Last years pathological processes of the retina became a worldwide problem among people of different ages and this group includes a various number of central retinal degenerations. There is a vivid tendency for these types of diseases to become younger last years. Such changes are the most common reasons of vision loss, especially age-related macular degeneration and its exudative form. Recent studies show that this form of AMD is linked not only with aging, weakness of the vessels and free radical oxidation, but also with non-specific immune stimulation and the potential role as a trigger of cytomegalovirus infection. No wonder, that chronic infection of endothelial cells leads to attracting to inflammation region of macrophages, their adhesion and synthesis of anti-inflammation cytokines and after all if stimulates formation or activation of CNV. Some pathogenetic peculiarities, methods of treatment and medical expertise are described in this article. Still, they are in the first rate in studies of ophthalmologists all over the world. Social meaning of this pathology is important due to the developing of disability in population and especially in military personnel. The article provides chronic, difficult curable or incurable diseases and outcomes of injuries and burns of the eyes. The matter is that in cases with a completed process or a progressing course with rare exacerbations (less than 2 times per year), the category of fitness for military service is determined depending on the eye functions strictly in accordance with the relevant articles of the disease schedule.