the sources. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot. A total of 916 articles were retrieved from the data bases of which 28 articles met inclusion criteria. Cronobacter spp. could only be isolated from 103 (5.7 %) samples of animal related food while 123 (19 %) samples of plant related food samples harbors the bacteria. The result of this study shows that occurrence of Cronobacter was more prevalent in plant related sources with overall prevalence rate of 20.1 % (95 % CI 0.168–0.238) than animal originated sources with overall prevalence rate of 8 % (95 % CI 0.066–0.096). High heterogeneity (I2 = 84) was observed mostly in plant related sources such as herbs, spices and vegetables compared to animal related sources (I2 = 82). It could be observed from this study that plant related sources serve as reservoir and contamination routes of Cronobacter spp.

Citreicella manganoxidans sp. nov., a novel manganese oxidizing bacterium isolated from a shallow water hydrothermal vent in Espalamaca (Azores).

A Gram-stain negative, non-motile, non-spore forming, aerobic and rod or narrow lemon-shaped bacterial strain, VSW210(T), was isolated from surface seawater in a shallow water hydrothermal vent region in Espalamaca (Azores). Strain VSW210(T) was found to grow optimally at 30°C, at pH 7 and in the presence of 2-6% (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain VSW210(T) clusters with the type strain Citreicella marina CK-I3-6(T) (sequence similarity value of 99.6%), but DNA-DNA hybridization showed DNA-DNA relatedness between the strain VSW210(T) and C. marina CK-I3-6(T) to be 55.8±3.2%. The DNA G+C content of strain VSW210(T) was determined to be 67.4mol%. The cellular fatty acid profiles of strain VSW210(T) was found to contain C18:1 ω7c (80.1%) and C16:0 (9.2%). The major polar lipids in strain VSW210(T) were identified as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid. Strain VSW210(T) was found to be able to oxidize soluble Mn(II) to insoluble MnO2, which was confirmed with LBB staining. Differential phenotypic properties and genetic uniqueness revealed that this strain VSW210(T) is distinguishable from other species of the genus Citreicella. On the basis of the data presented, strain VSW210(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Citreicella, for which the name Citreicella manganoxidans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is VSW210(T) (=KCTC 32497(T)=MCC 2286(T)).

Cellulosimicrobium aquatile sp. nov., isolated from Panagal reservoir, Nalgonda, India.

A Gram-stain positive, non-spore forming, non-motile, yellow-pigmented, rod shaped and coccoid aerobic strain designated 3bp(T) was isolated from Panagal reservoir, at Nalgonda, Telangana, India. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis it was identified that strain 3bp(T) belongs to the class Actinobacteria and is closely related to Cellulosimicrobium funkei VTT E-072700(T), Cellulosimicrobium cellulans LMG16221(T) and Cellulosimicrobium terreum KCTC 19206(T). The DNA-DNA relatedness data demonstrated that strain 3bp(T) is distinguishable from the above three species of the genus. Further, the chemotaxonomic properties of strain 3bp(T) were consistent with those of the genus Cellulosimicrobium: MK-9(H4) was the predominant menaquinone, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso- C16:0 were the predominant cellular fatty acids and the cell-wall peptidoglycan contains L-lysine. The DNA G+C content of strain 3bp(T) was 73.8mol%. The results of the polyphasic analysis allowed a clear differentiation of strain 3bp(T) from all other members of the genus Cellulosimicrobium. Strain 3bp(T) is thus considered to represent a novel member of the genus Cellulosimicrobium, for which the name Cellulosimicrobium aquatile sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3bp(T) (=KCTC 39527(T)=MCC 2761(T)=LMG 28646(T)).

Sphingomonas arantia sp. nov., isolated from Hoh Xil basin, China

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming, aerobic, orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 6P(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Hoh Xil basin, China. Strain 6P(T) grew optimally at 25°C, pH 7.0-7.5 and NaCl concentration of 0-1% (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 6P(T) belongs to the genus Sphingomonas, with high sequence similarity (97.1%) to Sphingomonas fennica. The DNA-DNA hybridization homology with S. fennica DSM 13665(T) was 45.3%. The DNA G+C content of the novel strain is 65.3mol%. The isolate contained Q-10 as the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingoglycolipid (SGL). C18:1 ω7c and C16:1 ω7c are the major fatty acids. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence presented, strain 6P(T) represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas arantia sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6P(T) (=CGMCC 1.12702(T)=JCM 19855(T)).

Sphingomonas panacis sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of rusty ginseng.

The type strain DCY99(T) was isolated from soil collected from a ginseng field in Hwacheon, Republic of Korea. Strain DCY99(T) is Gram-negative, non-spore forming, motile, rod-shaped, and strictly aerobic. The bacteria grow optimally at 25-30 °C and pH 6.0-6.5. Phylogenetically, strain DCY99(T) is most closely related to Sphingomonas oligophenolica JCM 12082(T), followed by Sphingomonas asaccharolytica KCTC 2825(T), Sphingomonas mali KCTC 2826(T), Sphingomonas cynarae JCM17498(T), Sphingomonas pruni KCTC 2824(T), and Sphingomonas glacialis DSM 22294(T). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain DCY99(T) and S. oligophenolica JCM 12082(T) was 15.6 ± 0.4 %, and the DNA G+C content of strain DCY99(T) was 64.4 mol%. An isoprenoid quinone was detected and identified as ubiquinone Q-10, and sym-homospermidine was identified as the major polyamine of DCY99(T). The major polar lipids were identified as sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine. C14:02OH, C16:0, and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c:/C18:1 ω6c) were identified as the major fatty acids present in DCY99(T). The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain DCY99(T) to be differentiated phenotypically from other recognized species belonging to the genus Sphingomonas. Therefore, it is suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which the name Sphingomonas panacis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain designated as DCY99(T) (=JCM 30806(T) =KCTC 42347(T)).

English

INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) is a ubiquitous Organism that is often found in environment. It is a Gram-negative Bacillus, motile, straight (or) slightly curved measuring 0.5 – 8 Micrometer by 1.5 to 3.0 micrometer, non-spore forming, and Noncapsulated & obligate aerobes. Pseudomonas putida can appear Elongated. Organism from old culture may appear pleomorphic Gram Negative. Mucoid strains are seen as long filaments surrounded by Darker pink staining material (Alginate). Gram negative bacilli that are Showing intra cellular presence in polymorphonuclear leucocytes are Clinically important. Flagellar staining reveals single polar flagella. It Grows at wide temperature range between 6-42oc . Most pseudomonas species can reside in a wide variety of Environmental niches. Since their preferred temperature requirements Are between 4 and 36oc, Pseudomonas are found in processed foods, in Hands of health professional and they colonise animals and human. They Can spread among individuals. Ear infection and an irritating folliculitis may be acquired from Swimming pools, hot tubs. Community associated P. Aeruginosa Infections may occur as consequent to exposure to the organism in hot Tubs, whirlpools, and swimming pools. Keratitis due to P.aerugionsa May occur in individuals who store contact lenses in tap water and or Contaminated contact lens solutions. Intra venous drug users may Develop endocarditis and osteomyelitis as a result of injection of Contaminated injectables. P. Aeruginosa is also of nosocomial Significance The organism has been isolated from a variety of solutions Including soaps, ointments, irrigation and dialysis fluids, eye drops and Disinfectants as well as from fomites such as shower heads, respiratory Therapy unit, sinks, baths etc. Populations at risk for significant Morbidity and mortality include intubated patients in intensive care, Patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and burns patients. Pseudomonas Species are associated with a number of Infections. They produce infections of wound and burns giving rise to Blue green pus. P. Aeruginosa can cause meningitis usually following Trauma (or) surgery. Corneal infections result from contaminated contact Lenses (or) injury, contaminated eye drops, and ointments. Pseudomonas Causes endocarditis through valve replacement. People who spend long periods for swimming are at risk for External ear infections (Swimmer’s ear). Malignant external otitis is a Virulent form of disease seen primarily in diabetes and elderly patients. P. Aeruginosa is the leading cause of chronic otitis media. Folliculltis is a common infection caused by Pseudomonas Species resulting from immersion in contaminated water (e.g. Hot tubs, Whirlpools, and swimming pools). Thermal burns of skin inhibit an Essential component of body defence against infection; the physical Barrier of intact skin .The resulting damaged tissue is a rich culture Medium and is a great risk for colonization and infection by Pseudomonas. Such infections have been the leading cause of morbidity And mortality. Infection of burn wound with Gram negative bacteria Typically occur one week after injury .The moist surface of the burnt Skin and lack of neutrophilic response to tissue invasion predispose Patients to such infections. Infections of the urinary tract are seen Primarily in patients with long-term indwelling catheter. The lungs of Children with cystic fibrosis are particularly susceptible to P. Aeruginosa. Use of ventilator which may introduce the organism to lower airways Produces lung abscess and pneumonia .The mortality rate is 70%. Epidemiological investigations of P. Aeruginosa infection have different Typing methods as follows 1 Biotyping 2. Antiobiotic Sensitivity Typing 3. Serotyping 4. Bacteriophage typing 5. Bacteriocin Typing 6. Modified Diene’s mutual Inhibition Test 7. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Study The Bacteriophage and Bacteriocin typing are outdated because Cross-reactions are more common. The Diene’s mutual inhibition test has been used as an Epidemiological tool to characterize Pseudomonas aeruginosa like Proteus mirabilis. The test was simple to perform and cheap and may Have utility in initial screening of P.aeruginosa isolates in suspected Common source epidemic. Genomic finger printing methods are now regarded as the most Accurate methods for the typing of microorganisms for epidemiological Purposes. These methods include pulse field gel electrophoresis, Ribotyping, and Polymerase chain reaction based finger printing (RAPD – PCR). In the present study, P.aeruginosa was isolated from heterogenous Clinical samples from patients attending Govt Rajaji Hospital, Madurai And were subjected to various tests to identify strain similarity. Further They were screened for similar homology using phenotypic test, Diene’s Mutual Inhibition test, and genotypic test RAPD – PCR.

The influence of Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37 on selected properties of fermented sausages

Fermented sausages rank among non-heat-treated meat products. Their nutritional properties are similar to the raw material, simultaneously their microbial safety and stability is ensured using additives and specific microbial cultures. The use of probiotic cultures can positively affect the processing of fermented sausages, resulting in the new technological properties and beneficial effect on human health. However, commercial application of probiotic microorganisms in fermented sausages is not common yet. Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37 is a gram-positive, non-spore forming, homofermentative rod, which according to studies may modulate immune responses in human organism and survives the passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The main object of this work was to evaluate technological properties of L. paracasei LPC-37, which have not been fully examined. Two groups of fermented sausages were analysed in this work. The first group of fermented sausages was prepared using lyophilized starter culture (Lyocarni RHM-33). The second group of fermented sausages was prepared by the combination of lyophilized starter culture and potential probiotic culture Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37. The processing and ripening of sausages were carried out in meat processing plant to simulate real conditions of production. The changes of the products (water activity, pH, concentration of organic acids and microbial growth) were evaluated during ripening (3 weeks), while sensory analysis was carried out in the final stage of the process and during storage (3 weeks). It was found that the environment of raw-fermented sausages is suitable for the growth and survival of Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37 and the microbiological quality of the final product was very good (absence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes). The counts of lactobacilli reached 107 CFU/g of the product, which meet the requirements for functional foods. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the overall quality of raw-fermented sausages with Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37 was satisfactory and differed mainly in two taste descriptors (meaty and sour).

English

This review was conducted to find out the main function of lactic acid bacteria in milk fermentation and preservation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of Gram-positive, non-spore forming, cocci or rods, which produce lactic acid as the major end product during the fermentation of carbohydrates. LAB includes Lactobacillus, Lactococus, Streptococcus and Leuconostoc species. The presence of LAB in milk fermentation can be either as spontaneous or inoculated starter cultures. Both of them are promising cultures to be explored in fermented milk manufacture. LAB has a role in milk fermentation to produce acid which is important as preservative agents and generating flavour of the products. The main reasons for the fermentation practice using LAB are to increase milk palatability and improve the quality of milk by increasing the availability of proteins and vitamins. Furthermore, LAB confers preservative and detoxifying effects on milk as well. When it is used regularly, LAB fermented milks boost the immune system and strengthen the body in the fight against pathogenic bacterial infections. Thus, LAB fermentation is not only of a major economic importance, but it also promotes human health. Therefore, it was concluded that the lactic acid bacteria have a vital role in milk and milk products fermentation and preservation and this suggests the need for educating the communities about benefits of consuming fermented milk and milk products needs to be part of health education. Key words: Fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, milk, preservation.