Non-solvent Induced Phase Separation Method Research Articles

Enhanced gravity-driven membrane filtration for purifying roof rainwater using multi-walled carbon nanotubes tuned PVDF hollow fiber membranes

The collection and reuse of roof rainwater can alleviate water shortage for daily life. In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes tuned with three multi-walled carbon nanotubes (pure MWCNTs, MWCNTs-COOH, and MWCNTs-OH) were prepared using a non-solvent induced phase separation method for gravity-driven membrane filtration to purify roof rainwater. The results showed that the MWCNTs were distributed on the membrane surface and throughout the porous structure of the cross-section, which changed the pore structure parameters and hydrophilicity. The pure water flux of the MWCNTs tuned membranes increased by 152.5 % at 1.0 bar, and the rejection rates of humic acid and bovine serum albumin increased from 97.4 % and 75.7 % to 98.9 % and 96.3 %, respectively. The extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (xDLVO) theory states that the presence of MWCNTs leads to changes in the physicochemical properties of the membrane surface, resulting in membranes with different anti-fouling behaviors. A gravity-driven membrane filtration test was continuously operated for 100 days, and all membranes removed 25.0–26.7 %, 49.5–53.0 %, and 89.0–93.3 % of total dissolved solids, dissolved organic carbon, and turbidity from roof rainwater, respectively. However, the pure MWCNTs modified membrane with relatively hydrophobic properties showed a 12.4 % increase in flux over the unmodified membrane. Importantly, the presence of the MWCNTs in the membrane changed the microbial diversity in the biofilter cake layer.

Eco-friendly, high-hydrophobic polybutylene succinate foam for oil-water separation

Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is an excellent biodegradable resin with good processability and toughness. The inherent hydrophobicity of this material makes it unique for the preparation of oil-water separation materials. In this paper, PBS foams with high hydrophobicity were prepared by the non-solvent induced phase separation (TINIPS) method using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a good solvent and anhydrous ethanol as a non-solvent. The effect of PBS concentration on the wettability and micro-morphology of this foam was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the foam had an optimal microporous structure with a water contact angle as high as 145° when the concentration of PBS was 30 %. It was further found that the saturated adsorption capacity of the foam was 5.55–12.39 times its mass and remained strong after 10 adsorption tests. Finally, the environmental adaptability of foams had been studied. The foams maintained their superhydrophobic and oil-absorbing properties in the presence of strong acids, strong bases, saturated sodium chloride solutions, and repeated abrasion. In addition, with the help of a pump-assisted adsorption device, oil-water mixtures can be separated continuously and quickly. This showed that the material had a broad application prospect in oil-water separation.

Additive-free preparation of hemodialysis membranes from silibinin-modified polysulfone polymer with enhanced performance in anti-oxidative stress and hemocompatibility

Oxidative stress is highly prevalent in maintenance hemodialysis patients and increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Silibinin (SLB) is a plant extract with excellent antioxidant effects. The polymer of polysulfone (PSF) grafted SLB (PSF-g-SLB) was synthesized using a two-step approach, and the PSF-g-SLB membrane, a porogen-additive-free blood purification membranes made up of simply the polymer and solvent, was fabricated via the nonsolvent induced phase separation method. The results showed that, with increasing the grafting rate of PSF-g-SLB, the hydrophilicity, antioxidant properties, and the stability of free radical scavenging rate of the PSF-g-SLB membranes were improved. Furthermore, platelet-erythrocyte adhesion and hemolysis rate were decreased, and coagulation time was prolonged. The PSF-g-SLB membrane exhibits significant potential for being compatible with hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the application of PSF-g-SLB membranes could alleviate oxidative stress in patients during hemodialysis.

A Review on the Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer-Based Membrane Preparation for Environmental Separation Technologies.

The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for the preparation of polymer membranes for environmental separation technologies is comprehensively reviewed. DESs have been divided into five categories based on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA) that are involved in the production of the DESs, and a wide range of DESs' physicochemical characteristics, such as density, surface tension, viscosity, and melting temperature, are initially gathered. Furthermore, the most popular techniques for creating membranes have been demonstrated and discussed, with a focus on the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. Additionally, a number of studies have been reported in which DESs were employed as pore formers, solvents, additives, or co-solvents, among other applications. The addition of DESs to the manufacturing process increased the presence of finger-like structures and macrovoids in the cross-section and, on numerous occasions, had a substantial impact on the overall porosity and pore size. Performance data were also gathered for membranes made for various separation technologies, such as ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). Lastly, DESs provide various options for the functionalization of membranes, such as the creation of various liquid membrane types, with special focus on supported liquid membranes (SLMs) for decarbonization technologies, discussed in terms of permeability and selectivity of several gases, including CO2, N2, and CH4.

BioMOF@PAN Mixed Matrix Membranes as Fast and Efficient Adsorbing Materials for Multiple Heavy Metals' Removal.

Heavy metal ions are a common source of water pollution. In this study, two novel membranes with biobased metal-organic frameworks (BioMOFs) embedded in a polyacrylonitrile matrix with tailored porosity were prepared via nonsolvent induced phase separation methods and designed to efficiently adsorb heavy metal ions from oligomineral water. Under optimized preparation conditions, stable membranes with high MOF loading up to 50 wt % and a cocontinuous sponge-like morphology and a high water permeability of 50-60 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 were obtained. The tortuous flow path in combination with a low water flow rate guarantees maximum contact time between the fluid and the MOFs, and thus a high heavy metal capture efficiency in a single pass. The performances of these BioMOF@PAN membranes were investigated in the dynamic regime for the simultaneous removal of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ heavy metals from aqueous environments in the presence of common interfering ions. The new composite adsorbing membranes are capable of reducing the concentration of heavy metal pollutants in a single pass and at much higher efficiency than previously reported membranes. The enhanced performance of the mixed matrix membranes is attributed to the presence of multiple recognition sites which densely decorate the BioMOF channels: (i) the thioether groups, deriving from the S-methyl-l-cysteine and (S)-methionine amino acid residues, able to recognize and capture Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions and (ii) the oxygen atoms of the oxamate moieties, which preferentially interact with Cd2+ ions, as revealed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The flexibility of the pore environments allows these sites to work synergically for the simultaneous capture of different metal ions. The stability of the membranes for a potential regeneration process, a key-factor for the effective feasibility of the process in real life applications, was also evaluated and confirmed less than 1% capacity loss in each cycle.

The preparation technology and catalytic mechanism of PVDF/PVP/a-MoSx porous membrane for water flow driven piezoelectric PMS activation

Piezoelectric catalysis couples with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation technology can efficiently increase the yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, a novel flexible polyvinylidene difluoride/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/amorphous molybdenum sulfide (PVDF/PVP/a-MoSx) membrane with finger-like pore structure was prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. As a result, a-MoSx nanosheets can be exposed out of the pores to provide multiple active sites. The PVDF/PVP/a-MoSx with large dipole moment can form enhanced polarization field under water flow to accelerate the charges separation and transfer, thereby promoting the breakage of the OO bond of PMS. The mechanism of piezo-photocatalytic activated PMS was confirmed by COMSOL multiphysics simulations, electrochemical experiments, contribution of active species and DFT calculations. Moreover, a self-cycling degradation reactor was proved more effective in generating piezoelectric potential and improving the degradation efficiency, supporting the practical potential of this strategy. This study provides a new platform to develop piezoelectric porous membrane for enhanced PMS activation under low density flow water energy.

Green fabrication methods and performance evaluation of eco-friendly membranes for enhanced oil-water separation

A significant step toward sustainability in membrane technology has been made with the substitution of eco-friendly alternatives for conventional membrane fabrication techniques. A green fabrication process, which is derived from renewable and biodegradable materials, offers a promising solution to environmental concerns associated with conventional membrane fabrication. Additionally, by utilizing eco-friendly materials, the toxicity footprint of membrane fabrication techniques can be reduced considerably. This study aims to transform the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method into a green process, by utilizing a biodegradable polymeric base (polylactic acid; PLA), a green solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide; DMSO), and a green additive (deep eutectic solvents; DES). The membranes were thoroughly characterized to understand their structural transformations, and their performance was evaluated. Filtration experiments demonstrated a notable increase in the water flux using 20 wt% PLA polymer, DMSO as a solvent, and 1 wt% choline chloride: ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG) (1:2) as an additive. This resulted in a flux of 1138 L/m2.h, a notable increase compared to 554 L/m2.h achieved with 20 wt% PLA using a conventional solvent (PLA-C). This increase in flux was also complemented by an increase in the membrane's oil rejection efficiency, (oil rejection of 96 % for the modified membrane), as well as enhanced anti-fouling properties (maintained in interval flux recovery ratio; FRR of 80 %). The findings suggest that creating environmentally friendly membranes through a sustainable process has the potential to improve both ecological impact and performance, hence progressing environmentally conscious industrial practices.

Developing PEEK composites with exceptional thermal conductivity and electromagnetic shielding properties by constructing a dense dual-continuous filler network

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has regular and rigid molecular chain and is insoluble in most organic solvents. Therefore, it is challenging to use PEEK matrix composites for thermal conductivity (TC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. Herein, PEEK composites with hybrid fillers were fabricated by solution blending and non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) methods based on a chemical conversion reaction between soluble precursor PEEK-dithiolane and PEEK. Synergistic interaction between hybrid fillers (graphene nanosheets and multiwalled carbon nanotubes) improves the thermal and electrical conductivity of the composites. The effect of the hot-pressing pressure on the conductive/thermal network densification was investigated. The composites performed optimally at a hot pressure of 200 MPa and a filler content of 20.08 vol%. The maximum in-plane and out-of-plane TC reached 10.46 W·m–1·K–1 and 4.8 W·m–1·K–1, respectively, which were 4619 % and 2414 % higher than the corresponding TC of PEEK. Simultaneously, the optimised composite demonstrated significantly improved electrical conductivity (3517 S/m) and EMI shielding effectiveness (66.1 dB). These excellent characteristics are attributed to the solution blending–NIPS method, which improves the dispersion of hybrid fillers in the matrix and forms an internal and external dual-continuous thermal conductive network. The dual-continuous network creates effective channels for phonon and electron transport and enhances EM wave loss. This work provides inspiration for the preparation of PEEK composites as advanced EMI protection and thermal management materials.

A novel, green, and environmentally friendly PBS/nano-CaCO3 hybrid membrane

Biodegradable membrane materials can be degraded into small molecules under natural conditions, which can effectively alleviate the environmental pollution caused by the waste of traditional organic membrane materials. In this work, biodegradable poly (butylene succinate) (PBS)/nano-CaCO3 hybrid membranes has been prepared via non-solvent induced phase separation method by blending environmentally friendly nano-CaCO3 particles with PBS. The incorporation of nano-CaCO3 particles into the membrane leads to a notable enhancement in mechanical strength, from 1.03±0.05 MPa to 1.42±0.13 MPa, resulting in a substantial increase of approximately 37 %. Additionally, the introduction of these particles also contributes to a reduction in contact angle, from 63° to 56°. Consequently, the issue of inadequate mechanical strength and limited hydrophilicity of PBS membrane is effectively addressed. Moreover, the pure water permeance of membrane increases from 8.5 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 to 89.3 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1, and the permeability is greatly improved. The permeance recovery rate of the membrane increases from 78 % to 95 %, and the anti-fouling performance is improved. In addition, PBS can be degraded after the service of PBS/nano-CaCO3 hybrid membrane, and CaCO3 particles are environmentally friendly. Therefore, the PBS/nano-CaCO3 hybrid membrane hybrid membrane prepared in this study is a green and environmentally friendly membrane material.

Synergistic Interaction of Ionic Liquid Grafted Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) and Carbon Nanotubes to Construct Water Treatment Membranes with Multiple Separation Properties.

In this study, the dual strategy of 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid (IL) grafting and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposition was applied to modify poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based membranes. The highly hydrophilic/oleophobic and fouling-resistant PVDF-g-IL/CNTs membranes with excellent separation efficiency were obtained by the nonsolvent-induced phase separation method with ethanol-water mixed solution as the coagulation bath. The grafted IL not only generated hydrophilic groups on PVDF chains but also acted together with the CNTs to induce the formation of hydrophilic β-crystalline phase of PVDF, which significantly improved the hydrophilicity and pore structure of the modified PVDF membranes. As a result, the pure water flux of the optimal membrane increased up to 294.2 L m-2 h-1, which was 5.2 times greater than that of the pure PVDF membrane. Simultaneously, the electrostatic interaction of the positive IL and the integration of CNTs enhanced adsorption sites of the membranes, producing exceptional retention and adsorption of dye wastewater and oil-water emulsion. This study presents a straightforward and efficient approach for fabricating PVDF separation membranes, which have potential applications in the purification of various polluted wastewater.

Preparation and performance study of waste plastic blended ultrafiltration membrane

Waste plastic packaging bags (rPVC) and waste milk tea straws (rPLA) were used as membrane materials to prepare ultrafiltration (UF) membranes by the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The study aimed to investigate the influence of various factors, including different rPVC contents (10 wt%-20 wt%), membrane fractions (rPVC/rPLA), additive fractions (Pluronic F-127/PVP-K30), and different additive contents (0.5 wt%-3.0 wt%), on the performance of the membranes. The permeability, morphology, hydrophilicity, chemical composition, thermal stability, and antifouling properties of the blended UF membranes were thoroughly investigated. The experimental results revealed that the presence of rPLA and Pluronic F-127 increased the porosity, water absorption, pore size, and hydrophilicity of the blended UF membranes. Furthermore, the introduction of rPLA enhanced the thermal stability of the blended UF membranes. Additionally, the incorporation of Pluronic F-127 further improved the overall performance of the blended UF membranes. Specifically, it was found that the blended UF membranes achieved a pure water flux (PWF) of 192.50 L·m−2·h−1, while maintaining a bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection rate of 95.20%. These results were obtained using a content ratio of rPVC/rPLA (90/10) at 14 wt% and an additive content of Pluronic F-127 at 2.5 wt%. By comparing with the blended UF membranes without introducing additives into the casting solution, the roughness (Ra) was reduced by 40.3%, the water contact angle (WCA) was reduced by 7.5%, the flux recovery rate (FRR) was increased by 80.5%, and the fouling resistance was enhanced.

Highly stable, antibacterial and antiviral composites films via improved non-solvent induced phase separation for textile application

Textile composites are ubiquitous in daily life and are one of the main ways in which bacteria and viruses spread. Highly effective antibacterial and antiviral flexible composites are effective for reducing microbe transmission. Herein, we reported an improved nonsolvent-induced phase separation method for the fabrication of flexible textile composites. Cu2O/polyurethane (Cu2OPU) composite films containing antibacterial and antiviral coatings were constructed using a Cu2O-polyvinyl butyral coagulation bath and binary solvent mixtures, yielding a composite that had excellent mechanical properties and stability and the components did not leach out. The as-prepared Cu2OPU composite films exhibited strong antibacterial and antiviral activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the H1N1 virus (above 99.99 % inactivation ratio). What’s more, Cu2OPU has excellent mechanical and environmental stability owing to the strong interfacial adhesion of Cu2O with the polymer matrix. Furthermore, it can withstand multiple washes and be suitable for daily use. Cu2OPU may be sustainably produced with great scalability, which may meet public, home, and textile applications.

Facile fabrication of regenerated cellulose-based separators for high-performance lithium-ion batteries by regulating degrees of polymerization

Cellulose-based separators have great application prospects in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their excellent wettability and thermal stability. However, most current cellulose-based separators come from high-cost nanocellulose and bacterial cellulose. Herein, regenerated cellulose (RC) separators were prepared from dissolving pulp with different degrees of polymerization (DPs) by using the NaOH/urea/thiourea dissolution system as well as a nonsolvent-induced phase separation method. The results showed that the DP of cellulose had a significant influence on the mechanical properties, pore structure, and electrochemical properties of the resultant RC separator. An appropriate increase in the DP could improve the mechanical strength, porosity, and ionic conductivity of the separator. The RC separator with a DP of 599 exhibited the best performance with a porosity of 56.1 %, an average pore size of 305 nm, an electrolyte uptake of 339 %, a tensile strength of 38.3 MPa, and an ionic conductivity of 1.88 mS·cm−1. The lithium-ion battery prepared with the optimal RC separator had a specific capacity of 156.55 mAh/g for 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 C and a coulombic efficiency of more than 96 %, which was a clear advantage over the commercially available Celgard2400 and cellulose separators. This work makes contributions to the development of high-performance LIBs separators from cellulose.

Structurally stable copolymer ultrafiltration membranes prepared via vinyl chloride suspension copolymerization and tannic acid in-situ modification integration

Polyvinyl chloride ultrafiltration membranes, widely used in various industries, are hindered by their high susceptibility to contamination. To address this concern, researchers have investigated diverse modification methods, encompassing surface modification and physical blending. Although surface modification provides stability, but it is intricate, expensive, and may result in pore clogging. Physical blending is a simpler approach but lacks durability and stability. Tannic acid (TA), a natural compound, has attracted attention for its potential in membrane modification due to its diverse benefits. However, the existing methods, such as TA-metal networks, encounter challenges of weakened stability and reduced permeability of membrane. To solve these issues, this research presents a novel approach that integrates suspension copolymerization, polyaddition, and a sol–gel process to fabricate structurally stable copolymer ultrafiltration membranes. Active sites for sol–gel reactions were embedded into the copolymer through copolymerization. Subsequently, TA was added to the copolymer casting solution, and isocyanate propyltriethoxysilane was decorated onto TA through a polyaddition reaction. Following this, a non-solvent induced phase separation method was used for membrane fabrication. During the formation of the membrane, a sol–gel reaction occurred between the copolymer and the modified TA, ensuring both stable chemical cross-linking. The membrane demonstrates excellent permeability, fouling resistance, and long-term operational stability. This innovative approach not only addresses compatibility and leakage issues associated with traditional methods but also ensures the stable integration of hydrophilic functional monomers within the copolymer matrix. The proposed method holds promise for advancing applications of ultrafiltration membrane technology in various complex environments.

“Flexible-strong” polylactic acid porous membrane via tailored polymerization degree of lactic acid side-chains grafting for passive daytime radiative cooler

Aerogel possesses the advantages of high specific surface area, low density, and high porosity, which have shown great application in thermal regulation due to its efficient light scattering capability. However, traditional polymer-based aerogels have poor mechanical properties and lack ductility in outdoor applications, the cooling efficiency of the material is easily affected by damage during transportation, installation, and environmental factors. In this work, combining the porous nature of aerogels and the high ductility of membranes, a polylactic acid-based porous membrane cooler was developed by combining a regular honeycomb surface porous structure design and physical/chemical modification to enhance flexibility, using a simple non-solvent induced phase separation method. This porous membrane exhibits both super-flexibility (116 % elongation at break) and porous characteristics. It achieves a sub-ambient temperature decrease of 4–6 °C under direct sunlight. The optimized porous membrane demonstrates high solar reflectance (94 % of peak reflectivity, 90 % of average reflectivity) and strong infrared emissivity (96 % of peak emissivity, 91 % of average emissivity), it also maintains a solar peak reflectivity of 91 % under 100 % tensile strain and 1000 bending cycles, the cooler still maintains a cooling effect of 2–5 °C below ambient temperature. This work paves the way for developing mechanical flexible and strong radiative coolers for thermal regulation.

Novel ethylenediamine-β-cyclodextrin grafted membranes for the chiral separation of mandelic acid and its derivatives.

In the present study, flat cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes were prepared first by nonsolvent induced phase separation method. Then chiral membranes for separating the enantiomers were prepared by grafting the ultrafiltration membranes using ethylenediamine-β-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector and epichlorohydrin as the spacer arm. The pure water permeability of the ultrafiltration membrane was around 115 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1. The properties of the chiral membranes were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chiral membrane performance in enantiomer separation was evaluated with racemates, such as mandelic acid (MA), 2-chloromandelic acid (2-ClMA), 4-chloromandelic acid (4-ClMA), and methyl mandelate (MM). The influence of feed concentration on the separation efficiency was also investigated. The results indicated that the enantiomeric excess percentages (e.e%) of the racemic mixtures for these four chiral compounds were up to 31.8%, 25.4%, 17.8%, and 32.6%, respectively. The binding free energy of the chiral selector with the (S)-enantiomer calculated by molecular dynamics simulations was stronger than that with the (R)-enantiomer, which was consistent with the experimental results (higher concentration of (R)-enantiomer in the permeate). This supports the affinity absorption-separation mechanism.

Amine-functionalized metal organic framework@graphene oxide as filler in PAEK-containing carboxyl group membrane for ultrafiltration with ultra-high permeability and strong fouling resistance

Achieving high fouling resistance and permeability using membrane separation technology in water treatment processes remains a challenge. In this work, a novel mixed matrix membrane (PAEK-COOH/UiO-66-NH2@GO) with superb fouling resistance and high permeability was prepared by the nonsolvent induced phase separation method, by in-situ growth of UiO-66-NH2 on graphene oxide (GO) layer, and by preparing hydrophilic poly(arylene ether ketone) (PAEK) containing carboxyl groups (PAEK-COOH). On the basis of the structure and performance analysis of the mixed matrix membrane (MMMs), the maximum water flux reached 591.25 L·m–2·h–1 for PAEK-COOH/UiO-66-NH2@GO, while the retention rate for bovine serum albumin increased from 85.40% to 94.87%. As the loading gradually increased, the hydrophilicity of the MMMs increased, significantly enhancing their fouling resistance. The strongest anti-fouling ability observed was 94.74%, which was 2.02 times greater than that of the pure membrane. At the same time, the MMMs contained internal amide and hydrogen bonds during the preparation process, forming a cross-linked structure, which further enhanced the mechanical strength and chemical stability. In summary, the MMMs with high retention rate, strong permeability, and anti-fouling ability were successfully prepared.

Development of novel high anti-pollution polyamide/polysulfate disk tubular reverse osmosis membrane modules and their application in simulated space bathing wastewater

Water is a precious resource in space stations, and wastewater recycling is necessary to meet the needs of astronauts. In that respect, applying the high anti-pollution disk tubular reverse osmosis (DTRO) technique is a reliable way to remove pollutes from wastewater. Thin film composite (TFC) membrane treatment is the most frequently employed solution for purifying wastewater in industry; however, the intrinsic weaknesses of polymer membrane substrates, e.g., poor mechanical property, foulant adsorption and low resistance to acidic/basic conditions, greatly hamper their applications. In this study, the novel polysulfate (PSE) membrane substrates were prepared via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The microstructure and performance of PSE membrane substrates were comprehensively investigated at varying polymer concentration and nanoparticle types. The results showed that adding nanosilver to the support layer significantly enhanced the TFC- PSE/Ag membrane performance (up to 57 %) and tensile strength (by 4.57 ± 0.13). According to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the optimized geometric design of deflectors would have noticeably improved the flow field distribution and strength, which was consistent with experimental data. The DTRO modules enabled the effective management of wastewater using simulated space bathing wastewater. The effluent met the water reuse criteria in terms of COD concentration, NH3-N concentration, conductivity and turbidity whose respective values were 15 mg/L, 0.21 mg/L, 60 μS/cm, and 0.9 NTU. The proposed DTRO modules own antifouling and acid/alkaline-resistance, indicating their remarkable application potential in the large-scale recovery of bathing wastewater from the earth or space station.

Preparation and performance of magnetic carbon nanotubes modified PVC substrate composite nanofiltration membranes

Polyamide (PA)/ferroferric oxide/oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4/o-MWCNTs)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared by the interfacial polymerization (IP) process with the Fe3O4/o-MWCNTs/PVC porous membrane as the substrate membrane, which was prepared by the magnetic field assisted non-solvent induced phase separation method (NIPS) with the synthesized superparamagnetic Fe3O4/o-MWCNTs nanoparticles (NPs) as the additives of the functional intermediate layer integrated with the substrate. The effects of the magnetic carbon nanotubes modified PVC porous substrate membrane on the surface chargeability, PA layer thickness, mechanical properties, pressure resistance and permeability of the composite NF membranes were investigated, and the comprehensive performance of composite NF membranes was enhanced. The results indicated that the porosity and hydrophilicity of the Fe3O4/o-MWCNTs/PVC porous substrate membrane were improved by the migration of magnetic Fe3O4/o-MWCNTs NPs to the upper edge of the substrate membrane and uniform enrichment under magnetic field induction, which further affected the structure and properties of the PA/Fe3O4/o-MWCNTs/PVC composite NF membrane. The prepared NF membrane presented smaller roughness, thinner PA layer, larger pore size, with excellent mechanical properties and better pressure resistance. Meanwhile, the PA/Fe3O4/o-MWCNTs/PVC composite NF membrane presented excellent divalent salt rejection, with the rejection of MgSO4 and Na2SO4 maintaining more than 95.2% and 93.4%, respectively, while the permeation flux could reach 35.4 L·m−2·h−1. In summary, the modification of the substrate integrated with the functional intermediate layer had certain enlightening significance for the preparation of the NF membrane with excellent comprehensive performance.

Fabrication of Polysulfone - Zeolite Nanocomposite Membrane for Water and Wastewater Treatment Applications

Freshwater is essential in sustaining human life on the planet and the demand for potable water has increased for the past years due to population growth and modernization. However, the natural resources of water have become polluted/contaminated due to industrialization and other human activities. The development of membrane technology, especially with the creation of nanocomposite materials, provides a solution to treat polluted or contaminated water through various separation processes resulting in the production of clean water fit for human consumption. In this study, polysulfone was added with zeolite nanoparticles to fabricate nanocomposite membranes via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method to enhance the hydrophilicity and mechanical strength of the membrane suitable for water and wastewater applications. The nanozeolite was added in varying concentrations; 1% 5% and 10% and the fabricated membranes were characterized via Contact Angle Goniometer, universal testing machine (UTM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the contact angle, tensile strength, and surface morphology, respectively. Based on the characterization data, the 1% concentration showed the highest tensile strength and the lowest contact angle measurement. The 1% nanozeolite concentration is the optimum membrane formulation due to the enhanced hydrophilicity and mechanical strength of the material.