Non-infectious Diseases Research Articles

Showing the effects of comorbidity of Diabetes Mellitus on diabetics’ population from a simple linear mathematical model

It is an established fact that many infectious diseases, including COVID-19, AIDS are difficult to treat in the presence of various other comorbid diseases. It is, therefore, imperative to examine the impact of comorbidity in a noninfectious disease like diabetes. This study examines the effect of comorbidity of Diabetes mellitus on the population dynamics of individuals with and without complications by modifying an existing simple linear mathematical model. A parameter was added to account for the rate of developing comorbid diabetes in the existing mathematical model. The stability nature of the model was determined and found to be asymptotically stable. The problem was solved using analytical and numerical methods of Runge-Kutta of order four, Euler method, and Fundamental matrix. Numerical solutions compare favorably with the analytic solutions. Graphical comparisons were made between the solutions of the original and modified models. The model predicts a continued increase in the number of diabetics, but effective and simultaneous management of Diabetes Mellitus, its complications, and comorbidities can significantly reduce the number of diabetics with complications. Managing any additional medical conditions that a diabetic may have is crucial for effective Diabetes Mellitus management.

Antinuclear Antibodies in Non-Rheumatic Diseases.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are critical immunological markers commonly associated with various connective tissue diseases (CTDs). However, these autoantibodies are also detectable in healthy individuals, patients with non-rheumatic autoimmune diseases, those with viral infections, and subjects using specific medications (such as procainamide, hydralazine, and minocycline) that can lead to drug-induced ANA elevation. The standard method for ANA detection is indirect immunofluorescence, a process that requires precision and thoroughness as it assesses both titer and fluorescence patterns. Additionally, immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are recommended to identify specific ANAs precisely, highlighting the importance of precision in ANA detection. This review explores the advantages and limitations of current ANA detection methods. It also describes the clinical implications of ANA presence in non-rheumatic diseases, including autoimmune disorders, infectious conditions, non-autoimmune and non-infectious diseases, and autoimmune cutaneous diseases. The presence of elevated ANA titers in these contexts can complicate clinical decision-making, as the diagnostic value of ANA testing alone is limited in non-rheumatic conditions. However, despite these limitations, ANA remains a key component in diagnosing and prognosis systemic CTDs, as it can indicate disease activity, severity, and response to treatment, which is of utmost importance in rheumatology and internal medicine. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the role of ANA in non-rheumatic diseases. It focuses on ANA diagnostic and prognostic significance and offers valuable insights for clinical practice.

Exploring microRNA-Mediated Immune Responses to Soil-Transmitted Helminth and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Co-Infections.

Over the last two decades, the field of microRNA (miRNA) research has grown significantly. MiRNAs are a class of short, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Thereby, miRNAs regulate various essential biological processes including immunity. Dysregulated miRNAs are associated with various infectious and non-infectious diseases. Recently co-infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has become a focus of study. Both pathogens can profoundly influence host immunity, particularly in under-resourced and co-endemic regions. It is well known that STHs induce immunomodulatory responses that have bystander effects on unrelated conditions. Typically, STHs induce T-helper 2 (Th2) and immunomodulatory responses, which may dampen the proinflammatory T-helper 1 (Th1) immune responses triggered by HSV-2. However, the extent to which STH co-infection influences the host immune response to HSV-2 is not well understood. Moreover, little is known about how miRNAs shape the immune response to STH/HSV-2 co-infection. In this article, we explore the potential influence that STH co-infection may have on host immunity to HSV-2. Because STH and HSV-2 infections are widespread and disproportionately affect vulnerable and impoverished countries, it is important to consider how STHs may impact HSV-2 immunity. Specifically, we explore how miRNAs contribute to both helminth and HSV-2 infections and discuss how miRNAs may mediate STH/HSV-2 co-infections. Insight into miRNA-mediated immune responses may further improve our understanding of the potential impact of STH/HSV-2 co-infections.

Fish Diseases Doctrine Caused Bacteria Stopped on Treewoodhost Case Report: Forest Treewood Resins on Marine Diseases Management: Forest Antibiotic

Fish diseases doctrine consist of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Communicable fish diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi and their toxic products that fish widespread to another through contact with bodily fluids, blood products, contaminated surfaces, or environmental (water). In ecological environment we live in, human/environmental health awareness is increasing and level of utilization of natural resources is coming to fore. Importance of alives health and careful protection are becoming necessity every passing day. Its serious fact that forest products are unshakable milestone of marin medical science. Most notable forest product in this regard is forest antibiotics that resin. Need for resin and its derivatives is increasing day by day. Tree resin is solid or highly viscous liquid that maybe converted into polymer. Resins mixtures of organic compounds, and predominantly terpenes. Resins protect plants from insects, pathogens, and are secreted in response to injury. On the other hand, this study has addressed it as antibacterial substance that prevents fish diseases seen in fish. Here we summarise state of knowledge about resin production in modern ecosystems, especially in ocean ecosystems, and review antipathogenic and anti-pathogenesis aspects of resin production in plants and fish. We suggest that besides diseases, prunings, insect attacks and traumatic wounding from fires and storms, other factors such as tree architecture and local soil conditions are significant in creating and preserving resin outpourings. We advocate that this natural wonder antipathogenic defence mechanism resin of trees can be incorporated into drug design used in the treatment of fish diseases. Also, this manuscript deals with stopped resins chain of infection, routes, and modes of entry of pathogenic bacteria, tree wood host case report defences against fish diseases infections, and types of infectious agents and their mechanism of infections, in period of antibiotic deficiency against fish diseases where we exposed to bacterial resistance.

Antibacterial Activities and Time‐Kill Analysis of Leaf Extracts of Combretum adenogonium Steud. Ex A. Rich In Vitro

Combretum adenogonium Steud. Ex A. Rich is a shrub tree native to tropical Africa. Its various parts are used in traditional medicine to treat both infectious and noninfectious diseases. This study investigated the activities and the killing rate of the plant leaf extracted with aqueous and ethanol (70% v/v) against Staphylococcus aureus (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29213), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 14990), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSM) 1117), Escherichia coli (DSM 25944), and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539). The synergistic effect of each extract in combination with the standard antibiotics, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, was also investigated in vitro. It was revealed that both extracts were active against all test bacteria, with a mean zone of growth inhibition (ZoI) ranging from 23.50 ± 0.50 to 11.00 ± 0.00 mm at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The mean ZoI of the ethanol extract (100 mg/mL) against E. faecalis (23.50 ± 0.50 mm) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher when compared with tetracycline (64 μg/mL) (18.67 ± 0.29 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts were between 0.39 and 12.50 mg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations ranged from 0.78 to > 25 mg/mL. Time‐kill kinetics analysis revealed that both extracts were bacteriostatic against all Gram‐negative bacteria. The extract–antibiotic combinations resulted in synergy, additive, or indifferent outcomes, with none resulting in an antagonistic effect. The findings of the current study confirm the relevance of Combretum adenogonium in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections. For the first time, the time‐kill kinetics analysis and the interaction between the extracts of C. adenogonium in combination with some commonly used antibiotics against bacteria have been established. The activity could be attributed to the presence of saponins, phenolic compounds and tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, and terpenes which were detected in the extracts by phytochemical screening.

Proteome signature for differential diagnosis of patients with bilateral lung infiltrates

BackgroundThe differential diagnosis of bilateral lung infiltrates and prognosis prediction can be challenging for clinicians in the intensive care unit (ICU). We analysed the proteome from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and determined its usefulness for evaluating the infectious causes and mortality associated with bilateral lung infiltrates.MethodsIn the ICU cohort, 136 patients with bilateral infiltrate on chest radiographs were selected, and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Proteomic profiling of the exosomes in the BALF (n=20) was conducted to identify candidate protein biomarkers potentially associated with infection or mortality. The BAL samples (n=116) were used to measure the candidate biomarker levels.ResultsThe candidate biomarkers, CD20, CLIC4, SCFD1 and TAP1, were selected for the differential diagnosis of infection or mortality. The levels of CD20 were significantly elevated in patients with non-infectious causes, compared with those with infectious causes (248.6±154.5 versus 177.6±150.9 ng·mL−1, p=0.014). The levels of CLIC4, SCFD1 and TAP1 did not differ between the two groups. As per the receiver operating characteristic analysis, CD20 was a significant predictor of non-infectious causes (area under curve 0.668; 95% confidence interval 0.567–0.769; p=0.002; cut-off value 167.6 ng·mL−1; sensitivity 74.1%; specificity 63.2%). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the biomarkers between survivors and non-survivors.ConclusionsOur results suggest that CD20 levels in BALF might be a useful biomarker for differentiating non-infectious and infectious diseases in patients with bilateral lung infiltrates.

Exposure to ambient high temperature and increased risk of hospitalisation for non-infectious bowel diseases during 2000–2019: a case-crossover study in 1816 Brazilian cities

ObjectivesAlthough human intestine is sensitive to high ambient temperature, the heat-related morbidity burden remains rarely explored. This study quantified the association between high ambient temperature and non-infectious bowel disease (NBD)...

Serratia sp. traits distinguish the lung microbiome of patients with tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung diseases.

Pathogenic mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (Mtbc), and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) can cause severe chronic pulmonary infections. However, not all infected patients develop active disease, and it remains unclear whether key lung microbiome taxa play a role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) and NTM lung diseases (LD). Here, we aim to further define the lung microbiome composition in TB, and NTM-LD prior to the initiation of therapy. We employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the baseline microbiome in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients diagnosed with TB (n = 23), NTM-LD (n = 19), or non-infectious inflammatory disease (n = 4). We applied depletion of human cells, removal of extracellular DNA, implementation of a decontamination strategy, and exploratory whole-metagenome sequencing (WMS) of selected specimens. Genera Serratia and unclassified Yersiniaceae dominated the lung microbiome of most patients with a mean relative abundance of >15% and >70%, respectively. However, at the sub-genus level, as determined by amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), TB-patients exhibited increased community diversity, and distinct signatures of ASV_7, ASV_21 abundances which resulted in a significant association with disease state. Exploratory WMS, and ASV similarity analyses suggested the presence of Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia grimesii, Serratia myotis and/or Serratia quinivorans in TB and NTM-LD patients. The lung microbiome of TB-patients harbored a distinct, and heterogenous structure, with specific occurrences of certain Serratia traits. Some of these traits may play a role in understanding the microbial interactions in the lung microbiome of patients infected with Mtbc.

Defective Mitophagy Impairs Response to Inflammatory Activation of Macrophage-Like Cells.

The role of mitophagy in atherosclerosis has been extensively studied during the last few years. It was shown that mitophagy is involved in the regulation of macrophages, which are important players as immune cells in atherosclerosis development. In this study, we investigated the relationship between mitophagy and response to inflammatory stimulation of macrophage-like cells. Six cybrid cell lines with normal mitophagy, that is, increasing in response to stimulation, and 7 lines with defective mitophagy not responding to stimulation were obtained. The objective of the study was to compare the nature of the inflammatory response in normal and defective mitophagy in order to elucidate the role of mitophagy defects in inflammation. We used cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids) as cellular models, created using mitochondrial DNA from different atherosclerosis patients. Mitophagy was stimulated by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and assessed as the degree of colocalization of mitochondria with lysosomes using confocal microscopy. Western blotting methods were used for the determination of proteins involved in the exact mechanism of mitophagy. Experiments with stimulation of mitophagy show a high correlation between these two approaches (microscopy and blotting). The pro-inflammatory response of cybrids was stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The extent of the inflammatory response was assessed by the secretion of cytokines CCL2, IL8, IL6, IL1β, and TNF measured by ELISA. Basal level of secretion of cytokines CCL2, IL8 and TNF was 1.5-2 times higher in cultures of cybrids with defective mitophagy compared to cells with normal mitophagy. This suggests a persistently elevated inflammatory response in cells with defective mitophagy, even in the absence of an inflammatory stimulus. Such cells in the tissue will constantly recruit other immune cells, which is characteristic of macrophages derived from monocytes circulating in the blood of patients with atherosclerosis. We observed significant differences in the degree and type of response to inflammatory activation in cybrids with defective mitophagy. These differences were not so much quantitative as they were dramatically qualitative. Compared with cells with normal mitophagy, in cells with defective mitophagy, the relative (to basal) secretion of IL8, IL6 and IL1b increased after the second LPS activation. This indicates a possible lack of tolerance to inflammatory activation in cells with defective mitophagy, since typically, re-activation reveals a smaller pro-inflammatory cytokine response, allowing the inflammatory process to resolve. In cells with normal mitophagy, exactly this normal (tolerant) inflammatory reaction was observed. Data on the involvement of mitophagy, including defective mitophagy, in disturbances of the inflammatory response in sepsis, viral infections, autoimmune diseases and other pathologies have previously been reported. In this work, we studied the role of defective mitophagy in non-infectious chronic inflammatory diseases using the example of atherosclerosis. We showed a dramatic disruption of the inflammatory response associated with defective mitophagy. Compared with cybrids with normal mitophagy, in cybrids with defective mitophagy, the secretion of all studied cytokines changed significantly both quantitatively and qualitatively. In particular, the secretion of 3 of 5 cytokines demonstrated an intolerant inflammatory response manifested by increased secretion after repeated inflammatory stimulation. Such an intolerant reaction likely indicates a significant disruption of the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages, which can contribute to the chronification of inflammation. Elucidating the mechanisms of chronification of inflammation is extremely important for the search for fundamentally new pharmacological targets and the development of drugs for the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis and diseases characteristic of inflammation. Such diseases account for up to 80% of morbidity and mortality.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals shared deregulated neutrophil responses in COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease linked with deregulated immune responses, leading to hyperinflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary fibrosis, often with fatal outcomes. Neutrophils play a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, with elevated peripheral blood neutrophil counts correlating with disease severity. Despite extensive research, the molecular processes associated with neutrophil hyperactivation in COVID-19 remain elusive.MethodsTo investigate the molecular signatures underlying neutrophil-driven pathology, we conducted transcriptome analysis in neutrophils isolated from the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients versus healthy individuals. To evaluate the specificity of identified neutrophil signatures in COVID-19, we extended our transcriptomic analysis to neutrophils from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a non-infectious fibrotic lung disease. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was performed on lung biopsy specimens from IPF patients to validate transcriptomic findings at the tissue level.ResultsOur analysis revealed significant transcriptional changes in COVID-19 neutrophils, particularly in pathways involved in immune regulation, inflammation, and antiviral responses. Additionally, pathways associated with autophagy and chromatin remodeling were upregulated, while translation-related processes were suppressed, indicating an increased predisposition for neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release. This neutrophil transcriptional signature in COVID-19 appears to be associated with the previously reported deregulation of the Activin/Follistatin system in the periphery. Notably, a comparative transcriptomic analysis with neutrophils isolated from IPF patients revealed the induction of substantially overlapping inflammatory processes, suggesting common deregulated responses in COVID-19 and IPF. Consistently, significant NET formation, a hallmark of COVID-19-related inflammation, was observed within lung biopsies from IPF patients.ConclusionBy delineating both shared and disease-specific molecular pathways, our findings validate the critical role of neutrophils in COVID-19 and IPF pathophysiology, highlighting their involvement in balancing the inflammatory response across diverse lung diseases.

Proteomic Profiling and Therapeutic Targeting of Oxidative Stress in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated non-infectious disease, and novel and robust biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnosis and prognostic outcomes of AE. Oxidative stress is a ubiquitous cellular process causing damage to various biological molecules. The aim of our study was to understand the clinical implication and mechanism underlying oxidative stress in AE. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted on the serum of eight patients with AE and seven healthy controls, and oxidative stress was characterized. Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) models were established in C57BL/6 and SJL mice for investigation of the therapeutic effect and mechanism of anti-oxidative stress N-acetylcysteine (NAC). We provided proteomic landscape in the serum of AE and identified antioxidant ALB, APOE, GPX3, and SOD3 as serum diagnostic markers of AE. The antioxidant markers were lowly expressed both in the serum of AE patients and central nervous system (CNS) of EAE mice. NAC administration improved clinical signs and motor function and alleviated nerve injury of EAE mice as well as lowered oxidative stress (decreased MDA content and ROS accumulation and elevated SOD activity and GSH content). ALB, APOE, GPX3, and SOD3 expressions were elevated by NAC in the CNS of EAE mice. Moreover, NAC reduced tissue-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and GFAP-marked astrocytes and Iba-1-marked microglia in EAE mice, thus alleviating autoimmunity-mediated damage and neuroinflammation. Our findings facilitate the discovery of novel oxidative stress-related biomarkers for AE and reveal the promise of anti-oxidative stress for AE management.

Effect of environmental factors on bacterial flora of normal human skin

Human skin hosts an abundance of diverse microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and viruses that constitute the cutaneous microbiome. This microbiome is responsible for homeostasis, immune modulation, and protection from pathogens. The resident bacterial flora of the skin is generally innocuous in healthy individuals but can become a source of disease in those who are immunocompromised. The bacterial flora is implicated in infectious and non-infectious diseases of the skin such as non-healing ulcers, acne, and atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. Bacterial colonization of the skin depends on the characteristics of the local microenvironment – acidity, temperature, humidity, nutrient levels, etc. However, the effect of external environmental conditions on the composition of bacterial flora are unknown. We hypothesized that exposure to hot and humid environmental conditions could result in a microflora characterized by more pathogenic species of bacteria compared to that of people exposed to cooler and dryer conditions. The bacterial flora of the cubital fossa of two cohorts, one working in hot and humid conditions, and the other working in cold and dry conditions was analyzed by culturing. The most common species isolated in both groups was Staphylococcus hominis ssp hominis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus was found in individuals working in cold and dry environments while hemolytic coagulase-negative Staphylococci, which are known to be more pathogenic, were found only in individuals working in hot and humid environments. Although these differences were not statistically significant, we concluded that individuals exposed to different environmental conditions may have differences in their skin bacterial flora and hence, in their susceptibility to disease.

Retrospective case study of livestock diseases recorded at Fulbaria upazila veterinary hospital in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh

The present study was undertaken to find out the suspected livestock cases recorded in upazila veterinary hospital from October 1, 2021, to November 30, 2022. The data were collected from the registered book that was maintained at the upazila livestock office. We found that cattle, goats, chickens, ducks, and pigeons were common livestock species taken to veterinary hospitals. We also found that clinical cases of animals were treated based on clinical history, clinical signs, and physical examination and diseases were grouped as infectious and non-infectious diseases in cattle and goats, diseases of chicken, duck, and pigeons. The relative ratio of occurrence of lumpy skin diseases and peste des petitis ruminants was high among other infectious diseases in cattle and goats respectively. By contrast, the relative ratio of occurrences of non-infectious bloat was high among other non-infectious diseases in cattle and goats. We also found that clinical cases in poultry were treated based on clinical history, clinical signs, physical examination, and postmortem examination and were grouped as diseases in chickens, ducks, and pigeons. The relative ratio of occurrences of visceral gout, duck viral enteritis, and pigeon pox was high among other diseases in chicken, duck, and pigeon respectively during the study period. In summary, the findings have indicated the various clinical cases, diagnoses, treatment approaches, and incidence in livestock species at Fulbaria upazila veterinary hospital of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 53(4): 135-143, 2024

Morphometric indices of thymus mass in fetuses and newborns during the early neonatal period

Objective: to identify reference values of thymus mass of foetuses and neonates of the early neonatal period depending on body weight. Material and methods. We analysed 922 autopsy reports of fetuses of 18-42 weeks of gestation and newborns of the first 7 days of life: group 1 — those who died of infectious diseases (n=67); group 2 — those who died of non-infectious diseases (n=855). Thymus mass, body weight were studied, thymic index was calculated. Spearman's criterion (R) was used to assess the correlation. A polynomial regression model using the Splines method was compiled. Results. We present data on thymus mass over a range of fetal and neonatal body weights from 300 to 5500 g. Thymus mass ranges from 1.1 to 1.48 g (for fetal masses of 300-500 g) to 12.36-15.09 (for neonatal masses of 400-5500 g). Organ weight increases with increasing gestational age, decreasing by the third day of newborn life. Median thymic index values for groups 1 and 2 were 0.32 and 0.28 (p=0.2). Regardless of the type of pathology, gestational age, and life expectancy, thymus mass correlated with body weight (Я?=0.88; p<0.001). The dynamics of changes in thymus mass (y) depending on the decimal logarithm of body weight (x) is described by the following polynomial regression equations: y=13.937x2-75.662x+104.47 for group 1 and y=16.65x2-93.487x+133.56 for group 2. Conslusion. Reference values of thymus mass of foetuses and neonates of the early neonatal period depending on body weight are were presented. It was found that there is a direct strong correlation between thymus mass and body weight.

Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy of Interleukins and Procalcitonin in Patients with Severe Illness and Suspected Sepsis

The immune system's dysregulated response to infection, known as sepsis, is a severe potentially fatal illness that results in organ failure, tissue destruction, and systemic inflammation. Objectives: To explore the correlation between levels of interleukins and pro-calcitonin and the severity of sepsis and clinical outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Khairpur Medical College Civil Hospital Khairpur. The participants were n=200 including both male and female. The age range was 18-45 years. Procalcitonin levels were measured using enzyme-linked fluorescent assay and flow cytometry to elevate levels of different cytokines. Serum cytokine concentrations were compared between sepsis patients and healthy controls using the Mann-Whitney U-test for two-group comparisons. The diagnostic accuracy of cytokine levels at study entry was assessed through the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve derived from logistic regression analysis. Results: A positive culture report of microbial infectious disease was found in 100/200 (50%) of the patients after microbiological investigation. The male-to-female ratio in the investigated demographic was 3:2. Interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher, p<0.001 in the infectious diseases group than non-infectious Diseases Group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic value of interleukin-6 was found to be excellent and significantly higher (0.95(0.75-0.97)). Conclusions: Cytokines including Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 are strong biomarkers for diagnosing microbial infections in suspected sepsis cases, with interleukin-6 showing the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.912). Procalcitonin also demonstrated good discriminative power (AUC=0.895). While cytokines like Interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor, and Interleukin-17A showed moderate value, interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma were less useful.

Formulation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Cream Containing Amaranthus spinosus Leaf Extract

Herbal medicine therapy is an ancient practice to treat various health issues, including viral and non-infectious skin diseases. At present time, people are running behind natural or herbal sources because of their fewer side effects and add-on benefits as compared to allopathy medicines. In the Indian traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda), the Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) plant is used for analgesic, antipyretic, laxative, diuretic, digestible, antidiabetic, anti-snake venom, antileprotic, blood diseases, bronchitis, piles, and anti-gonorrheal. The study's objective was to perform extraction and phytochemical studies of A. spinosus leaves, perform the in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the extract, and formulate a topical cream. The ethanol water leaf extract exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy than ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus at 15 and 30 µg, while ciprofloxacin was more effective at 60 µg. However, the extract showed more effectiveness than ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli at all tested concentrations. The study revealed that the leaf extract showed good antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The physical evaluation of the formulated cream showed that the cream was stable with potential application to reduce skin infection with consequent health benefits.

CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF CARP UNDER THE ACTION OF MYCOTOXIN T2

Mycotoxins, toxic substances produced by fungi, are one of the most common contaminants of feed and food products in Ukraine. Favorable climatic conditions and anthropogenic influence contribute to their active development and spread. Contamination with mycotoxins can lead to significant economic losses in the agro-industrial complex and negatively affect the health of animals and people. A complete list and detailed description of poisoning symptoms can be used as indicators to identify poisons as well as non-infectious fish diseases. The purpose of the work: to investigate the effect of mycotoxin T2 on the morphological parameters of the carp organism. The object of the study: peculiarities of changes in the morphological indicators of fish under the influence of mycotoxin T2. The subject of the study: the effect of mycotoxin T2 on external indicators of organs and tissues of carp. Methodology. The object of the study were two-year-old carp: scaly and mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) weighing 200-300 g. Experiments to study the effect of mycotoxin were carried out in 200-liter aquariums with settled tap water, in which fish were placed at the rate of 1 specimen per 40 dm3 of water. In all cases, control was carried out and a constant hydrochemical regime of water was maintained. The concentration of mycotoxin corresponding to 2 MPC was achieved by adding calculated amounts of the mycotoxin solution. The zoological (L) and industrial (l) lengths of fish were determined, Fulton's fattening factor (Q). All results were processed statistically. The scientific novelty of the work is that the complex effect of mycotoxin T2 and the morphological indicators of mirror carp and scaly carp were studied for the first time. Conclusions. As a result of the study, a negative effect of mycotoxin T-2 on the morphological parameters of the carp organism was established. Under the influence of T-2 toxin, significant changes in the structure of gills, skin, fins and internal organs were observed in fish. Discoloration of the ends of the petals, the appearance of light spots and numerous hemorrhages were found in the gills, which indicates a violation of oxygen exchange. On the skin of the fish, the formation of whitish mucus was recorded, as well as separate ulcers, which are a sign of dermonecrotic processes. It was also established that mycotoxin T-2 causes disorders of a hemorrhagic nature, manifested in numerous hemorrhages in muscle tissues and organs of the digestive system. A comparative analysis of the effects of the toxin on scaly and mirror carp showed that scaly carp had higher endurance, which may be due to its better growth rates and resistance to adverse conditions. Thus, mycotoxin T-2 poses a significant threat to fish health and can negatively affect aquaculture performance. This study highlights the need to control feed quality and mycotoxin content to prevent intoxication in fish farming.

PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN THE SETTING OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Introduction. According to the literature, atherosclerotic lesions of the peripheral arteries of the lower extremities affect from 28.7% (in countries with low economic development) to 13.1% (in highly developed countries) of the population. Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities is considered an independent predictor of increased risk of cardiovascular complications, which determines the quality of life and longevity. Aim. To conduct an analysis of modern scientific information content for the presence of convincing data on the problem of the growing prevalence of peripheral artery disease, as well as the characteristics of the course of this pathology in patients with coronary heart disease. Materials and methods. The work used the published results of modern scientific studies devoted to the problem of the spread of peripheral artery diseases against the background of ischemic heart disease among different sex-age strata of the population. To conduct the scientific research, we used the method of the system approach and system analysis and the bibliosemantic method. Results. Summarizing the results of the analytical study, it is worth noting the active participation of scientists from many countries of the world in studying the problem of the spread of peripheral artery diseases, its impact on the health of the population, as well as the involvement of the efforts of the medical and scientific communities in the implementation of WHO programs for the countries of the European region to conduct research on the prevalence of the main risk factors for non-infectious diseases, which are common to the entire cohort of cardiovascular pathology and epidural surveillance, however, among them, the trends in the prevalence of peripheral artery diseases especially among patients with coronary heart disease are not considered enough. The results of scientific research convincingly prove that the spread of peripheral artery diseases contributes to the reduction of life expectancy, deterioration of the quality of life and a high risk of disability in such patients. Conclusions. The analysis of scientific literature data proves that, despite the successes and achievements of modern methods of conservative, surgical and endovascular treatment of peripheral artery diseases in patients with coronary heart disease, it remains a questionable condition that has not been fully studied. Improvement of existing methods and introduction of new ones is necessary considering the urgency of the problem of atherosclerosis and calcification of arteries of the lower extremity. This will allow to achieve better results of revascularization, preservation of the limb, restoration of function and healing of trophic changes.

The Concept of ʺEpidemiological Transitionʺ (Abdel Rahim Omran, 1971) and its Role in Research Regulating Problems of Natural Movement and Quantitative Population Reproduction: Realities Today

Introduction. It is an axiom that demographic processes were and are an urgent problem, since, despite the political and socio-economic development, the countries of the world remain in the process of continuous qualitative restoration and change of human generations, which has a direct impact on the state of labor, educational and defense resources and population health in both spatial and temporal certainty. As a result, the analysis of the essence of the concept of "epidemiological transition" (Аbdel Omran, 1971) and the outline of its role in the practical solution of the problems of regulation of natural movement and quantitative reproduction of the population make this research relevant in its own content.. The aim of the study. To analyze the components of the concept of "epidemiological transition" (Аbdel Rahim Omran, 1971) and its role in the study of problems regarding the regulation of natural movement and quantitative reproduction of the population. Materials and methods. Epidemiological, single-moment, continuous, retrospective scientific research of the available and accessible array of scientific and informational literary sources was carried out, in relation to the outlined topic of the scientific work, where methods were used: retrospective, comparison, generalization and abstract methods of research, as well as deductive awareness, structural and logical analysis taking into account the principles of systematicity. Results. It was established that the concept of "epidemiological transition" (Abdel Omran, 1971), without undermining the significance of other theories of "demographic revolutions" worked out before that, directly outlined the scientific direction for solving the problem of natural movement and quantitative reproduction of the population. It is proved that the significance of the analyzed scientific innovation of Abdel Omran lies in the statement about a radical change in the structure of mortality due to the reasons when the predominance of exogenous causes of death (infectious diseases) was replaced by the primacy of endogenous and quasi-endogenous (non-epidemic diseases), which, testified to the epidemiological transition in the state of morbidity and mortality, when non-infectious pathology appeared to be the main cause in solving the problems of natural movement and quantitative reproduction of the population. It is argued that according to the established exogenous and endogenous nature of the causes of Abdel Omran mortality, both stages, models, and factors/determinants on which society or individual citizens have a direct influence in preventing the occurrence of non-communicable diseases are outlined. It is substantiated that only after 30 years the world medical community was able to recommend the scientific achievements of Abdel Omran for practical implementation in health care at the WHO level, which has become a "cornerstone" today in the development of motives for the prevention of non-infectious diseases. Conclusion. The concept of "epidemiological transition" (Abdel Omran, 1971) scientifically convincingly points to a direct path for the societies of the world in solving the problem of natural movement and quantitative reproduction of the population, where the main role in the state of morbidity and mortality is played by endogenous and quasi-endogenous determinants, which, in fact, form group of non-infectious pathology among the population. For democratic Ukraine, this is of urgent importance, since non-communicable diseases are dominant in morbidity and mortality among European countries, which requires uncompromising implementation of the measures of the WHO General Action Plan on "Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases for the period up to 2030".

The Effect of Laboratory Parameters on the Hospital Stay and Mortality in Pediatric Patients Who Underwent Lobectomy and Pneumonectomy.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the prognostic significance of various laboratory parameters in predicting the length of hospital stay and mortality among pediatric patients undergoing lobectomy and pneumonectomy for infectious or noninfectious diseases. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by retrospective data analysis of 59 pediatric patients who underwent lobectomy and pneumonectomy due to variable diseases at the department of chest surgery. Pediatric patients diagnosed with variable diseases and who underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy, patients who were hospitalized during the study period and underwent surgical intervention, and patients who had at least one laboratory parameter recorded before surgery were included in the study. Laboratory parameters included white blood cell (WBC) count, red cell distribution width (RDW), platelet (PLT) count, neutrophil count, mean platelet volume (MPV), monocyte count and lymphocyte count. Laboratory results were obtained from the patients' most recent blood samples before surgery. In addition, derived ratios such as platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), MPV-to-PLT ratio (MPR), MPV-to-monocyte ratio (MMR), MPV-to-lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value (PIV) were calculated and their potential prognostic values were evaluated. Results: The mean age of the patients was 6.3 years (0-15 years). The gender distribution of the patients in the study group was determined as 36 male patients (61%) and 23 female patients (39%). Lobectomy was the most commonly performed surgical procedure, accounting for 83% of cases, while pneumonectomy was applied in 17% of cases. The postoperative complication rate was observed as 34%. The mean hospital stay of the patients was calculated as 12.61 days (2-84 days), while the mortality rate was recorded as 8.5%. The relationship between the neutrophil count and the length of hospital stay is quite strong, and the r value was calculated as 0.550 (p < 0.01). PIV showed a strong correlation with length of hospital stay, with an r value of 0.650 (p < 0.01). A significant relationship was also found between PLR and length of hospital stay (r = 0.500, p < 0.01). The parameters with the highest positive effect on the hospital stay are neutrophil count (B = 0.400, p < 0.01) and PIV (B = 0.500, p < 0.01). The mean hospital stay was 10.00 days (2-30) in patients without complications and 15.00 days (5-40) in patients with complications, and this difference was also significant (p < 0.01). Finally, the mortality rate was 2.5% in patients without complications, while it was determined as 20% in those with complications (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study determines the effects of laboratory parameters (particularly PIV, neutrophil, PLR, and NLR) on the duration of hospital stay, development of complications, and mortality and emphasizes the importance of monitoring these parameters in the treatment of infectious or noninfectious diseases.