Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Research Articles

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper oxide nanorods

Highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper oxide nanorods

Deciphering Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Nanoscale CuO/PEDOT-MoS2 Electrodes in Chronoamperometry

The present work demonstrates fabrication of a non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuO nanoparticles deposited over poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting polymer infiltrated with nanoscale MoS2. Structural, morphological and elemental analyses of the fabricated sensor electrodes were performed via different characterization techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), elemental dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies of the hybrid nanoelectrode (CuO/PEDOT-MoS2) exhibited better redox activity and electron transfer kinetics, as compared with the CuO/PEDOT and CuO only systems. Accordingly, the electrochemical parameters of all the systems were determined and compared at large. The CuO/PEDOT-MoS2 hybrid electrode system offered a significant enhancement in the electroactive area (∼1.47 cm2) and rate constant (0.76 s−1) upon oxidizing glucose into gluconic acid. In the CV responses, an augmented activity was monitored at +0.6 V which was considered as the dc bias potential in the chronoamperometric experiment for detecting glucose suitably. The sensor electrode yielded a low LOD of 0.046 μM and with a sensitivity magnitude as high as 829 μA mM−1 cm−2 over a wide linear range, between 30 μM to 1.06 mM of glucose concentration. Deployment of organic-inorganic nanomaterial based non-enzymatic sensor would find immense scope in non-clinical diagnostics and pharmaceutical applications for fast, convenient and smart sensing.

Fabrication, characterization of NiO–Co3O4/rGO based nanohybrid and application in the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensor

The current study is reporting the synthesis and characterization of NiO–Co3O4/rGO nanohybrid for nanocomposite for nonenzymatic glucose sensing. The prepared nanohybrids sample was characterized by X-rays diffraction (XRD), fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD analysis exhibited the cubic crystalline phase for both NiO and Co3O4 in the binary composite. The vibrational mode of NiO and its nanohybrid with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was defined using FTIR spectral analysis. SEM images of the nanoparticles depicted a non-spherical pattern randomly distributed throughout the whole matrix. The prepared sensor exhibited promising results for glucose sensitivity (345 μA mM) with a wide range of linear response from 1.23 × 10-4 mM to 10 mM and a low limit of detection of 0.13 μM. Further, the interference study was also performed using 100 µM fructose (FR), lactose (LA), uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA) and results exposed that these interfering species has not affected glucose determination. The obtained results suggested that the nanohybrid has enormous potential to act as a credible sensor for the determination of glucose.

Three-dimensional NiO/Co3O4@C composite for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

In this study, a new enzyme-free glucose sensor was constructed using the transition metal-based composite material. The synthesis of ZIF-67 entailed the addition of NiO with high catalytic performance. Two-dimensional NiO/Co3O4@C heterojunctions were obtained via pyrolysis of NiO@ZIF-67 in the air at a temperature of 500℃. The enzyme-free glucose sensor Nafion/NiO/Co3O4@C/GCE was constructed by modifying NiO/Co3O4@C on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The performance of the modified electrode was tested via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and a time-current curve (i-t curve). The linear ranges of the modified electrode were 5 -1000μM and 1.0- 4.0mM with sensitivities of 690 and 215.4 μAmM-1cm-2, respectively. The detection limit was 2.28μΜ (S/N = 3). The recoveries were in the range of 98.9-99.7% during the detection of real samples. The prepared sensor Nafion/NiO/Co3O4@C/GCE showed excellent electrocatalytic properties with superb reproducibility, stability and anti-interference capability. The sensor has been successfully utilized to determine glucose in real serum samples.

Multi-Layer Biosensor for Pre-Symptomatic Detection of Puccinia strifformis, the Causal Agent of Yellow Rust.

The yellow rust of wheat (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is a devastating fungal infection that is responsible for significant wheat yield losses. The main challenge with the detection of this disease is that it can only be visually detected on the leaf surface between 7 and 10 days after infection, and by this point, counter measures such as the use of fungicides are generally less effective. The hypothesis of this study is to develop and use a compact electrochemical-based biosensor for the early detection of P. striiformis, thus enabling fast countermeasures to be taken. The biosensor that was developed consists of three layers. The first layer mimics the wheat leaf surface morphology. The second layer consists of a sucrose/agar mixture that acts as a substrate and contains a wheat-derived terpene volatile organic compound that stimulates the germination and growth of the spores of the yellow rust pathogen P. s. f. sp. tritici. The third layer consists of a nonenzymatic glucose sensor that produces a signal once invertase is produced by P. striiformis, which comes into contact with the second layer, thereby converting sucrose to glucose. The results show the proof that this innovative biosensor can enable the detection of yellow rust spores in 72 h.

N‐doped oxygen vacancy‐rich NiCo 2 O 4 nanoarrays for supercapacitor and non‐enzymatic glucose sensing

Battery-type transition metal oxides (TMOs) gained great attention as an electrode in a supercapacitor (SC) owing to their high electrochemical activity, however, the performance of SCs influenced by low intrinsic conductivity and lower cycling stability. To address the issues, we propose an effective strategy of nitrogen doping and increasing the oxygen vacancies of hydrothermally synthesized nickel-cobalt oxide (N-Ov/NiCo2O4-350) nanowire arrays. The modified electrode has a variable superficial nanoporous architecture and a favorable electronic structure resulting in a greatly increased specific surface area and a suitable electron/ion diffusion network. The synthesized hybrid electrode exhibited a specific capacity of 256 mAh g−1 and a high energy density of 83.18 Wh kg−1 at 203.1 W kg−1. Likewise, a non-enzymatic glucose sensor with N-Ov/NiCo2O4-350 achieved a broad linear detection range of 0–555 mM, an ultra-high sensitivity of 29 811.53 μA·mM−1·cm−2, a short response time of approximately 2.2 s, and a low detection limit of 0.02 μM (S/N = 3). The superior electrochemical and glucose-sensing capabilities of the N-Ov/NiCo2O4-350 hybrid nanostructure demonstrated the potential of the electrode.

Ginkgo Leaf Inspired Fabrication of Micro/Nanostructures and Demonstration of Flexible Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensors.

Flexible enzyme-free glucose sensors have attracted widespread attention due to their importance and potential applications in clinical diagnosis, flexible wearable devices, and implanted devices in vivo. At present, there are still major problems in fabricating flexible enzyme-free glucose sensors with low detection limits, high stability, and high sensitivity at low cost, hindering their practical application. Here, we report a facile strategy for the fabrication of flexible non-enzymatic glucose sensors using ginkgo leaf as a template. NiO film and PEDOT:PSS composite film were deposited on the surface of the ginkgo leaf induced micro-nano hierarchical structure as a sensitive layer and a conductive layer, respectively. The as-prepared, flexible, enzyme-free glucose sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance toward glucose oxidation with a sensitivity of 0.7413 mA·mM−1/cm−2, an operating voltage of 0.55 V, a detection limit of 0.329 μM, and good anti-interference. Due to the simple fabrication process and performance reliability, the novel flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor is an attractive candidate for next generation wearable and implantable non-enzymatic glucose diagnostic devices.

A Novel Non-Enzymatic Sensor Prepared by ZnO Nanoneedle Arrays Template for High Performance of Glucose Sensing

In this study, we prepared a gold film covered with dense particles and honeycomb-like holes using a sacrificial template of ZnO nanoneedle arrays and integrated it into a non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The template was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This is an effective and novel method because the three-dimensional microstructure appeared on its surface when the zinc plate was heated directly. Moreover, seperate steps were not required to modify the electrode. Due to a large specific surface area (Rf = 27.8) and more active sites, the glod film showed a good electrochemical catalytic behavior. The surface morphology and elements of working electrode were characterized by SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The sensor showed a wide linear range of 0.1–11.0 mM, a high sensitivity of 514.41 μAcm−2 mM−1, and a low detection limit of 2.31 μM. It also can distinguish small changes in glucose concentration (10 or 20 μM). Moreover, The sensor displayed good repeatability, stability and selectivity. Ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) had low interference when it detected glucose. Fianlly, a sensor with outstanding performancces, easy preparation was manufactured in this work. It has promising prospects.

Sandwich structure confined gold as highly sensitive and stable electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor with low oxidation potential

• Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH is prepared through a spontaneous galvanic displacement reaction. • In Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH, the metallic Au intercalates between Fe 3 O 4 and LDH forming the sandwich structure. • Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH possesses high sensitivity of 6342 μA mM −1 cm −2 , broad linear detection range of 0.0375 to 15.64 mM and low limit of detection of 12.7 μM, with an extremely low oxidation potential of 0.82 V vs. RHE. • The small quantity of Au laying between LDH and Fe 3 O 4 is the active part of glucose oxidation and the existence of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles significantly improves the stability of the electrocatalyst. The preparation of highly sensitive and stable non-enzymatic glucose sensors is critical to the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH is prepared through a spontaneous galvanic displacement reaction. A series of structural characterizations testify the successful formation of Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst, with the Au intercalating between Fe 3 O 4 and LDH to form the sandwich structure. Cyclic voltammetry tests indicate that Au is responsible for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. The characterizations of the electrochemical sensor for glucose detection indicate that Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH possesses high sensitivity of 6342 μA mM −1 cm −2 , with an extremely low oxidation potential of 0.82 V vs. RHE. Even with the high glucose concentration of 15 mM, the sensitivity remains at 4359 μA mM −1 cm −2 . Due to the broad linear detection range (0.0375 to 15.64 mM) and the low limit of detection (12.7 μM), Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH is applicable towards practical application. Thanks to the sandwich structure, which confines the Au in between Fe 3 O 4 and CoFe-LDH, the Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH glucose sensor shows high long-term stability and satisfactory selectivity. The successful synthesis of the sandwich-structured Fe 3 O 4 @Au@CoFe-LDH provides a new conception for the design of highly sensitive and stable non-enzymatic glucose electrodes.

Flower-like NiCo2O4 nanoflake surface covered on carbon nanolayer for high-performance electro-oxidation of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor

The high porous nickel cobalt oxide flower-like nanoflake (NF) structured materials with (C/NiCo2O4-1 and C/NiCo2O4-2) and without (NiCo2O4) the presence of dopamine as a carbon source were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The structural and morphological characteristics of as-synthesized materials were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The transmission electron microscopy analysis of C/NiCo2O4-1 NF materials reveals that a flower-like structure of NiCo2O4 NF covered over the surface of carbon in the hybrid composite. The electrochemical properties of as-synthesized material were determined from cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry analysis. Among the NiCo2O4 NF, C/NiCo2O4-1 NF, and C/NiCo2O4-2 NF structured materials, the C/NiCo2O4-1 NF exhibits a remarkable electrochemical performance toward glucose oxidation with a high linear range (0.0001–15.28 mM), high-sensitivity (779.35 μA mM−1 cm−2), and ultra-low detection (86 μM). Moreover, the C/NiCo2O4-1 NF electrode indicates excellent recoveries of glucose in human blood serum samples. The obtained results illustrate that the good features of C/NiCo2O4-1 NF electrode materials have the potential to be used as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

BRINGING SPACE TECHNOLOGY TO MINING – BIOSENSORS FOR HEALTH MONITORING IN REAL TIME AS A MODERN MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Nowadays, mining industry is striving to be regarded as a modern and highly-technological field with no negative connotation to its name. The human factor is constantly increasing in significance, making mining industry more people oriented, and more and more efforts are being made to bring modern technologies into service and help create safer work environment. Utilising new types of biosensors provides remote health monitoring of workers in mining industry, thus enabling the real time monitoring of vitals of a person, permitting timely medical care and preventing long-term negative exposures. In this regard, the use of flexible, lightweight and wearable biosensors is seen as very convenient and patient-friendly in work environment without interfering with the daily activities. In this study we present a non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a laser ablation in liquid method.

BRINGING SPACE TECHNOLOGY TO MINING – BIOSENSORS FOR HEALTH MONITORING IN REAL TIME AS A MODERN MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Nowadays, mining industry is striving to be regarded as a modern and highly-technological field with no negative connotation to its name. The human factor is constantly increasing in significance, making mining industry more people oriented, and more and more efforts are being made to bring modern technologies into service and help create safer work environment. Utilising new types of biosensors provides remote health monitoring of workers in mining industry, thus enabling the real time monitoring of vitals of a person, permitting timely medical care and preventing long-term negative exposures. In this regard, the use of flexible, lightweight and wearable biosensors is seen as very convenient and patient-friendly in work environment without interfering with the daily activities. In this study we present a non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a laser ablation in liquid method.

Synthesis of CuO NRs Using a Double Hydrothermal Method for a Highly Efficient Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

CuO NRs electrodes as nonenzymatic glucose sensors were successfully synthesized using a simple low-cost, high-benefit (double hydrothermal method) on indium tin oxide glass CuO/ITO with different concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy–dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and investigations were used to confirm the nanostructures. XRD patterns of CuO explained all of the peaks may be attributed to CuO’s monoclinic phase. FE-SEM presented nano rod-like shapes with a diameter range of 20–100[Formula: see text]nm and was found to be uniformly and vertically grown on the ITO substrate. Besides, the energy gap of the CuO NRs was expanded to 3.3[Formula: see text]eV, 3.1[Formula: see text]eV and 3[Formula: see text]eV, respectively. CuO NRs displayed the high activity of glucose sensing, with a sensitivity of (5805.7, 7365.7 and 994.8) [Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]Mm[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] with LOD (0.44, 0.4 and 0.35) [Formula: see text]A, respectively. These results indicate that the sensor has a lot of potential for becoming a high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor with a simple, low-cost, and unique sensor design.

Non-enzymatic amperometric glucose sensor based on bimetal-oxide modified carbon fiber ultra-microelectrode

In this study, an efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor is proposed based on a bimetal-oxide-modified carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME). The NiO-CuO/CFME nanocomposite was synthesized by consecutive electro-deposition of CuO and NiO nanoparticles on the CFME. The morphology and structure of NiCuCFME were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). NiCuCFME provides both a large surface area and electrocatalytic properties to improve electrochemical reactivity toward glucose oxidation. The electrocatalytic behavior of the sensing microelectrode is analyzed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric techniques in an alkaline medium. The fabricated glucose microsensor exhibits a linear range from 1.32 μM to 570 μM, a sensitivity of 0.07 mA μM−1 cm−2, and a low limit of detection of 0.40 μM. The NiCuCFME shows long-term stability, good reproducibility, favorable repeatability, excellent selectivity, and satisfactory applicability for glucose detection which is a promising candidate for the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Construction of Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical determination of glucose

Photoelectrodes constructed with photoactive materials are of great significance for the performance of photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors. In this study, a facile and efficacious non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on the Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction was successfully constructed for quantitative determination of glucose concentration. The Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction was generated by first obtaining TiO2 nanofibers via electrostatic spinning and high-temperature calcination, and then synthesizing Cu2O nanoparticles via a one-step hydrothermal reaction. By introducing the narrow band gap semiconductor Cu2O, the defect that pure TiO2 could not absorb visible light was improved, resulting in the improved photoelectrochemical performance of the composite material compared to the single component semiconductor. The sensor exhibited favorable PEC non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance under simulated sunlight irradiation with a wide linear response range from 1 mM to 14 mM (R2 = 0.9991) and a low detection limit of 14.4 μM (S/N = 3), along with good selectivity, stability and reproducibility. This also provided more ideas and possibilities for preparing photoelectrode materials by constructing heterojunctions.

A novel and ultrasensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor in real human blood samples based on facile one-step electrochemical synthesis of nickel hydroxides nanoparticles onto a three-dimensional Inconel 625 foam

A novel and ultrasensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor in real human blood samples based on facile one-step electrochemical synthesis of nickel hydroxides nanoparticles onto a three-dimensional Inconel 625 foam

Effects of nickel–cobalt material properties on glucose catalysis

The development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors becomes even more significant as the number of diabetics worldwide continues to increase. Ni–Co alloy can be fabricated by electrodeposition and used as a catalyst for glucose so that it is a suitable electrode material for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. The results of material analyses reveal that the catalytic performance for glucose is related to the crystallographic structure of Ni–Co alloy. A Ni–Co based non-enzymatic glucose sensor with a majority of hexagonal close packed (hcp) lattice exhibits better catalytic performance and, moreover, the catalysis of glucose is a quasi-reversible redox process, either in film-type or nanowire-type alloy. However, the nanowire-type Ni–Co glucose sensor has a wider sensing range than the film-type sensor. Ni–Co glucose sensor possesses excellent anti-interference without being influenced by the chemicals coexisting with glucose. These results demonstrate the effect of the crystal structure of Ni–Co on glucose catalysis and suggest the electroplating conditions for the preparation of Ni–Co non-enzymatic glucose sensor with good catalytic performance and excellent anti-interference ability.

High-performance nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor based on AgNP-decorated MoS2 microflowers

A facile hydrothermal route was used to synthesize silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-decorated microflower molybdenum disulfide (MoS2-MF) for bio-electrochemical platform fabrication to detect nonenzymatic glucose concentration. The morphologies of the materials were studied by scanning electron microscopy, and their structural characteristics were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the AgNPs/MoS2-MF/PtE biosensor were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The obtained data indicated that the developed nonenzymatic glucose sensor has a large linear response between 1.0 and 15.0 mM, a limit of detection of as low as 1.0 mM, and a sensitivity of 46.5 μA nM−1 cm−2. The biosensor also displayed outstanding selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Additionally, the AgNPs/MoS2-MF/PtE biosensor was utilized to detect glucose concentration in real sample and showed practical application potential for glucose detection.

Cellulose microfluidic pH boosting on copper oxide non-enzymatic glucose sensor strip for neutral pH samples

A cellulose microfluidic pH boosting layer adapts a non-enzymatic copper oxide glucose sensor strip for neutral pH samples. This adaptation allows the non-enzymatic technology to realize in-situ glucose measurements. A three-electrode system is constructed to test samples in a classical electrochemical cell, and in a sensing strip to test the microfluidic system. The system consists of copper oxide as working electrode, and silver and carbon paints as reference, and counter electrodes, respectively. The fabrication of the pH-boosting layer is made with natural cellulose. Within this layer are NaOH crystals, grown by a drying processes after immersion of cellulose in a concentrated solution of NaOH. The microfluidic layer is placed on top of the sensing electrodes, and while it transports the fluid sample to the sensing electrodes, the fluid dissolves the NaOH crystals, increasing the pH of the sample. This change allows the non-enzymatic mechanism to sense the glucose concentration in the fluid. Our system shows the capability to measure glucose in samples with neutral pH and human blood with a sensitivity of 70 μA/mM cm2, enough to distinguish between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

Ni-Coated Diamond-like Carbon-Modified TiO2 Nanotube Composite Electrode for Electrocatalytic Glucose Oxidation.

In this paper, a Ni and diamond-like carbon (DLC)-modified TiO2 nanotube composite electrode was prepared as a glucose sensor using a combination of an anodizing process, electrodeposition, and magnetron sputtering. The composition and morphology of the electrodes were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray detector, and the electrochemical glucose oxidation performance of the electrodes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results show that the Ni-coated DLC-modified TiO2 electrode has better electrocatalytic oxidation performance for glucose than pure TiO2 and electrodeposited Ni on a TiO2 electrode, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect between Ni and carbon. The glucose test results indicate a good linear correlation in a glucose concentration range of 0.99–22.97 mM, with a sensitivity of 1063.78 μA·mM−1·cm−2 and a detection limit of 0.53 μM. The results suggest that the obtained Ni-DLC/TiO2 electrode has great application potential in the field of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.