non-Muslim Countries Research Articles

Muslim Milenial sebagai Katalisator Industri Pariwisata Halal Indonesia: Mencari Titik Temu Potensi dan Atensi

The existence and role of millennial Muslims to encourage the development of halal tourism in Indonesia are very vital. It aims to increase Indonesia’s Halal Tourism potential and attractiveness. Indonesia has many destinations, including natural tourism, historical (religious) tourism, as well as cultural diversity and customs from every region in Indonesia. Muslim population currently reaches 30% of the total population in the world. Indonesia has a large market potential considering the majority of the Muslim population, especially those born in the 1980-2000s or commonly referred to as millennials. Millennial Muslims are driving the development as well as the halal tourism market in Indonesia. Attention to the halal tourism industry from millennial Muslims must be increased so that Indonesia’s halal tourism industry grows and develops because non-Muslim countries are also flocking to develop that sector. Now, Muslim tourists are very enthusiastic about halal tourism, this is due to increased awareness of halal products. The increasing number of tourists who come can have an impact on people's income, tourism businesses, local and central government. Millennial Muslims could utilize technology to earth and globalize Indonesian halal tourism.

شرائط الجمعة بین الوجوب والصحة - دراسة فقهیة مقارنة

الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله وعلى آله وصحبه أما بعد .. فقد برزت مسائل شروط عقد الجمعة والجماعات، وما يتعلق به من مسائل متعددة، مع فرض منع التجمعات ومنها قفل المساجد في العديد من الدول الإسلامية وغيرها، تحرزا من انتشار المرض الذي يسببه فيروس کورونا نسأل الله السلامة من البلاء. لذا فمن المهم الحرص على إقامة هذه الشعيرة، والعمل على إقصاء الموانع عنها. ولعل من أهم ما دفع للکتابة في هذا الموضوع: القول بإمکانية صلاة الجمعة في البيوت مع وجود حظر التجول، وإغلاق المساجد، فإذا جاز ذلک کان للمسلم فعلها في البيت، فلا تسقط الشعيرة عمن استطاع. وإذا لم يکن مشروعا فإن إقامتها في البيوت لا يسقط فرض الوقت وهو الظهر، بل قد يکون فعلها محرما. فکل هذا ينبني على معرفة شرائط الجمعة، وما کان منها للصحة، وما کان منها للوجوب، ومع البحث وجدت أقوالا کثيرة وخلافات، وکلها تحتاج التحرير والتدقيق، فنشطت للکتابة في ذلک، وقد تم تقسيم هذه الدراسة إلى مقدمة، وتمهيد ومبحثين، الأول بعنوان:المبحث الأول: شروط صلاة الجمعة المتعلقة بالصحة والوجوب معا، والثاني: المبحث الثاني: شروط صلاة الجمعة المتعلقة بالصحة أو الوجوب، ثم انتهت هذه الدراسة بخاتمة. Praise be to God, and may His Blessings and Peace be upon His Messenger, his family, and his companions. Issues regarding conditions and matters related to forming congregational prayers in general and Friday Prayer in particular have arisen within the current situation and circumstances of imposing a ban on all shapes of gatherings, the case that entails locking mosques in many Muslim and non-Muslim countries in order to guard against the spread of Coronavirus disease, from which we ask God for protection. It is of great importance to be keen on establishing this rite and working on removing its barriers. One of the most important reasons that have motivated writing on this topic is that some would say that it is permissible to perform Friday Prayer at home at the time of curfew and the closure of mosques. If this view is correct, it will be permissible for a Muslim to pray Friday Congregational Prayer at home, and thus the obligation of performing this rite cannot be ignored by those who can do it. Nevertheless, if it is not permissible for a Muslim to pray Friday Congregational Prayer at home, the obligation of Dhuhr (Noon) Prayer is not fulfilled by performing Friday prayer at home. It may even be prohibited to perform Friday Prayer at home. Knowing the legal rulings of these issues depends on knowing the conditions of Friday Congregational Prayer and whether these conditions are for its obligation or for its validity. Having explored this issue, I found that it has given rise to many different views that need to be scrutinized. So, I decided to explore this issue. This study is divided into an introduction, a preamble and two sections. The first section deals with Conditions of Friday Congregational Prayer pertaining to both validity and obligation. The second section handles Conditions of Friday Congregational Prayer pertaining to either validity or obligation. This study ends with a conclusion.

Effect of halal tour, word of mouth, price and social media on visiting decisions to non muslim countries at pt.tour and travel antavaya palembang

This study aims to determine the effect of the halal tour, word of mouth, price and social media on visiting decisions to non-muslim countries at PT.Tour and Antavaya Travel Palembang. The source of data is primary data through questionnaire. The sample of this study was 110 respondents, technique with purposive sampling method. This research used quantitative methods. with the multiple regression analysis method. The research variables consist of independent variables : 1.Halal Tour, 2.Word of mouth 3.Price 4.Social Media. While the dependent variable is the decision to visit. The result showed a halal tour didn’t significantly influence the visiting decision. Word of mouth, price, and social media are significantly influence on visiting decision.

Exploring internationalization of Halal Taiwan: Analysis of Taiwan’s halal food products in Malaysia

Taiwan is one of the emerging players in the global halal industry. Since the launching of its New Southbound Policy in late 2016, the country has been aiming to move rapidly into the lucrative global halal markets through its brand of Halal Taiwan. However, thus far, the current state of its halal campaign in the international market is not yet identified. This study intends to fulfill this gap by exploring the internationalization of Taiwanese halal-certified food products that are exported to Malaysia. This qualitative study observed the availability of made in Taiwan halal food products at thirteen supermarkets and convenient stores in Kuala Lumpur and greater Klang Valley in Malaysia, as well as on two major online shopping platforms. The study found that the internationalization strategy of Taiwanese halal food products in Malaysia is characterized by the offering of product variety mainly for impulse purchase with high affordability. However, in terms of number and range of products, as well as the establishment of brand identity, it is found that Taiwan is lacking behind South Korea and Japan. The latter two are Muslim-minority countries that fast becoming emerging players in the global halal market. Implications for policy and managerial practices are also discussed. Keywords: internationalization, Taiwan, Malaysia, halal, food product, observation, supermarkets, convenient stores.

Judicial Intervention in Facilitating Legal Recognition (and Regulation) of Muslim Family Law in Muslim-Minority Countries


 
 
 In 2018, a groundbreaking judgment was delivered by a full bench of the Western Cape High Court in the matter of the Women’s Legal Centre Trust v. President of South Africa. This case followed a long line of judgments spanning some twenty-one years in which the South African judiciary afforded limited recognition to aspects of Muslim marriages. In this decision, the Western Cape High Court ordered the South African State to prepare, initiate, enact, and implement legislation that provides for the recognition and regulation of the consequences of Muslim marriages within twelve months of the date of judgment. In this Article, the author examines the following questions: Why has the South African State not yet recognized Muslim marriages despite repeated calls to do so by South African Muslim communities? Why has it taken a court to instruct the South African State to enact legislation to recognize Muslim marriages? What, if any, are the human rights implications of the judgment? And what difference, if any, will the judgment make in the lives of Muslims? The author argues that, despite the groundbreaking nature of the judgment, it does not go far enough to ensure sufficient protection for the human rights of Muslim women and that the manner in which the Western Cape High Court’s order is implemented could perpetuate the undermining of Muslim women’s human rights.
 
 

Investigating the antecedents of halal brand product purchase intention: an empirical investigation

PurposeThis paper aims to apply the concept of traditional branding constructs, i.e. brand image, brand perceived quality, brand satisfaction, brand trust and brand loyalty to a less explored field of halal brand products – halal brand image, halal brand perceived quality, halal brand satisfaction, halal brand trust and halal brand loyalty. Second, the present research is an effort to empirically validate the interrelationships among branding constructs such as brand image, brand perceived quality, brand satisfaction, brand trust and brand loyalty in a holistic framework to confirm whether these branding constructs also work for the halal brand in the same way to gauge Chinese Muslims consumers’ purchasing intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis research used cross-sectional data from 481 Chinese Muslim students at 9 universities located in 3 cities of China through face-to-face and online survey methods. Data were collected from the consumers of halal milk brand. A theoretical model with the hypothesized relationships was tested with the help of the structural equation modelling procedure.FindingsThe results suggest that halal brand image has a significant and positive influence on the halal brand perceived quality, halal brand satisfaction, halal brand trust and halal brand loyalty. Similarly, the halal brand perceived quality, halal brand satisfaction, halal brand trust and halal brand loyalty significantly influence consumer halal brand purchase intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is conducted in the halal food sector of China and specific religious and migration contexts. Further investigations of the halal food purchasing behaviour of local Muslims, as well as international Muslim students in those Western countries which are famous destinations for international students for education, could yield varying results.Practical implicationsThe outcomes achieved are helpful for commerce and government organizations for policy development to better meet the burgeoning demand for halal products by Chinese Muslims. These are also very helpful for producers and exporters who intend to penetrate the halal market in non-Muslim-dominant countries such as China.Originality/valueStudies on understanding Muslim consumers’ purchasing behaviours in non-Muslim countries are limited. Given the fact, numbers of Muslims seem a smaller amount of China’s total population, but their total numbers are large compared with total numbers in many Muslim countries. Therefore, understanding their purchasing behaviours for halal products and influential determinants concerning such purchasing behaviours adds to the literature and helps the industry to better serve and capitalise on the growing market.

Significance of Financial Literacy among Women Entrepreneur on Halal Business

Muslim women have created a unique space for them in the economy by advocating halal entrepreneurship. In Muslim minority countries, Muslim women are struggling to gain acknowledgment from society and face multiple challenges, including limitations in performing halal business activities. Besides the gender gap that is prevalent globally, Muslim women often engage in business due to the lack of job opportunities. Women with limited knowledge about business are running their businesses based on their informal managerial experience and little understanding of financial literacy.Purpose of study: This paper identifies the critical decisions of women entrepreneurs in doing halal business and the significance of financial literacy for business performance.Methodology: Library research was used to critically review the literature on the behavioral factors influencing woman entrepreneurs in doing the halal business and the significance of financial literacy on business performance.Findings: The study found that the significant problems faced by Muslim women entrepreneurs were the lack of access to capital and finance, business management skills, business operation and government regulations and policies. The understanding of financial literacy among entrepreneurs has a positive impact on successful business performance.Keywords: Halal business, financial literacy, women entrepreneur

Representation of Muslim Minorities in Politicians’ Discourse: Jacinda Ardern vs. Donald Trump

In Muslim-minority countries where Islam and Muslims are often framed negatively in the media, the discourse of political leaders can play an important role in breaking down the dichotomization between Muslims and non-Muslims, especially in the West. Based on an integration of different critical discourse analysis (CDA) approaches, this study analyses the characteristics of the discourse of Jacinda Ardern, New Zealand Prime Minister, and Donald Trump, United States President, regarding the March 2019 mosque shootings in New Zealand. The analysis of their responses to the attacks as well as representation of Muslims suggest that Trump's texts and talk are strongly preoccupied with anti-Muslim discourse to legitimize his ideology of white supremacy, while Arden's strive to fracture the dichotomization between Muslims and other New Zealanders, embracing co-existing values. Arden's anti-orientalist discourse is recommended as an example that can inspire change to the orientalist stance dominating the West.

Mapping the barriers for implementing halal logistics in Indonesian food, beverage and ingredient companies

PurposeThis study aims to identify the barriers to halal logistics implementation; rank the barriers of halal logistics implementation in food, beverage and ingredient companies; and identify the relationship among the identified barriers of halal logistics implementation to derive key managerial insights.Design/methodology/approachThe paper first describes the concepts of halal logistics and discusses the barriers in implementing halal logistics from previous research studies. Then, on the basis of previous research, this study identifies 13 barriers to halal logistics implementation. The study uses interpretive structural modelling (ISM) methodology to find the rank of the barriers and also the direct or indirect relationship among those barriers. The study also uses a panel of experts consisting of the representative from Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan, Obat-obatan, dan Kosmetika Majelis Ulama Indonesia (The Assessment Institute for Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics – The Indonesian Council of Ulama or LPPOM MUI) and the representatives from 23 food, beverage and ingredient companies to determine the rank of, and the relationship among, the 13 barriers.FindingsThe result of data processing with ISM methodology indicated that lack of support for logistic service providers and lack of customer demand and reluctance to pay for halal logistics occupied the topmost level. These barriers are affected at the lower level and have less influence than the remaining barriers. The result with ISM methodology also indicated that lack of commitment of management is the main barrier to implementing halal logistics. Moreover, according to the result of data processing with ISM methodology, this study suggests some managerial implications to overcome the barriers that hinder halal logistics implementation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has several limitations. First, the scope of the study is limited to the barriers faced by Indonesian food, beverage and ingredient companies and overlooks other barriers to halal logistics encountered by other industries or other services as well as other regions or countries (i.e. other Muslim or non-Muslim countries). Future studies should attempt to uncover other industries or other services or a cross-industry comparison as well as other regions, other countries or a cross-region or cross-country comparison. The second limitation is related to the possibility of biased opinions from the experts, and the third limitation is that the identified barriers do not test in a real environment. To eliminate these limitations, future studies should involve more experts from different areas of the halal industry and should test the identified barriers to implement halal logistics in the real scenario.Practical implicationsThis study assists managers and policymakers in understanding the order in which these barriers must be tackled and adopts a strategy to successfully implement halal logistics.Social implicationsThe study has indicated that the barriers to implementing halal logistics can be mitigated because these barriers have the most influence on the system identified.Originality/valueThis study considers the application of ISM methodology to an empirical case of barriers so as to implement halal logistics. The study uniquely contributes to the field of halal logistics because it represents initial research that has analysed the barriers of halal logistics using ISM methodology.

علاج مشكلات اللجوء في ضوء لجوء الصحابة

There is an excellent pattern for us in the life of the Prophet (PBUH), we take gaudiness in the solution of our everyday problems. 
 Among these problems the problem of asylum, which has spread and has become apparent in the world in general, and in the Islamic world in particular, and this problem has been greatly complicated. We find in the prophetic biography asylum has occurred in the Meccan era, when some of the companions  went to Abyssinia, and took shelter in a non-Muslim country. This migration to Abyssinia is one of the most famous and important phenomena of asylum in Islamic history, which is consider the first political asylum of Muslims to a non-Muslim Country.
 We can learn from this migration and find some solutions to the problem of asylum in the present era. 
 This study will contribute in the solution of the problem of Muslim minorities in the non-Muslim countries. This study will help the scholars of international law and humanitarian law in their research.

Islamic Banks in the Global Economy with Special Reference to in CIS Countries

The subject of the article is Islamic banks – a special form of banking business, in which services are provided to customers on an interest-free basis. The article discusses the reasons why Islamic banks emerged and spread, and considers the dynamics and geographical distribution of their assets in the world economy. Particular attention is paid to the theory and practice of Islamic banks performance, their main differences from conventional banks, as well as basic mechanisms of Islamic financing. Problems that make it difficult for Islamic banks to expand in non-Muslim countries have been revealed. The experience of Islamic banks in the post-Soviet space has been analyzed, and the practical experience and success of these financial institutions have been considered.

WISATA HALAL MUSLIM MILENIAL

Year to year halal tourism is starting to become popular, in line with the increase in Muslim tourists. Development of halal tourism now carried out by various countries, both majority Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Target of halal tourism market is growing rapidly in the millennial Muslim because it is considered potential in driving halal tourism development. This study of halal tourism seeks to interpret cultural tourism which is synergized with the halal industry as a spiritual experience of modern society, namely millennial Muslims. This literature review will disscuss millennial Muslims in Indonesia as the main segment in utilizing the potential offered from domestic and foreign halal tourism based on literature and other references relating to halal tourism and Y generations. This literature study aims to explore halal tourism at local and abroad which focuses on the segmentation of millennial Muslims as a population that is considered potential in increasing halal tourism development. Focus on study in a particular segmentation is expected to be able to broaden the understanding of the concept of halal tourism from the perspective of the younger generation so that the halal tourism industry is able to develop according to the changes and needs of the times.

Empirical research: Challenges and impulses for Islamic religious education

ABSTRACT The following article describes how empirical research can give new impulses to Islamic religious education. These impulses could lead to a reconciliation of the Islamic religious heritage with the fast-changing reality of Muslims in non-Muslim countries and societies. Due to the presence of Muslim children in public schools and the urgent question of their religious education, as an academic discipline, Islamic religious pedagogy (Islamische Religionspädagogik) has acquired a pioneering role among the various Islamic theological disciplines. On a scientific level, it has already taken its first steps in the scientific landscape in Germany and Austria and has established diverse references to modern science. Islamic religious pedagogy, as a young scientific discipline, necessarily requires empirical research to provide sound foundations for the quality of Islamic religious education and for a better understanding of religious educational processes. This calls for a dialogue between empirical educational research and theology and cannot be achieved based on purely theoretical assumptions.

Is Halal Certification Necessary for Exporting to Islamic Countries? Focus on OIC Countries

Abstract: Halal means permissible or lawful in Arabic and is applied to both the religious and daily life of Muslims. Islamic Law Shariah requires Muslims to consume halal products only. But with the expansion of supply chains around the world and the development of many new products, Muslim consumers have found it difficult to confirm whether food is halal or not. Also, as many foods are produced in non- Muslim countries and exported to Muslim countries, interest in halal certification in non-Muslim countries is increasing. With several Islamic countries strengthening their halal certification regulation for import in recent years, there is no accurate information on whether halal certification is necessary to export to Muslim countries or the Islamic State, and is lack of clear study of the definition of the Islamic State. Therefore, in this research, we will investigate the constitution and food import regulations of the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states, called the Union of Islamic States, to study the definition of Islamic State and whether halal certification is necessary for food exports.

Институциональные основы влияния экспансии исламских государств на эволюцию транзитной экономики

The research aims to identify, describe and analyze the institutional foundations of the impact of the expansion of Islamic States on the evolution of the transit economy in them and around the world. Goal. Develop a system of arguments and proposals for the evolutionary development of the transit economy in Russia and other countries, not only in close cooperation with the Islamic States, but also on the institutional basis of the Islamic economy. Tasks. Identify and study the institutional foundations of the Islamic economic system (IES) and develop evidence-based recommendations for their application in Muslim and non-Muslim countries at the pre-sent time, primarily in the field of transit economy development. Describe the historical background and current state of the IES as a transit system in the broadest sense. Consider the Islamic States of Western Asia as major and active participants in the global financial market and sources of investment in Russian infrastructure projects. Methodology. The research uses the methods of evolutionary and institutional theory, the theory of production and technological balance, world-system analysis and historical approach. Results. We have identified, analyzed and systematized the IES institutions that influence and have the ability to influence the development of the transit economy in any state and region. It was noted that the creation and operation of development institutions, Islamic industrial and construction banks that invest in the implementation of innovative infrastructure projects is a key element of the development of transport and transit systems. It is emphasized that the formation of an international Islamic economy, the Islamic world, and a renewed Islamic civilization contributes to the erasing of borders, the facilitation of commodity movement, and the destruction (sharp reduction) of distances. Conclusions. It looks prospective to build an ideal model of the Russian economy based on the principles of the IES. A thorough analysis of the structural and technological processes that will accompany the inevitable reindustrialization of the Russian economy at a new technological level is necessary. In line with the Islamic economic model is the expansion of trade between the Islamic States, the growth of specialization of their national economies with the participation of Russia. At present, the development and application of institutional and organizational tools for resolving the contradiction between personal and social benefits and establishing justice, the formation of a third way of socio-economic development of the modern world, the creation of a non-centralized system with a strong regulatory role of the state and religious and moral restrictions is of particular and urgent importance.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SUKUK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY: AS AN EXAMPLE OF ITS IMPACT ON THE INCOME OF THE MALAYSIAN POPULATION.

As we know, in recent years, Islamic finance has been increasing rapidly. Despite a very small share in the global financial system, it attracts all specialists in the field with an average annual growth rate of 20%. It is noteworthy that Islamic finance can be used not only in Muslim сountries but alsо in non-Muslim countries. In this article has been investigated the impact of sukuk development on the economy which is the second largest sector of Islamic finance and used data from Malaysian indicators for 2006-2018 years. There are provided some ideas for the future researches at the end of the paper based on obtained positive results of the study.

Criminalization of Suicide and Suicide Rates in the World

Background: In the last half of the 20th century, many countries have already abolished anti-suicide laws; however, more than 20 countries still adopt them. This paper is the first to systematically explore the association between criminalization of suicide and national suicide rates in 174 countries/regions to examine the deterring effects of the anti-suicide laws. Methods: In 2012, 23 countries were identified to carry anti-suicide laws. A Negative Binominal Model was adopted to explore the association between national suicide rates and criminalization of suicide in the world in 2012, having controlled for the Human Development Index (“HDI”), size of Muslim population, and the national unemployment rate. Stratified analyses based on sex, size of the Muslim population and the HDI were performed to explore whether the anti-suicide laws had differential impact on different subgroups. Findings: Strong association was found in females (β estimate=0.51, P<0·0001) connecting criminalization of suicide and higher national suicide rates (β estimate= 0.36, P<0·001). Women in non-Muslim countries and countries with lower HDI were particularly affected by the anti-suicide laws. Suicide rates in men in lower HDI countries with anti-suicide laws were also found to have higher suicide rates compared to the countries without those laws. Nonetheless, negative impact of such laws on suicide rates was not found in Muslim countries and higher HDI countries. Interpretation: Paradoxically, laws penalizing suicide increased national suicide rates. The non-supportive patriarchal culture with the anti-suicide laws may render women vulnerable to suicidality. Instead of criminalizing suicide, a better way of suicide prevention is to emphasize on providing good mental health care and adjusting the socio-economic-cultural conditions that contribute to suicide. Funding Statement: Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan National Health Research Institutes, and the Li Ka Shing Foundation. Declaration of Interests: None for all the authors. Ethics Approval Statement: Missing.

Indonesian Mosques: Current Issues, Management, and Institutions in Indonesia and the United States

Indonesian Mosques: Current Issues, Management, and Institutions in Indonesia and the United States Rosita Tandos, Abd. Muid N, Nasaruddin Umar Abstract Mosques (masjid) as faith-based organizations (FBOs) have served congregations religiously, and contributed in people‟s life in providing social services. To play their roles and functions, mosques have faced challenges in Muslim majority and minority countries. This article examined Indonesian mosques in Indonesia and the United States, taking samples of eight prominent mosques in Indonesia (located in two areas of Jakarta and Depok) and two mosques in the United States. Data was collected by conducting observations, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) involving 150 participants in Indonesia, and 75 participants in the United States. They are from managements and congregations of the mosques. The article shows major findings that the development of radical religious understanding, being minority group, and the need to improve the roles and functions of mosques. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jisc.v8n2a1

Factors Influencing the Purchase Intention to consume Halal Certified food in Korea: Evidence from international Pakistani Muslims in South Korea

Halal market has been expanding enormously. It has received special attention globally as one of the most advanced business to be explored and develop. Muslim minority countries like South Korea have taken initiative to see the opportunity and penetrate the halal food industry to boost the local economy. However, there is still a knowledge gap behind the importance of studying the halal industry and the limited availability of academic resources. This research will participate to being a reference of halal study in the future for considering the consumers purchase behavior of halal food and being an eye-opener for the government to keep pursuing the halal direction because the halal market size is always getting expand. Due to that, this research aims to examine the factors that can influence purchase intention of halal food among the Muslim consumers in South Korea. The data were collected from 477 respondents. The purposive sampling method is used to gather respondents from the administrative districts from the South Korea. The hypothesis results of this study revealed that three variables which are halal certification, religious beliefs and halal brand satisfaction that were significantly related to Halal purchase intention among Muslim consumers. The findings of this research may be useful and helpful for manufacturers to understand Halal purchase intention among Muslim consumers as well as beneficial for the consumers to be aware of Halal implication in their daily live.

Performing Islamic Rituals in Non-Muslim Countries: Wedding Ceremony among Indonesian Muslims in The Netherlands

This paper discusses how the Indonesian Sunni Muslim leader Abdurrahman Wahid and the Iranian Shiite Muslim leader Ayatollah Khomeini responded to the debate about the relationship between Islam and the state. Their responses impacted on the struggle of Indonesian and Iranian Muslims in considering the ideological basis of Indonesian and Iranian states. On the one hand, Wahid with his educational and social background and Indonesian political context rejected the concept of an Islamic state. He did not agree with the formalization of Islamic sharia. To implement his idea, he promoted the idea of Pribumisasi Islam. For Wahid, islamization was not arabization. Khomeini, on the other hand, believed that Islam is a religion that has complete laws and way of life including social rules. According to Khomeini, to effectively implement these rules, Muslims need to have executive power. In Khomeini’s view, when the Quran calls for Muslims to obey Allah, the messenger, and ulil amri, this means that Allah instructs Muslims to create an Islamic state. To realise his views, Khomeini proposed the doctrine of Velayat-e al Faqeeh. Thus, different religious-political contexts of these two leaders contributed to their different responses to the relationship between Islam and the state.