Indian Diaspora Research Articles

Do expatriates adjust better when they seek advice from host country nationals? Role of perceived social costs and organizational support in advice-seeking

Our study examines the impact of perceived organizational support (POS) and perceived social costs (PSC) in advice-seeking on the relationship between expatriate advice-seeking from host country nationals (HCNs) and expatriate adjustment. We conducted two studies: (1) a field study with survey data collected from Indian expatriates in the U.S. and (2) an experimental study. Findings from our research reveal a significant three-way interaction between expatriate advice-seeking, POS, and PSC. Specifically, the moderating effect of POS was more pronounced among expatriates perceiving low social costs in seeking advice from HCNs. PSC emerged as a significant barrier to expatriate adjustment, outweighing the positive effects of high POS. However, when expatriates perceive low PSC in advice-seeking, organizational support becomes more effective compared to situations with high perceived social costs. This research advances the understanding of expatriate coping and organizational support theory by highlighting the boundary conditions of POS in facilitating expatriate adjustment.

Validity & Reliability of Native American Indian Ethnic Identity Measures for Use as an Identity Construct in Criminology

Validity & Reliability of Native American Indian Ethnic Identity Measures for Use as an Identity Construct in Criminology

Association between Marital Status and Cognitive Impairment in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population

Objective: This study aimed to examine the potential factors associated with marital status and determine the association between marital status and cognitive impairment in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Method: This study included 2,321 participants from Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort revisit study (aged 40–89). Participants were classified into married and unmarried group at baseline and follow-up according to self-reported marital status. Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was administered, and cognitive impairment was defined as a MMSE <26. We conducted both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to examine the association of marital status at 1 timepoint as well as marital transition with cognitive impairment. Results: Of the 2,321 participants, a total of 1,914 (82.5%) were married. The factors associated with marital status included younger age, male sex, higher household income, higher education, and higher physical activity levels. Additionally, married participants also had higher alternative healthy eating index (AHEI-2010) scores and a lower burden of hypertension and diabetes. Among those who were married, the median (Q1, Q3) MMSE score was 29 (28, 30) while among those who were unmarried it was 29 (27, 30) (p < 0.01). Participants who had never been married had the highest odds of cognitive impairment compared to their married counterparts (model III: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.14). Older age (p interaction value = 0.003) and Indian ethnicity (p interaction value = 0.028) further strengthened these associations. Conclusion: Marriage was associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment. Marriage provides social support, companionship, and engagement in mentally stimulating activities contributing to better cognitive health. By identifying risk factors such as marital status, interventions and support systems can be developed to promote healthy cognitive aging.

Maternal height, and ethnicity and birth weight: A retrospective cohort study of uncomplicated term vaginal deliveries in Malaysia.

Small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) are designations given to neonates based solely on birthweight, with no distinction made for maternal height. However, there is a possibility that maternal height is significantly correlated with neonatal birthweight, and if so, SGA and LGA cutoffs specific to maternal height may be a more precise and useful tool for clinicians. To explore this possibility, we analyzed the association between maternal height and ethnicity and neonate birthweight in women with low-risk, 37- to 40-week gestation, singleton pregnancies who gave birth vaginally between 2010 and 2017 (n = 354,488). For this retrospective cohort study, we used electronic obstetric records obtained from the National Obstetrics Registry in Malaysia. National Obstetric Registry (NOR) data were used to calculate the 10th and 90th birthweight percentiles for each maternal height group by gestational age and neonatal sex. Multiple linear regression models, adjusted for maternal age, weight, parity, gestational age, and neonatal sex, were used to examine the association between neonate birthweight and maternal ethnicity and height. The following main outcome measures were assessed: small for gestational age (<10th percentile), large for gestational age (>90th percentile), and birthweight. The median height was 155 cm (IQR, 152-159), with mothers of Chinese descent being the tallest (median (IQR): 158 cm (154-162)) and mothers of Orang Asli (Indigenous) descent the shortest (median (IQR): 151 cm (147-155)). The median birthweight was 3000 g (IQR, 2740-3250), with mothers of Malay and Chinese ethnicity and Others having, on average, the heaviest babies, followed by other Bumiputeras (indigenous) mothers, mothers of Indian ethnicity, and lastly, mothers of Orang Asli ethnicity. For infants, maternal age, height, weight, parity, male sex, and gestational age were positively associated with birthweight. Maternal height had a positive association with neonate birthweight (B = 7.08, 95% CI: 6.85-7.31). For ethnicity, compared with neonates of Malay ethnicity, neonates of Chinese, Indian, Orang Asli, and other Bumiputera ethnicities had lower birthweights. Birthweight increases with maternal height among Malaysians of all ethnicities. SGA and LGA cutoffs specific to maternal height may be useful to guide pregnancy management.

Perception of Digital Currencies among the Indian Diaspora

This research paper delves into the perceptions surrounding digital currencies among individuals, aiming to elucidate attitudes towards their potential impact on traditional currency systems. A meticulously designed questionnaire was administered to 43 participants, encompassing a diverse range of demographics. The findings reveal a prevailing sentiment among the younger generation, foreseeing a substantial shift towards digital currencies supplanting traditional forms by 2040. While optimistic about the transformative potential of digital currencies, participants voiced concerns regarding security implications inherent in decentralized systems. Their insights provide valuable perspectives on the evolving landscape of financial technology and underscore the need for comprehensive approaches to address security challenges in the adoption of digital currencies.

COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy among the Elderly in Malaysian Residential Care Homes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Klang Valley.

The elderly are considered a high-risk group for severe outcomes and death from COVID-19 infection. Given the emergence of new COVID variants and the immunity provided by vaccines waning over time, booster doses of the vaccine have been advocated for those at risk to stay protected. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with hesitancy toward the second booster of the COVID-19 vaccine among the elderly residing in residential care homes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 residential care homes in the Klang Valley using a face-to-face interview questionnaire. The study population included individuals aged 60 and above who had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 up to the first booster dose. Second-booster hesitancy was assessed using the Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale with seven items, the aggregate score of which ranges from seven to thirty-five; the higher the score, the greater the level of hesitancy. Multivariate linear regression was employed to determine factors associated with second-booster hesitancy, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data from 401 elderly individuals were included for analysis. The mean score of the Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale was 21.6 ± 7.2. Predictors of second booster hesitancy were identified. Age, Indian ethnicity, being a recipient of the Sinovac vaccine as the first COVID-19 booster, experiencing the death of close friends or immediate family members following COVID-19 vaccination, and negative messages (indicating that taking a booster dose is harmful) from caregivers, friends, or family members were found to be associated with an increased second-booster-hesitancy score. Conversely, positive messages (indicating that taking a booster is helpful) from the government and caregivers, friends, or family members were identified as predictors associated with a reduction in the second-booster-hesitancy score. While vaccines effectively combat severe COVID-19, the majority of the elderly hesitate before taking the second booster. Their hesitancy, rooted in the perception of a low self risk and reliance on protection from the initial doses, emphasizes the need for intervention by relevant bodies. Taking into consideration the risk, albeit relatively low, of potentially serious side effects following COVID-19 vaccinations, it is imperative that transparent, appropriate, and positive messaging regarding booster vaccines, particularly in the context of the elderly from residential care homes, be available. Encouraging this high-risk group to embrace the second booster aligns with the goal of maximizing protection within the vulnerable elderly population.

Emotional Bonds in Agha Shahid Ali’s Postcard from Kashmir

Diaspora literature, recognized as an independent academic discipline within universal literary canon, encompasses works produced by authors who have migrated from their home countries. Referred to interchangeably as ‘expatriate’ or ‘migratory’ writing, it has garnered increasing scholarly interest globally, particularly due to escalating socio-political and economic tensions worldwide.Indian Diaspora literature has evolved into a significant component of Indian English literature, reflecting the extensive reach of the Indian Diaspora, which spans the globe and ranks as the third largest after the British and Chinese Diasporas. Its influence extends across various fields, notably in creative writing, where authors of Indian origin have articulated their diasporic experiences. This literary realm boasts a plethora of distinguished male and female writers who have migrated abroad for various reasons.

Characterizing differences inoutpatient dermatologic care utilizationamong disaggregated Asian American subgroups.

Despite having significantly higher rates of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and pigmentary disorders compared to White patients, studies suggest that Asian Americans are underrepresented in outpatient dermatology clinics. In this study, we utilize the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and prioritize disaggregated analyses to evaluate differences between the most populous Asian American subgroups (Chinese, Filipino, Indian, and "Other") in utilization of outpatient dermatologic care. We utilized multivariable logistic regression to compare outpatient dermatologic care use between each Asian American subgroup and Non-Hispanic Whites. Out of 96,559 adults, our study included 5264 self-identified Asian American and 91,295 non-Hispanic White adults. Most Asian participants were female, had health insurance, and had incomes > 2 times above the federal poverty line. We found that, compared to 21.4% for NH whites, lifetime prevalence of total body skin exam was highest among Filipino Americans (12.3%) and lowest among Indian Americans (7%). Additionally, all Asian American subgroups had a significantly lower odd than NH Whites of ever having a total body skin exam, with Indian Americans having the lowest odds. While thebenefitofTBSEs inIndian Americansis unclear,it is possible that differing cultural perceptions about dermatologic needs,barriers to care,orimmigration status may be contributing tothe observed difference. Furthermore, the Indian diaspora encapsulates a range of skin tones, risk factors, and behaviors that maydifferentiallyinfluencedermatologic disease risk,similar totrends identified among Hispanic patients (Trepanowski et al. in J Am Acad Dermatol 88:1206-1209, 2023). Additional researchutilizingthe sevennational databasesthat have been identifiedasprovidingdisaggregated Asian racial information (Kamal et al. in J Am Acad Dermatol, 2023)maybe useful to furtherilluminate avenues for intervention.

Religion in the therapy room: Reflections on the beloved by a child of the Indian diaspora.

Religion in the therapy room: Reflections on the beloved by a child of the Indian diaspora.

Uzbek Diaspora in Germany: Navigating Cultural Identity, Migration Policies, and Economic Cooperation

This study examines the Uzbek diaspora in Germany, focusing on its cultural identity, migration policies and economic cooperation. It uses a global to-specific framework to provide a comprehensive analysis of these dimensions. The research sheds light on the challenges faced by the Uzbek-German community in preserving their heritage, adapting to a new cultural environment, and contributing to the German labour force. The study also examines the implications of the Uzbek-German migration agreement, highlighting diplomatic entanglements, ethical considerations, and potential socio-economic impacts. The economic aspect is analyzed through the theoretical lens of diaspora economics and capital, drawing parallels with the experiences of the Indian and Chinese diasporas. The research contributes to a more holistic understanding of the Uzbek diaspora in Germany, offers valuable insights into their experiences and aims to stimulate further dialogue and research on global diasporas.

Cultural Alienation and Identity Crises in Anita Desai's "Bye-bye Black Bird"

The quest for identity and alienation are the central concerns of Anita Desai's works. She has tendency to look into every aspect of a person's life. In her book Bye Bye Blackbird, Anita Desai explores the lives of Indian immigrants in England before to 1964, the year in which England fundamentally altered its immigration laws. Particularly Indians flying to England are the Blackbirds. The world of three people who are limited by their identities is explored in Bye Bye Blackbird, along with how they must discover who they really are. Three characters -- Adit, Sarah, and Dev takes Centre stage in the story. Adit and Sarah have a greater attraction to India following their terrible events in England, and the narrative exposes their true crises as they struggle to create their own lives in a foreign place. Dev, who had first expressed some sort of hatred towards England, has since come to regard it as his home. This paper critically examines the loss of identity and cultural alienation with reference to the Novel “Bye- Bye Black Bird".

Hyphenated Identities: Navigating Interpersonal Challenges and the American Dream in Jhumpa Lahiri’s Unaccustomed Earth

The concept of immigrant identity involves both acts of resistance and adaptation to an unfamiliar environment. According to scholarly reports, the first waves of Indian immigrants are known to show a deep attachment to their native cultures, their ancestors, their languages, and their interpersonal relationships. On the other hand, their second-generation constantly face the challenge of moving between two different cultural contexts and finding a harmonious balance between these two divergent identities. The hyphenated identity of people in diaspora communities has a significant impact on their closest interpersonal relationships, leading to various issues such as longing for the past, feelings of isolation, mourning and melancholy, and to name a few. These issues are effectively explored by renowned Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Jhumpa Lahiri in her third book, Unaccustomed Earth (2008), and are, therefore, the focus of this paper. The short stories included in this collection exhibit a poignant and intricate connection to the prevailing social landscape of contemporary society. This paper explores the impact of hyphenated identity on interpersonal relationships in the context of the ‘American Dream’ as manifest in the chosen text. Furthermore, this research paper examines the tactics employed by the characters in Lahiri’s short stories to overcome the obstacles in their diasporic encounters.

The development and validation of a macronutrient and taste preference ranking task in multiethnic Asian population

Understanding how changes in individual food preferences in a dynamic environment translate into dietary choices helps to unravel the aetiology of suboptimal nutrition in the population. To facilitate the measurements of food preferences in a multiethnic Asian population, we aimed to develop and validate the Macronutrient and Taste Preference Ranking Task (MTPRT) in an Asian population. We shortlisted 1770 local food items based on the predominant macronutrient groups (≥50 % macronutrient content is protein or fat or carbohydrates), classified their taste clusters, standard-photographed a final list of 36 food items, and developed an electronic survey through cognitive interviews with 30 participants. We then validated the MTPRT amongst 66 participants (mean (SD) age = 47.4 (11.7) years, 57.6 % male, with Chinese: Malay: Indian ethnicity ratio 3:1:1), through random crossover administration of sweet and savoury standard meals with equivalent macronutrients across 2 study visits over a week. The average duration taken to complete MTPRT was 14.1 (5.3) minutes. The sweet and savoury taste preference scores were inversely correlated (r = -0.9, p < 0.0001). The liking and preference for savoury taste were reduced after consuming savoury meals (p = 0.0009). The intra-person correlations for MTPRT scores were all r > 0.6, p < 0.001. The macronutrient preference scores were all positively associated with the self-reported macronutrient intakes derived from the Food Frequency Questionnaire, independent of sex, age, ethnicity, and BMI. Our study demonstrates the validity and reproducibility of MTPRT in multiethnic Asian populations for future evaluation of food preferences in multiethnic Asian population.

A185 A GUT MICROBIOME TRANSITION: THE JOURNEY FROM INDIA TO CANADA

Abstract Background Young Indian immigrants and Indo-Canadians face a significantly higher risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in westernized countries. While the etiology of IBD remains unclear, a gut microbiome that is no longer symbiotic with its host is a key player. However, Indians are underrepresented in microbiome research, therefore we cannot accurately assess the role of their gut microbiome in IBD. To understand why Indians are at a greater risk for IBD in Canada, we must first characterize their gut microbiome. Aims This study explores how immigration to Canada impacts the gut microbiome of Indian populations, potentially elevating their risk to IBD. Methods Stool samples from healthy volunteers (ages 17-53) were collected from Indians in India, Indo-Immigrants, Indo-Canadians, Euro-Canadians and Euro-Immigrants. DNA was extracted for 16S sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform and shotgun sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Dietary data was processed in ESHA. Results Weighted Unifrac revealed distinct clusters of Indian and Indo-Immigrant samples from the westernized cohorts. The most pronounced difference was between Indian and Euro-Canadians with a pseudo-F value of 49.18 (q = 0.00125). Indian versus Indo-Immigrants resulted in a pseudo-F value of 7.707 (q = 0.00125), and Indian versus Indo-Canadian had a pseudo-F value of 15.95 (q = 0.00125). BugBase estimated a significantly higher stress tolerance in the Indian gut, with Proteobacteria driving this phenotypic prediction. Compared to Euro-Canadians, a significantly higher pathogenic potential was predicted in Indians (pFDR= 1.04e-11) and Indo-Immigrants (pFDR= 1.41e-04), driven mainly from Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Multiple comparisons with LDA revealed Prevotella was over 5 times more abundant in Indians residing in India. The gut microbiome in Indians were also enriched with taxa associated with a plant-based diet. Dietary data showed that 59% of Indians do not consume meat, and they also had the lowest consumption (12% caloric intake) of group 4 ultra-processed food (UPF), whereas the highest consumption of UPF was in Indo-Canadians (61% caloric intake) (pbonf ampersand:003C 0.0001). A frequent trend was observed in Indians living in Canada, which was a reduction in key nutrients including soluble fiber, zinc, iron, and folate, some of which are commonly found in plant-based foods. Conclusions Overall findings reveal that a loss of Prevotella abundance was observed in Indo-Immigrants and Indo-Canadians, which was associated with a reduction in key nutrients that are common to a plant-based diet, indicating a transition away from their traditional diet. Their dietary changes may be a driver to the displacement of Prevotella and other taxa commonly found in the Indian gut microbiome. Funding Agencies NSERC, Killam

Asian Hate, religion, and perceived changes in physical health: exploring the flip side of minority stress during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Objectives Prior research suggests that racism is associated with adverse mental health outcomes for Asians in the United States. Relatively less research has been conducted to examine the effects of racism on physical health, particularly the changes in physical health among Asians and Asian Americans. This study aims to fill in this gap in prior research. Design Survey was conducted via Qualtrics in March 2023. A panel sample of 356 Asian and Asian American adults from across the US was collected. Ordinary Least Squares Regression was employed to examine the interrelationships among racism, religion, and perceived changes in physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Contrary to conventional wisdom, more frequent experience with blatant racism was associated with a perceived improvement in physical health after controlling for subtle racism, anxiety, acculturation, and various sociodemographic variables. Interestingly, this robust relationship was more significant among Asians who attended religious services more frequently. Additional three-way interactions revealed that the interaction between blatant racism and religious service attendance on perceived changes in physical health was more significant for US-born Asians and Asians of Indian or Japanese ethnicity. Conclusion Racism exerts a significant influence on physical health outcomes among Asians and Asian Americans. However, this relationship was contingent upon the specific aspect of racism and intersected with religiosity, acculturation, and ethnic identity.

Study of biomarkers p53, Ki-67, Bcl-2, and VEGF in pterygium.

To study the biomarkers present in primary pterygium samples of patients of Indian ethnicity and compare it with the samples obtained from the unaffected conjunctiva of the same eye. A prospective case-control study of 17 eyes in patients above 10 years of age with primary pterygium who underwent pterygium excision using limbal conjunctival autograft technique. The pterygium samples (cases) and conjunctival samples (controls) were sent for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the following biomarkers: p53, Bcl-2, Ki-67, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The immunohistochemistry of the samples and the controls revealed p53 positivity in 47.05% of pterygium samples and 29.4% of controls ( P < 0.587). Nine cases each in pterygium and control samples were positive for Ki-67 expression. Differences in the staining pattern between the two groups were not statistically significant ( P < 1.000). Bcl-2 positivity was seen in 10 pterygium samples (58.8%) and 12 controls (70.5%), with no statistical difference between the two groups ( P < 0.455). VEGF expression was seen in both epithelial and endothelial cells of the samples and controls, with no statistical difference between the two groups, with P = 1.000 for the epithelial staining and P = 0.637 for endothelial staining. The expression of biomarkers was comparable in both groups. We conclude that pterygium, against common belief, might not be a localized disease process but a global ocular phenomenon where the apparently healthy tissue also has some ongoing disease process at a molecular level.

Indian immigrants' constructions of mental health and mental illness in the perinatal period: A qualitative study.

The aim of this study is to explore how immigrant women and men from India construct mental health and mental illness in the perinatal period. Qualitative interpretive design. Data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews with 19 participants. Photo elicitation, free listing and pile sorting were used during the interviews. Purposive sampling was used, and data were collected in 2018 and 2019. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. One major theme and three subthemes were identified. 'We do not talk about it' was the major theme and the subthemes: (1) 'living peacefully and feeling happy' described the views on mental health; (2) 'that's the elephant in the room still' captures how participants felt when talking about mental illness; and (3) 'why don't we talk about it' offers reasons why the Indian community does not talk about mental health and illness. The findings of this study have highlighted the importance of understanding the impact of immigration and being culturally sensitive when assessing mental health in the perinatal period. The findings of this study identify some of the reasons for non-disclosure of mental health issues by immigrants. Incorporating these findings during psychosocial assessment by health professionals in the perinatal period will help translate the cultural aspects into more effective communication. Patient and public contribution to the study was provided by the Community Stakeholders Group; these were members of the immigrant community from India who had expertise in mental health. They contributed to the study design and the key terms and phrases for the free list used in interviews.

Poor HIV-related Knowledge, Perceived Risks and Attitudes Among Urban-dwelling Malaysian Older Adults: Key Barriers to Zero HIV Transmission by 2030.

Globally and in Malaysia, there are increasing rates of HIV infection among older adults but a corresponding decline in other younger age groups. We aimed to investigate the HIV-related knowledge, perceived risks, attitudes, and risk behaviours among multi-ethnic urban-dwelling older adults in Malaysia. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 320 adults aged 50 years and above residing in urban Klang Valley, Malaysia. Participants were recruited via convenience sampling in the community and in the outpatient clinics and pharmacy of University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia, from April 2021 to January 2022. The median (IQR) age of participants was 58 (55-64) and 42.5% were males. The median (IQR) knowledge score was 10 (8-12) out of 14. Significant knowledge gaps were noted and ethnic Chinese, higher education levels and better HIV-related attitudes were associated with better scores. The median (IQR) attitude score was 49 (41-55) out of 65. Ethnic Chinese and Indian, knowing people living with HIV (PLHIV), and better HIV-related knowledge were associated with better attitude scores. Many (43.8%) older adults were sexually active however rates of consistent condom use was low (19%) and the majority (89.9%) of participants had low self-perceived risk of HIV. These findings highlight underlying drivers for HIV transmission and delayed treatment among older adults in Malaysia and indicate a need for targeted HIV prevention programs for this population.

An evaluation of the prevalence of probable sarcopenia in older adults in a single centre in Trinidad and Tobago

Objectives To assess the prevalence of probable sarcopenia, defined as weak handgrip strength, in community dwelling older adults, for a cohort in Trinidad and Tobago, using guidelines issued by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Secondly, to investigate the association between probable sarcopenia and factors such as sex, age, ethnicity, diabetes, metformin usage, protein intake, multiple comorbidities, level of alcohol consumption and physical activity. Method This was a cross-sectional cohort study comprising of adults aged ≥ 60 years. SARC-F scores ≥ 4 were used to screen for probable sarcopenia and the EWGSOP2 criteria, low grip strength (&lt; 27 kg for males and &lt; 16 kg for females) were used for assessment. Statistically significant associations were determined using both Chi Squared and Logistic Regression analysis. Results A total of 143 adults were enrolled. The prevalence of probable sarcopenia within the cohort was 30.8% overall. In females it was 22.6% [n=84, mean age 75.9 years, standard deviation (8.07)] and in males 42.4% [n =59, mean age 75.7 years (6.28)]. Factors associated with probable sarcopenia were female sex (p = 0.01), age (p = 0.001), East Indian ethnicity (p = 0.001), SARC-F score &gt;4 (p&lt;0.001), number of diseases (p = 0.04), and minimal physical activity (p=0.01). In multivariate analyses, only socio-demographic variables and SARC-F but no lifestyle factors were significantly associated with probable sarcopenia. Conclusion This study found that almost 1 in every 3 persons of age above 60 years had probable sarcopenia, which was more common in males than in females. Age, sex, race, and SARC-F were significantly associated with probable sarcopenia in adjusted analyses.

DYNAMICS OF THE INDIAN DIASPORA: EXPLORING IDENTITY, LITERATURE, AND CULTURAL IMPACT

The Indian diaspora, the world's largest according to the UN with 18 million people abroad in 2020, represents a narrative of migration, cultural assimilation, and evolving identities rooted in 19th-century British colonial movements. Now an integral part of the global diasporic community, diaspora literature thrives in both English and native Indian languages, addressing the complexities of cultural identity. While English literature gains recognition, native language works face challenges due to dominance. Despite hurdles, efforts showcase diasporic works, reflecting emotional expression and cultural preservation. Works by Indian diaspora authors like V.S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, and Jhumpa Lahiri serve as a bridge between the homeland and adopted land, exploring questions of representation and belonging. Recent years have seen growing acknowledgment of diaspora literature in Indian languages, contributing to a deeper understanding of Indian society and culture, emphasizing the evolving nature of identity amidst global migration.