Non-monetary Indicators Research Articles

Predictive stability study of poverty trend in Uganda using selected indicators

This study investigates poverty dynamics in Uganda, employing an extensive stability analysis of different socioeconomic indicators to understand long-term trends and likely drivers of poverty. An eighteen years yearly secondary data from 1992 to 2020 on poverty rates for the selected indicators under review sourced from World Bank site was utilized for all the data analysis. Outcomes from extensive data analysis shows considerable reductions in poverty rates over time, especially in outlying areas of eastern and northern Uganda despite increasing income inequality as suggested by the increasing Gini coefficient. All the metrics have a significant impact on Uganda's poverty rates, with the exception of the poverty headcount ratio, which stands at USD 6.85 per day (2017 PPP) as a percentage of the population. Particularly, the forecasted values also show a fluctuating trend movement, both downward and upward, suggesting possible variability in future poverty rates in Uganda. The necessity to carefully evaluate as well as monitor poverty dynamics to guide policy interventions aimed at reducing poverty is underlined by this information. Additionally, the stability analysis framework suggested in this research provides insights into the viability as well as resilience of Uganda's socioeconomic system in tackling poverty, enabling evidence based policies and interventions in poverty reduction. The study suggests more examination of various other dimensions of poverty and non-monetary indicators of well-being to better our understanding and support better poverty alleviation methods in Uganda along with other similar settings.

Investigation of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan at the national, regional, and provincial level

AbstractTo achieve the sustainable development goal of “no poverty”, many attempts have been made to measure poverty so that policy intervention can target the right people with the correct intensity. Since the traditional method of a unidimensional approach using monetary indicators, such as income and consumption, is now considered insufficient, a multidimensional approach has been employed using non-monetary indicators. The latter approach encompasses the different poverty aspects affecting an individual’s capabilities and functioning. This study aimed to calculate multidimensional poverty in Pakistan using the Alkire & Foster method and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics data for 2018–19. To further complete the research, a binary logistic regression has been run to measure the effects of a deviation in income status on multidimensional poverty to see the impact of monetary income on non-monetary measures. Results show that the national global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is 0.24, meaning that multidimensionally poor people in Pakistan experience 24% of the total deprivations. The most deprived dimension of the three is education (44.7%), which needs special attention. Furthermore, if a household’s total annual income increases and becomes more significant than the mean income of the sample, the household’s probability of being multidimensionally poor will decrease. This implies that with the increase in average national income, the national poverty will reduce not only in absolute terms but also multidimensionally. This study’s findings have several implications for policymakers, and the results of the MPI should align the allocation of public sector resources calculated to give a geographical and sectoral image of the poverty situation, which will guide policy designs and allocation of budget and resources.

OVERVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE MODERN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AND FINANCIAL REPORTING IN UKRAINE

The article examines and defines the areas of application of the accounting and financial reporting principles that are widespread in the accounting practice of Ukrainian enterprises. The authors have studied their classification according to various characteristics, the emergence of the need and possibilities of their approximation, and the harmonisation of national standards. We analyse the appropriateness of using the principles for types of the accounting necessary to reflect the facts of economic functioning, observed phenomena, and processes. The article considers the peculiarities of the functioning of the modern accounting system and financial reporting of Ukraine according to the principles of autonomy, continuity, and matching of income and expenses and examples of their use in modern enterprises of Ukraine. Per the principles of the predominance of substance over form and a single monetary measure, the historical (actual) value is considered a base indicator. The principles of periodicity, consistency, and full disclosure are a prerequisite for the emergence of the principle of prudence (when receiving doubtful debts). Therefore, when evaluating the information provided in the reports, one should not overstate assets and income or understate expenses and liabilities. The principle of balance between monetary and non-monetary indicators indicates the need to use a complex of different indicators when displaying the accounting object of separate levels of management and various forms of reporting, thus forming an array of relevant information. The study’s results consider principles as the core initial provisions of accounting, the basic concept that is the basis of assessment and recognition in accounting processes, and disclosure of the economic activity results in financial statements. The principle of timeliness should be considered the main accounting principle. We propose to add the principles of representativeness, impartiality, and comparability to the existing principles. Keywords: accounting, business operations, accounting system principles, accounting system, financial reporting.

THE INFLUENCE OF COLONIALISM ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED ASIAN COUNTRIES

Since the 1980s, a widespread view has arisen in the literature that the economic success, known as the Economic Miracle, of Taiwan and the Republic of Korea since the 1960s has been due, in part at least, to the legacy of Japanese colonialism, but also that the region of East/Southeast Asia was generally more fortunate than other colonized countries, because especially Japanese, even Dutch and American, and British colonialism were more or less developmental. That is, they laid the foundations for the future growth and development of the newly industrialized Asian countries. This paper attempts to determine the actual extent of the contribution of each, comparing the Japanese economic achievements in both Taiwan and Korea with those of (primarily) the Dutch, then Americans, British, Spanish and Portuguese in their East/Southeast Asian colonies. The paper examines the record of economic growth, development of agriculture and industry, infrastructure and all structural changes across the colonies and dependent territories. It also discusses policies related to government revenue and expenditure, and trade. The paper also looks at some nonmonetary indicators related to living standards, including education. The main conclusion is that the facts do not wholly support the case of Japanese developmental colonialism but that there are drastic differences in the colonial legacy among the colonizing countries of the East/Southeast Asian region. Also, what is indisputable is that every colonizer, including Japan, primarily thought about their interests and not about the development interests of their colony.

Reducing poverty and social exclusion in Europe: estimating the marginal effect of income on material deprivation

Abstract Advances in measuring poverty in non-monetary terms enable governments to track social progress on ends, the things that societies value doing and being. Using a national-level regression-based empirical strategy, this research demonstrates the magnitude of previously unmeasured policy effects on material deprivation, a non-monetary indicator of poverty. We apply this methodology to a comparative microdata set covering 32 European countries and estimate the average marginal effect of a small universal income increase on material deprivation. We illustrate the impact of the income transfer from various policy angles commonly used when analyzing the poverty reduction effects of social transfers. We show how impacts vary with characteristics such as country and household deprivation levels and the type of social transfers received. The methodology enables an analysis of the redistributive impact of social transfers on non-monetary social outcomes and is also suitable for other non-monetary social outcomes such as housing deprivation and food insecurity.

The Poisson Method of Poverty Measurement Using Non-monetary Indicators: A Replication Study Based on Australian Data

This study revisits the Poisson-based framework to derive optimal thresholds of relative deprivation in the Australian context. Poverty measurement in developed countries mainly relies upon household income to capture those who are poor from the rest of the population. However, there is a growing recognition that the non-monetary indicators of relative deprivation can significantly improve the identification of those living in poverty. Relative deprivation is typically operationalised as not being able to afford and obtain a list of items that are considered essential in a given society. The key advantage of using such non-monetary indicators relates to its ability to directly capture the manifestations of poverty and assess people’s living standards. Yet, one salient issue is the selection of a meaningful threshold from which the deprived and the non-deprived can be separated. Following on Babones et al. (Babones et al. Social Indicators Research 126:711–726, 2016), this study replicates the Poisson method to specify an appropriate threshold value (k)—the number of missing essential items—that defines a person or household as deprived in Australia. Based on data from the 2018 Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, thresholds of k ≥ 4 for non-possession (merely lacking items), k ≥ 3 for derived deprivation (lacking and not being able to afford items), and k ≥ 3 for inferred deprivation (lacking and regarding items as essential) are suggested, respectively.

An Analysis of Poverty at the Local Level

Poverty is a situation of deprivation, failure to fulfill the minimum basic physical and psychological needs of an individual due to unavailability of sufficient economic resources at its disposal. It is associated to insufficient outcomes with respect to nutrition, health and education, to deficient social relations, to insecurity and to low self-esteem and powerlessness. So poverty can be analysed from monetary and non-monetary indicators of well-being. In Pakistan Poverty have manifold expressions, many dimensions and indeed, many root causes. Given such multidimensionality, it is not difficult to see why poverty cannot be reduced or summarily expressed, in terms of a single quantitative or qualitative indicator alone. Similarly, for alleviating poverty, all routes matter, recognising the heterogeneity of the voices and the perspectives of the poor expressed in economic and non-economic terms. Such a multidimensional approach, moreover, brings into forefront the importance of recognising the causal factors of poverty at the local level and addressing area-specific problems based on perceived needs and demands of the poor. An essential pre-requisite of institutionalising the approach, however, is the existence of decentralised and participatory structure of local governance that can introduce participatory development in which citizen at the grass-root are involved in planning, formulating and implementation of programs for themselves. In Pakistan, a local government system has been installed in the form of “Devolution Plan 2000” after the promulgation of Local Government Ordinance 2001 by all Provinces.....................

Single Versus Multiple Deprivations Among Children in India

Multidimensional deprivation among children is a critical issue. The present study explores the multidimensional deprivation of children based on India Human Development Survey data, 2011–2012. A modified Bristol method and multidimensional deprivation approach have been used to measure the extent of deprivation. The study compares the results of multidimensional deprivation based on non-monetary indicators with the monetary measure of poverty. Further, a logistic regression model is used to examine the determinants of multidimensional deprivation among children. Findings suggest that the multidimensional poverty among children was much higher in states such as Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan and was also much higher compared to monetary-based poverty measures. Logistic regression results indicate that if a child belongs to an educated mother, then the chances of multidimensional deprivation are lower. On the contrary, if a child belongs to a marginalised community, like the scheduled tribes or scheduled castes and/or rural areas and poorest consumption class, the chances of child deprivation increase. A major policy implication of the study is that dimension-specific social policy for children in the targeted regions needs to be developed.

Socio-Economic Inequality and Quality of Life in Russia

The article deals with the social aspects of economic inequality in society. Special attention is paid to non-monetary indicators of social stratification of Russian society. It substantiates the conclusion that economic inequality in Russian society has reached a critical line fraught with serious social threats.

Modeling sensitivity indices of industrial enterprise organizational change

Evaluation of sensitivity of commercial enterprises to organizational changes should be made in terms of short-term planning for which it is important to ensure the financial results, as well as in terms of long-term planning, which is important for non-monetary indicators of development effectiveness. To solve this problem, the paper is designed model sensitivity Descriptive indicators of industrial enterprises to organizational changes, reflecting monetary and non-monetary effects of organizational change. The authors determined that the proposed model allows for the analysis of organizational change with regard to their impact on monetary and non-monetary efficiency. This paper contributes to the theory and practice at the border to ensure a balance between short-term and long-term development of industrial enterprises. Convincingly demonstrated the possibility of using research results in practice.

Formation of Organizational Culture: Motivative Approach

An important factor in formation an organizational culture is the analysis of motivational factors that have impact on organizational culture. This paper aims to determine motivational indicators that have a significant impact on the organizational culture of the enterprise. Implementation of the motivational function of organizational culture implies the use of monetary and non-monetary motivational indicators. Motivation of employees in a listed way allow to develop effective organizational culture. The use of the suggested motivators for increasing efficiency of organizational culture makes it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of personnel management in the company. For competent formation of the organizational culture in Ukraine together with monetary indicators companies should implement non-monetary indicators and specific motivators which have significant impact on the organizational culture. In the future, the list of motivational indicators will allow to develop a list of effective measures to improve the organizational culture of the company.

Fuzzy Multidimensional Assessment Approach of Travel Deprivation in Small Underdeveloped Cities: Case Study of Lhasa, China

In small, underdeveloped Chinese cities, the travel needs of economically disadvantaged residents have not been satisfactorily met for a long time, and thus, the problem of travel inequality has become increasingly serious. This study developed and applied a fuzzy multidimensional assessment approach of travel deprivation to assess the travel deprivations that arise because of this travel inequity. The resulting model includes both monetary and nonmonetary indicators, and involves multiple measurement items, dimensions, and related weights. Then, this fuzzy multidimensional assessment approach of travel deprivation is used to measure the travel deprivation in the underdeveloped, small city of Lhasa, China. The results identified both differences and similarities between different parts of the city. Among all measured dimensions, the following four dimensions cause strong travel deprivation: disposable income, travel service quality, travel time, and available transportation. Differences in the travel deprivation were identified between different parts of Lhasa, indicating multidimensional travel deprivation. Furthermore, an early warning analysis on travel deprivation and an assessment of different levels of residents’ travel deprivation in underdeveloped cities are presented. These findings provide an effective evaluation of the current situation of travel inequity in underdeveloped small cities.

International Comparisons of Poverty in South Asia

This paper explores the methodological differences underlying the construction of the national consumption aggregates that are used to estimate international poverty rates for South Asian countries. The analysis draws on a regional dataset of standardized consumption aggregates to assess the sensitivity of international poverty rates to the items included in the national consumption aggregates. A key feature of the standardized aggregate is that it includes the reported value of housing rent for urban Indian homeowners. Using the standardized consumption aggregates reduces the international poverty rate in South Asia by 1.3 percentage points, impacting the status of about 18.5 million people. Comparing standardized and nonstandardized monetary welfare indicators to other nonmonetary indicators suggests that the latter are more consistent with the standardized consumption aggregates. Overall, the results strongly suggest that harmonizing the construction of welfare measures, particularly the treatment of imputed rent, can meaningfully improve the accuracy of international poverty comparisons.

The value of data matching for public poverty initiatives: a local voucher program example

AbstractThe recent surge of data-driven methods in social policy have created new opportunities to assess existing poverty programs. The expectation is that the combination of advanced methods and more data can calculate the effectiveness of public interventions more accurately and tailor local initiatives accordingly. Specifically, nonmonetary indicators are increasingly being measured at micro levels in order to target social exclusion in combination with poverty. However, the multidimensional character of poverty, local context, and data matching pose challenges to data-driven analyses. By linking Dutch household-level data with policy-initiative-specific data at local level, we present an explorative study on the uptake of a local poverty pass. The goal is to unravel pass usage in terms of household income and location as well as the age of users. We find that income and age play a role in whether the pass is used, and usage differs per neighborhood. With this, the paper feeds into the discourse on how to operationalize and design data matching work in the multidimensional space of poverty and nonmonetary government initiatives.

Non-monetary indicators of social exclusion – A multidimensional comparative analysis of the EU-10 countries

Non-monetary indicators of social exclusion – A multidimensional comparative analysis of the EU-10 countries

Measuring pro-poor growth: a comparative study and a fuzzy logic-based method

PurposeThis paper has two purposes. The first is to provide a critical evaluation of current methods of measuring monetary versus non-monetary pro-poor growth. The second is to propose an alternative method based on the fuzzy logic aggregation approach, which allows including both monetary and non-monetary indicators simultaneously for measuring the “global pro-poor growth”.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology that we propose is based on the fuzzy logic approach to aggregate both monetary and non-monetary indicators simultaneously and thus to calculate the “Global Welfare Index”. This index will be considered as the main global wellbeing indicator based on which a “Global Growth Incidence Curve” is constructed to analyze the pro-poor growth. 10; Also, an application of the main previous procedures for measuring monetary vs non-monetary pro-poor growth is presented to compare their results and to discuss their advantages and limitations.FindingsEmpirical validation using Tunisian data reveals that on one hand, results of the pro-poor growth analysis are very sensitive to the used measurement method and may lead to different conclusions. On the other hand, our alternative procedure may provide a more appropriate analysis of pro-poor growth given that it takes into consideration the multidimensional aspect of poverty while remaining faithful to the fundamental principle of pro-poor growth measurement.Originality/valueThe proposed method for constructing the “Global Growth Incidence Curve” is original given that it presents a new procedure to take into account both monetary and non-monetary indicators simultaneously, which allows having a more global view of the phenomenon. Also, the comparative study of the different proposed methods in the literature of measuring pro-poor growth is useful to identify their limitations and advantages.

Gender Dimension on the Living Conditions of Poor Household Heads in Sefene-Selam Sub-City, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Men and women in general, male house heads and female house heads in particular experience poverty in different ways and use different mechanisms to overcome it. This is mainly because of the different roles they play in their community, which exposes them to different constraints, opportunities, and needs. Therefore, men and women experience poverty differently. Therefore, the very purpose of this study was to assess the gender dimension in the living condition of poor female and male-headed households in Sefen-Selam Sub-city, Bahir Dar. To meet these objectives, the study used a Sequential Explanatory Mixed Method design. Survey questionnaires and Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Descriptive and thematic analysis was used for quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The analysis of the study was based on 175 households, of which 129 were female-headed and 46 male-headed households. Accordingly, the monetary and non-monetary poverty indicators pointed out the poor living condition of the study population in general. Nevertheless, problems were found to be more severe among households headed by women. Therefore, the national, regional, and local poverty reduction programs and strategies should give special attention to the poor in general and the female-headed families in particular for its success.

Poverty in Monetary versus Non-Monetary Indicators in India: A Case of Alkire-Foster Methodology

ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to assess the poverty in monetary as well as non-monetary indicators in India. For this purpose, Alkire-Foster methodology has been used on the consumption expenditure data. Findings of the study revealed that incidence of poverty was the highest in the source of cooking fuel (68 percent) followed by deprivation in calorie intake (62 percent), ownership of land (53 percent) and education (53 percent) dimensions. Consolidated index of poverty, revealed that 34 percent of the Indian population was suffering from the multidimensional poverty and they were experiencing around 63 percent of the average number of deprivations. STs, SCs and labour households were in the most pitiable situation. Among three sectors of the economy, the majority of the poor population belongs to the primary and secondary sectors particularly those employed in construction, agriculture, forestry and fishing and mining and quarrying. Further, human capital, ownership of land and health dimension observed to be the major contributors to the incidence of multidimensional poverty. Targeting mechanism suggests that marginalised groups have a greater potency to reduce poverty at a higher rate.

Poverty Measure Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Decision Algorithm under Social Network Media

This study aims to solve the problem that the traditional method of measuring the poverty level in rural and urban areas of China from a purely monetary perspective can’t comprehensively analyze and reflect the poverty. In this study, a multidimensional poverty measurement model with non-monetary indicators is proposed, the data of families and their members provided by the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) of a certain year’s health and nutrition survey in China are used for analysis, and a fuzzy set method is adopted to analyze the poverty situation in various regions of China. First, the fuzzy function set method is used to calculate the one-dimensional poverty index. On the basis of income, the multi-dimensional poverty fuzzy index is calculated from five dimensions, including education, health, assets, and living standard. The calculation results of the single-dimensional poverty and the multi-dimensional poverty are compared to further analyze the reasons of the family poverty of rural residents. Second, the poverty rate of each dimension in each region is calculated by referring to the appropriate measurement indexes of each dimension of the message passing interface (MPI) team. The results show that the concept of measuring poverty by the fuzzy set method is more sensitive to the overall distribution of population in the poverty dimension than the poverty line method. Compared with the poverty line method, the fuzzy set method can better consider the overall distribution of population in poverty dimension. Accordingly, China should strengthen the infrastructure construction in rural areas, increase the investment in education in rural areas, and improve the overall quality of the poor population.

Vulnerability of crop yields to variations in growing season precipitation in Uganda

This study aims at assessing the vulnerability of six key crops (maize, beans, cassava, millet, groundnuts, and sweet potatoes) to variations in growing season precipitation at both the national and regional scale (southwest) in Uganda. To achieve this objective, a vulnerability model that is a function of sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity is used. Crop yield data for the period 1998–2017 for both the national scale and regional level analysis were collected from FAOSTAT and the Crop Yield Gap Atlas respectively. Precipitation data for the period 1998–2017 for both the national scale and regional level analysis were collected from the Climate Change Knowledge Portal of the World Bank Group. Adaptive capacity which reflects how the crops and the farmers growing these crops are adapted was measured using two proxies (literacy and poverty rates) and were collected from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, UBOS (Uganda national household survey 2002/2003, 2002. https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_2018unhs_200203_report.PDF; 2002 Uganda population and household census analytical report: education and literacy, 2006. http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2002%20CensusEducAnalyticalReport.pdf; Uganda national household survey 2012/2013, 2014. https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/04_20182012_13_UNHS_Final_Report.pdf; Uganda national household survey 2016/2017, 2018. https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182016_UNHS_FINAL_REPORT.pdf) and Daniels (Measuring poverty trends in Uganda with non-monetary indicators, 2011. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/pages/rural/wye_city_group/2011/documents/session3/Daniels_-_Paper.pdf). The results show that at the national scale, cassava is the most vulnerable crop while maize is the least vulnerable crop while at the regional scale millet is the most vulnerable crop and sweet potatoes are least vulnerable. At both scales, vulnerability has a positive relationship with exposure and sensitivity and an inverse relationship with adaptive capacity. The coefficients of determination at both scales are equally above 50% for most of the indices indicating that the models presented here are generally reliable and can be explained by the linear relationship between the variables. This study underscores the importance of regionally focused studies being that national and more global studies often have results that diverge from regional trends due to internal variations in precipitation, temperature, poverty and literacy rates at different levels. Proposing adaptation options that will be applicable at the regional scale must require studies like this involving results from both regional and national scale analysis.