non-Muslim Countries Research Articles

Innovations in entrepreneurial marketing dimensions: evidence of Halal food SMES in Ghana

PurposeSmall and medium enterprises (SMEs) do not need only traditional marketing strategies in the dynamic business environment of the manufacturing sector. Entrepreneurial marketing dimension (EMD) is an alternative marketing approach for SMEs. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate whether EMD innovation has a positive and significant effect on SMEs performance on Ghanaian Halal food and beverages.Design/methodology/approachCorrelative descriptive research method was used and 432 questionnaires with five-point Likert scale were distributed among owners-managers of manufacturing sectors of Ghanaian Halal food and beverages SMEs producers were chosen by a simple random sampling method. Structural equations modelling structural equations modelling techniques was used to analyse data.FindingsThe result of data analysis indicates a positive and significant effect of EMD on manufacturing SMEs performances of Halal food. Nevertheless, the effect of EMD on the production performance of the aforementioned companies is confirmed positive. The findings also show that production performances of Halal food SMEs result in their financial performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s sample is limited to Halal food SMEs manufacturing in Ghana. More research can be done investigating this relationship from different sectors and in Islamic and non-Islamic countries.Practical implicationsThis research implies that Halal food SMEs manufacturing producers in a country is imperative in Muslim-minority countries. This study gives a benchmark for the non-Muslim-majority countries which endeavour to embark on the Halal SMEs manufacturing food. Muslim-minority countries that envision to succeed in the global Halal market could emulate Ghana’s approach in branding itself as a recognised non-Muslim-majority country in producing Halal foods. This can be done by implementing innovative, proactive, opportunist, risk-taking and customer-oriented initiatives to achieve better market and innovative performances and higher profits.Originality/valueThis paper fills a knowledge gap by presenting the first comprehensive overview of Halal food SMEs manufacturing performance research that enhances the ongoing discussion in hospitality, entrepreneurship and marketing fields in Islamic and non-Islamic contexts.

Pemikiran Syekh Ali Jum’ah Tentang Fatwa Jual Beli Khamr di Negara Non Muslim

The discussion about the fatwa legalizing the sale and purchase of khamr in non-Muslim countries by contemporary Egyptian cleric Sheikh Ali Jum'ah caused various reactions. In February 2021, Indonesia allowed investment in the liquor industry as stipulated in Presidential Regulation Number 10 of 2021 concerning the Investment Business Sector. After this policy was issued, it became a long topic that was discussed in Indonesia because it had a different view from the ulema of the archipelago. The ijtihad method used by Sheikh Ali Jum'ah in this problem is the Intiqa'i method and the Insya'i method with considerations of benefit and eliminating difficulties using the legal basis of the opinion of Imam Abu Hanifah and Muhammad bin Hasan ash-Syaibani from the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad that there is no usury between Muslims and non-Muslims in war zones. This writing aims to find out the basis for the permissible sale and purchase of khamr in non-Muslim countries according to Sheikh Ali Jum'ah. The method used by the author is normative juridical which is carried out by examining and interpreting theoretical matters concerning principles, conceptions, doctrines, and legal norms related to research. The sale and purchase of khamr in non-Muslim countries is included in maqashid sharia dharuriyat and maslahah mulghah, namely maslahah that causes benefit but is not in accordance with syar'i, that the law of khamr is still haram because it is qat'i so it cannot be takhsis.Keywords: Selling and Purchasing, Khamr, Ali Jum’ah

Comparing the Concept of Halal Tourism in Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia

This study aimed to illustrate the development and thoughts of halal tourism in several Southeast Asian countries. The study was conducted using library research to examine previous references, such as books, media journals, and websites. Results show that the globalization of the tourism industry has developed due to the rising demand from Muslim tourists which led to the birth of halal tourism. This condition is most prominent in the countries with large Muslim population. However, tourism is much in demand and practised in both Muslim majority and Muslim minority countries. Halal tourism trends provide many benefits for economic growth through consumers who are mostly Muslim. In Indonesia, Ulama Council as a supporter of halal tourism has no formal legality or legal certainty, unlike JAKIM in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the concept of halal tourism itself is still different in each country. In conclusion, the concept of halal tourism do not merely emphasise religious values, but also on the economic sector.

Which hotel services really matter to Muslim travelers? Developing and validating a multidimensional-continuum scale

Tourism organizations around the globe, along with various professional and academic studies, have signaled the importance of halal tourism as an emerging lucrative market segment. Yet, there is no uniform and parsimonious scale to measure the range of hotel halal services that are most important to Muslim travelers when travelling to non-Muslim countries. Consequently, this study conceptualized a new multidimensional and continuum instrument for measuring the perceived importance of halal services provided by hotels to Muslim guests. A rigorous procedure consisting of a six-stage scale development, four studies, 1157 participants, and the novel application of an Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling framework (ESEM) culminated in a four-dimensional, twenty-five-item model. The results confirmed the continuum structure of halal services and supported reliability and validity. The new scale contributes to our understanding of the synergetic, complex, and multidimensional role of services in tourism.

Halal Tourism And Its Misconceptions: A Study on The Rejection of Indonesian Non-Muslim Destinations

The term "halal tourism" is indeed recognized in Indonesia, nonetheless, its pros and cons are happening. Unlike any other non-Muslim countries such as Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Taiwan, and Thailand, which tend to have less conflict between tourism stakeholders regarding the development of halal tourism, the rejection occurs in Indonesia as a country with a Muslim majority population. The rejection culminated in 2019 as a political year along with the presidential elections. The rejection of halal tourism occurs in tourism destinations such as Bali, Labuan Bajo, Toba, and Toraja known as the Muslim minority population area. Based on those issues, this study uses a qualitative approach to investigate the rejection reasons from the tourism stakeholders, to provide theoretical clarification on the stigma against halal tourism, and to analyze how halal tourism branding policy in tourism destinations. The result shows that the rejection of halal tourism by the tourism stakeholders was due to concerns that there would be a change in the destination’s image. To prevent prolonged debate and possible social conflict, the Indonesian government can use another term that sounds more moderate and acceptable for tourism stakeholders in non-Moslem destinations. The use of the halal label as a destination brand should also be made by each local tourism authority so that tourism policies taken are not only top-down but also bottom-up.

THE EFFECTS OF HALAL CERTIFICATION AND PRODUCT FEATURES ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

With the rise in the population of Muslims globally, the issue of halal products is becoming increasingly important. The fact that consumers prefer halal products and demand more of these products has attracted companies’ attention as well. The certification of halal products and product type affects the behavior of consumers towards these products. Besides that, the countries that produce the products, whether Muslim or not, is a matter of concern for consumers who are sensitive about halal products. In this study, halal product certification, how consumer behavior changes according to product type, and the country where the product is produced were examined. A scenariobased experiment was used to test the hypotheses developed, and the effects of independent variables on consumer purchase intention, trust, and perceived risk were examined. The religiosity scale was used as a control variable to control consumer religious sensitivities in the study. The results showed that halal-certified products and Muslim country product origin led to a higher level of consumer purchase intention, trust, and lower levels of perceived risk. Besides that, the existence of halal certification increased purchase intention for utilitarian products. Based on the results, the interaction of halal certification and country of origin has a significant impact on consumer purchase intention, while the interaction of halal certification and product type has a significant impact on consumer purchase intention as well as perceived risk. Halal certification increases both consumer purchase intention and trust in products produced by non-Muslim countries.

The Comparison of Zakat Utilization in Muslim Minority and Majority Country

This study aims to compare the categorization of asnaf and the utilization of zakat funds by zakat institutions in Muslim minority countries and Muslim majority countries. The Muslim minority country which is the subject of the research is Thailand, which is represented by the Sattachon Thailand Foundation, as the oldest zakat institution in Bangkok. Meanwhile, Muslim-majority countries are represented by Indonesia through Dompet Dhuafa, Brunei Darussalam through the Islamic Ulema Council of Brunei Darussalam, and Malaysia through Baitul Mal Malaysia. The method used is the Field Research and Library Research methods which are descriptive qualitative. In collecting data using the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed: (1) The Sattachon Foundation distributed zakat funds to all categories of asnaf, namely the indigent, the poor, amil, converts, riqab, gharim, fi sabilillah, and ibn sabil. The distribution pattern used is traditional consumptive and creative consumptive. (2) There are differences in interpreting the eight asnaf who are entitled to receive zakat, thus causing differences in the implementation of the distribution of zakat funds. The Sattachon Foundation and the Baitul Mal Majlis of the Malaysian Islamic Religion Association (MAIWP) distributed it to all asnaf. Dompet Dhuafa Indonesia distributes to all asnaf groups except riqab. Meanwhile, the Brunei Darussalam Islamic Religious Council (MUIB) does not distribute to asnaf riqab and fi sabilillah. Meanwhile, the distribution pattern applied at the Sattachon Foundation is lagging behind when compared to Dompet Dhuafa Indonesia, Majlis Ulama Islam Brunei Darussalam, and Baitul Mal Malaysia.

Larangan Bertempat Tingal Di Wilayah Non Muslim (Studi Takhrij dan Pemahaman Hadis)

Modern life which is characterized by globalization makes the flow of human movement from one place to another easier, more effective, and efficient. The world is becoming smaller and it is easier to enter any area in the corner of the earth. Likewise, the choices that arise for humans to live, work, do business, study, travel and so on. Of all regions on this earth, not all of them are inhabited by Muslim-majority communities, but more non-Muslim-majority communities. So this study aims to see the status and understanding of the prophet's hadith about the prohibition of living in non-Muslim communities in the present context. This paper is the result of a literature study, which is the result of tracking several literatures related to the themes discussed. The method used in this paper is a qualitative research method that is descriptive and interpretive through a historical approach. The results of the study conclude that this hadith is ahad and is valid and can be used as evidence. The understanding of this hadith contains a prohibition for Muslims to live in non-Muslim countries due to war between Muslims and non-Muslim countries, great difficulties that cause a Muslim to be unable to fulfill his obligations, and affect a lifestyle that causes a Muslim to have no difference with other people. non-muslim. This prohibition does not apply if the non-Muslim country is safe, there is no difficulty in worshiping and fulfilling obligations as a Muslim, and can show the identity and lifestyle of a Muslim.

Waqf and Its Legal Framework in Sri Lanka: A Preliminary Study

Waqf or religious endowment refers to an institution with the religious intention to do good acts for the benefit of the beneficiaries. However, the implementation and management of Waqf all around the world (Muslim and non-Muslim countries) have witnessed a deterioration since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Many researchers and experts speak about the Waqf revival. In this relation, the Waqf institutions in Sri Lanka in particular, have gone through several reforms including the introduction of the ministry of Waqf. This paper examines the historical evolution as well as the status quo of Waqf governance in Sri Lanka. The study employs doctrinal analysis based on past literature as well as the laws governing Waqf. This study also explores the origin of the Waqf under Islamic law. It also discusses the application of the Waqf Act in Sri Lanka and identi es the current challenges and issues of the Waqf legal framework for the Muslim Mosques Charitable Trusts or Waqf Act (MMCTWA) in Sri Lanka. The findings reveal positive development in Waqf management, but overall awareness is necessary. The legal framework requires sustainable support and cooperation from the community, private sector, and the government.

A Legal Perspective on Blasphemy within Muslim, Secular and Non-Muslim States

This research presents the legal perspective of blasphemy and it focusses on the blasphemy laws in different countries including five Muslim countries (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Pakistan and Malaysia) three Non-Muslim countries (Denmark, England and Norway) and three secular states (Turkey, India and Indonesia). Results of the research demonstrate that blasphemy laws are present in all five selected Muslim countries. In case of Non-Muslim countries, laws have been demolished in England and Norway but present in Denmark where as, in case of secular states, these laws are present in all three countries. However, in India, blasphemy laws are more known by the name of ‘laws for hate speech’. Moreover, interviews from a lawyer and religious representatives explain that punishments for blasphemy should be given according to a certain procedure and states should play an active role in protecting the religious sentiments of their citizens.

A Case Study of Islamic Financial Institutions of Pakistan: Challenges & Growth

The purpose of this research paper was to find the growth of Islamic financial institutions for the economic development of Pakistan. Also, this study highlighted issues and constraints against the growth of Islamic banking in Pakistan. Islamic banking was based on the current model of products of conventional banking to achieve the general objectives of Islamic economic that was insufficient and based on the fair distribution of economic profits and render the Islamic financing more efficient from their conventional equivalents. The study contained major issues such as lack of treasury and liquidity risk management, regulatory, legal and tax environment, several interpretations of Sharia ruling, lender of last resort facility, lack of Sukuk offered in secondary markets. The study found that in Pakistan, the growth and development of Islamic financial institutions were very low compared to other Muslims and non-Muslim countries need to improve the performance of the Islamic banks' mode, and it is not too late to plan on those constraint strategies and implantation to avoid those constraints. This study will facilitate privileged management to lay down policies so that the Islamic banking operations develop low-income countries such as Pakistan.

Halal Tourism Opportunities and Challenges in Toraja’s Muslim Minority

This study describes halal tourism in Muslim minority areas. Halal tourism is an industry currently developing in developed countries, not only in Muslim-majority countries but also in Muslim-minority countries. According to the Global Muslim Travel Index in 2019, Indonesia rose to the top position as a tourist destination. The coronation of Indonesia as the world’s best halal tourism destination is a new wind of optimism for stakeholders in the halal tourism sector. The Ministry of Tourism continues to expand the scope of priority halal tourist destinations. LPPOM MUI, as an institution that focuses on handling halal certification no less agile in conducting halal certification in tourist destinations. However, the development of halal tourism in several areas has been rejected by residents. This study examines the effect of halal tourism and facilities for Muslim tourists visiting Muslim minority areas. The research method used is qualitative by using observation, interviews, documentation, and in the final stage by concluding. This study found that halal tourism in North Toraja was initially rejected due to a lack of socialization in the community. It causes public misunderstanding regarding halal tourism policies. Halal tourism services still need to be improved, from the availability of halal food, worship facilities, water and bathrooms, and religious harmony. Therefore, the development of halal tourism needs to be a concern for the government.

Indonesian Muslim Diaspora in Contemporary South Korea: Living as Religious Minority Group in Non-Muslim Country

The process of migration and cross border mobility occurs for a number of reason or background such as politics, economics, education and so forth has made a number of Muslim leave their homeland to another countries. Due to this migration, a significant number of Muslims becomes a diasporic communities in other countries and sometimes lives as religious minority group in non-Muslim country. It is reported that one third of Muslims in the world live as minority in a number of countries both in the West and also in some Asian countries such as India, Japan, South Korea, etc. In general, the existing academic discourse and publication has focused more Muslim in the West, and overlooked the Muslims minority in Eastern countries which is also considered as non-Muslim land such as Japan, South Korea, and such. This article discusses the Muslim minorities in South Korea, with a specific focus on Indonesian Muslim as it made up a significant number of Muslim in South Korea recently. Their challenge, balancing their personal identity and loyal citizenship as well as integration issues will also discussed from fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) of minorities (fiqh al-aqaliyyat) point of view.

Challenges to The Halal Industry: A Study on The Legal Acceptance from Some Non-Muslim Countries

The Global Halal Industry is under threat and proactive action is needed to arrest the threat. The global halal industry is worth USD2.3-trillion. However, it is poised to decline in the coming years for it faces many challenges. In the West, the issue is not stunning animals before slaughter, in China, the Chinese authorities are battling to erase halal signs displayed on restaurants and in India, it is the Jhatka food industry. Since 2015, the Jhatka industry is gaining support from the majority Hindu population who feel that the minority Muslim population have imposed their religious practices on the majority Hindus, who regard the halal way of slaughtering is haram according to Hindu standards. The objective of the study is to examine all the opposition to the halal industry and suggest ways to minimize the adverse effects of the opposition. This study employed library research methods. Data was gathered mainly through newspaper reports published in the last 5 years. It was analyzed by examining the current trends in the meat industry and the reasons for introducing the Jhatka system of slaughter. It was found out that the Hindu revivalism and the perceived need for a more humane way of slaughtering animals by the West, as the main causes for the opposition. While nothing much can be done to religious claims of Hindus, it is proposed that the Halal industry introduces a mild form of stunning to place the animal in a semi-conscious state before slaughter, while remainly true to Islamic standards.

The Approach of the Fiqh Council of North America towards Identity Problems of Contemporary Muslim Minorities

Abstract The status of being a Muslim minority in a non-Muslim country has obtained public and international attention with the consequence of globalization and immigration in the contemporary world. The increasing rate of immigration to the United States after the 1980s resulted in a new identity that mainly includes two main ingredients: Muslim identity and American identity. Especially, the following generation of the first immigrants has unexpectedly confronted the issue of an identity crisis ensuing from the simultaneous belonging to American and Muslim identities. With permanent settlement and acquiring American citizenship, Muslim Americans have shouldered dual responsibilities and duties. Occasionally, the dual identity of Muslim Americans has resulted in clashes between the religious and citizenship responsibilities. The Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA), a voluntarily established fatwā institution, tries to find Islamic legal solutions to that of American Muslims’ paradoxical predicaments. In the light of particular fatwās (legal opinion) issued by the FCNA, this paper will analyse how the identity crises of Muslim Americans are resolved; which Islamic legal methodologies are predominantly deployed to obliterate the mundane and religious paradoxes of those Muslim Americans; and whether the preponderance is given to American identity or Muslim identity by the FCNA.

POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES: TOURISM STAKEHOLDERS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS MUSLIM FRIENDLY GEOTOURISM IN LANGKAWI UGGP


 
 
 
 This study provides the current practices, utilising qualitative data among tourism stakeholders on Muslim Friendly Geotourism (MFGT) in Langkawi UGGp. MFGT has grown as a valuable tourism sector in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Langkawi UGGp has a Malay culture, and the majority of the local communities are Muslim. Previous study shows the tourism business has long been part of the so-called ‘unfriendly to Muslim’ faith-based needs. However, the issues were limited of ap-proach related to MFGT concept among tourism stakeholders. Consequently, MFT solves this predicament, allowing more Mus-lims to participate in geotourism activities without having any issues performing their faith. Besides, findings shows the potential and challenges of MFGT to be implemented in Langkawi UGGp. All tourism stakeholders are positive in their responses and aware on the importance of implementation MFGT for Langkawi UGGp economic development, protection of the environment and participation of local community. Therefore, this study strives to enhancing knowledge in geotourism literature, particularly in the cross-cultural context manner.
 
 
 

The Strategy of Taiwan Government to Build Muslim Friendly Environment

<p class="06IsiAbstrak">Taiwan as a country which is nicknamed the country of Formosa or beauty has the potential to increase its capacity in tourism. Seeing the projection of the number of Muslims that has continued to increase. Taiwan developed its new south bound policy to attract Muslim people to travel and apply in Taiwan. Muslim Friendly Environment is a new breakthrough from Halal Tourism that many Muslim minority countries have conveyed. Through the Global Muslim Travel Index, Taiwan is in position 3 in the world as a Muslim Friendly region. Taiwanese strategies in their public diplomacy efforts in coordination with non-government actors such as the Muslim community. starting to continue to develop development to manage halal information that is able to bind more and more Muslims.</p>

Awareness and Perception of Customers on Islamic Banking Products and Services: A Meta-Synthesis

Objective – Islamic banking has emerged as a robust and sound banking system across the globe. Despite its increasing popularity, there is a dearth of awareness in both Muslim and Non-Muslim countries which slows the pace of development of the system. This paper, there-fore, reviews critically some empirical studies on awareness and perception of Islamic bank-ing products and services.Design/methodology – The research involves review and synthesis of prior studies on customers’ awareness and perception of Islamic baking.Results – The result of the review reveals that good awareness and perception of the public on Islamic banking products and services are critical to the development of Islamic banking and finance. The study concludes that significant progress has been made in Muslim and Non-Muslim countries with the potentials to dominate conventional banking shortly in some jurisdictions.Limitation/Suggestion – Thus, the study recommends that operators and regulators of Islamic banks need to pay due attention to public awareness and perception with a view to enhancing patronage of the Islamic banking products and services and enabling the sector to effectively compete with its already well-established conventional counterpart.

Travel Intention of Muslim Tourist to Visit Non-Muslim Country: A Conceptual Paper of Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the literatures on Muslim behavior toward purchasing the halal tourism using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This paper is analyzing literature which indexed in the Scopus indexed publication during 2010-2020. Keyword ‘Halal Tourism’ and ‘Theory of Planned Behavior’ is used in the searching process. There are fifteen paper which suitable with the keywords and proceed to the further analysis using Integrative literature review. Result analysis proposes several topics for future research regarding the role of religiosity in understanding Muslim purchase intention toward halal tourism, the expanded model of TPB which considering the destination image and materialism, and also the research topic on determining halal factors in the certification standard of halal tourism services among tourism practitioners. Hence, future research agenda is also discussed as the follow up study of this conceptual paper.

Challenges to obtain halal certification among restaurants in northeast Thailand

PurposeThis study aims to explore the challenges of getting halal certification for restaurants in north-eastern Thailand.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research approach was adopted to analyse the collected data. The research procedures and the interview questions were examined by the Ethics Committee for Research involving human subjects. In total, 10 restaurant owners were interviewed. Then, the interviews were transcribed, coded and grouped by using thematic analysis while the ATLAS ti. software was used for qualitative data analysis. The theme was finalised by three intercoder agreements.FindingsThe three challenges of obtaining halal certification among restaurants in north-eastern Thailand were the complicated process of getting halal certification, lack of restaurant owner commitment and high halal certification fee.Research limitations/implicationsThe number of halal-certified restaurants are limited. Some restaurants refused to renew halal status but their information is still displayed on the halal authority website. Not only the number of restaurants but also time-limited. Further, a quantitative phase for prioritising was suggested.Practical implicationsThe study can be beneficial to the halal authority and business holders as the two main stakeholders. The findings can be used to plan or develop halal strategies to increase the quality of halal restaurants. As informants mentioned common challenges, the findings could be applied as guidelines for a new business holder keen on halal implementation.Originality/valueThis research demonstrated the challenges of halal certification in a non-Muslim country, focussing on the north-eastern region of Thailand. The findings will add value to a potential business area. Therefore, the highlighted challenges could provide a novelty and be useful for Muslim marketing.