Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor Research Articles

Performance comparison of non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor with bimetallic NiMo–MOF and CoMo–MOF

Performance comparison of non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor with bimetallic NiMo–MOF and CoMo–MOF

Cu2O/MXene/rGO Ternary Nanocomposites as Sensing Electrodes for Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors

Cu₂O/MXene/rGO Ternary Nanocomposites as Sensing Electrodes for Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors

Development of Pd@MWCNT-Co3O4 Electrode Sensors Using Cobalt Recovered from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

The rampant use of various types of energy storage devices for different applications poses a great threat to the environment as most of the materials after their usage are not recycled properly. Battery materials that are exposed to the environment without proper recycling or recovery protocol are of more concern. In the present work, the chemical components recovered from spent lithium batteries were processed through suitable methods and were utilized for the fabrication of electrode materials for sensor application. The present work demonstrates a highly sensitive and cost-effective method for fabricating disposable non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on Pd functionalized MWCNT-Co3O4 electrode using cobalt recovered from a spent Li-ion battery. The incorporation of palladium onto the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and further deposition of this composite onto the Co3O4 substrate greatly enhanced the glucose sensing characteristics. The sensing behavior of the Co3O4 electrode and Pd@MWCNT-Co3O4 electrode towards glucose electro-oxidation were compared using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Chrono- amperometric (CA) techniques. A very low detection limit of 0.6 μM was obtained by the Pd@MWCNT-Co3O4 electrode towards glucose sensing. The sensor fabrication process was economical and possessed excellent stability, selectivity and good reproducibility.

Feather-like Gold Nanostructures Anchored onto 3D Mesoporous Laser-Scribed Graphene: A Highly Sensitive Platform for Enzymeless Glucose Electrochemical Detection in Neutral Media.

The authors present a novel sensing platform for a disposable electrochemical, non-enzymatic glucose sensor strip at physiological pH. The sensing material is based on dendritic gold nanostructures (AuNs) resembling feather branches, which are electrodeposited onto a laser-scribed 3D graphene electrode (LSGE). The LSGEs were fabricated via a one-step laser scribing process on a commercially available polyimide sheet. This study investigates several parameters that influence the morphology of the deposited Au nanostructures and the catalytic activity toward glucose electro-oxidation. The electrocatalytic activity of the AuNs-LSGE was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and amperometry and was compared to commercially available carbon electrodes prepared under the same electrodeposition conditions. The sensor demonstrated good stability and high selectivity of the amperometric response in the presence of interfering agents, such as ascorbic acid, when a Nafion membrane was applied over the electrode surface. The proposed sensing strategy offers a wide linear detection range, from 0.5 to 20 mM, which covers normal and elevated levels of glucose in the blood, with a detection limit of 0.21 mM. The AuNs-LSGE platform exhibits great potential for use as a disposable glucose sensor strip for point-of-care applications, including self-monitoring and food management. Its non-enzymatic features reduce dependence on enzymes, making it suitable for practical and cost-effective biosensing solutions.

Cu Aerogels with Sustainable Cu(I)/Cu(II) Redox Cycles for Sensitive Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing.

Developing functional nanomaterials for nonenzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing platforms is vital and challenging from the perspective of pathology and physiology. Accurate identification of active sites and thorough investigation of catalytic mechanisms are critical prerequisites for the design of advanced catalysts for electrochemical sensing. Herein, Cu aerogels are synthesized as a model system for sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensing. The resultant Cu aerogels exhibit good catalytic activity for glucose electrooxidation with high sensitivity and a low detection limit. Significantly, in situ electrochemical investigations and Raman characterizations reveal the catalytic mechanism of Cu-based nonenzymatic glucose sensing. During the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose, Cu(I) is electrochemically oxidized to generate Cu(II), and the resultant Cu(II) is spontaneously reduced back to Cu(I) by glucose, achieving the sustained Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox cycles. This study provides profound insights into the catalytic mechanism for nonenzymatic glucose sensing, which provides great potential guidance for a rational design of advanced catalysts in the future.

Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on 2D Isomorphic Co/Ni-Metal-Organic Frameworks for Glucose Detection.

Two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) crystalline materials possess promising potential in the electrochemical sensing process owing to their tunable structures, high specific surface area, and abundant metal active sites; however, developing MOF-based nonenzymatic glucose (Glu) sensors which combine electrochemical activity and environmental stability remains a challenge. Herein, utilizing the tripodic nitrogen-bridged 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl) benzene (TIB) linker, Co2+ and Ni2+, two 2D isomorphic crystalline materials, including Co/Ni-MOF {[Co (TIB)]·2BF4} (CTGU-31) and {[Ni(TIB)]·2NO3} (CTGU-32), with a binodal (3, 6)-connected kgd topological net were firstly synthesized and fabricated with conducting acetylene black (AB). When modified on a glassy carbon electrode, the optimized AB/CTGU-32 (1:1) electrocatalyst demonstrated a higher sensitivity of 2.198 μA μM-1 cm-2, a wider linear range from 10 to 4000 μM, and a lower detection limit (LOD) value (0.09 μM, S/N = 3) compared to previously MOF-based Glu sensors. Moreover, AB/CTGU-32 (1:1) exhibited desirable stability for at least 2000 s during the electrochemical process. The work indicates that MOF-based electrocatalysts are a promising candidate for monitoring Glu and demonstrate their potential for preliminary screening for diabetes.

Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Composites for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensors.

In recent years, with pressing needs such as diabetes management, the detection of glucose in various substrates has attracted unprecedented interest from researchers in academia and industry. As a relatively new glucose sensor, non-enzymatic target detection has the characteristics of high sensitivity, good stability and simple manufacturing process. However, it is urgent to explore novel materials with low cost, high stability and excellent performance to modify electrodes. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites have the advantages of large surface area, high porosity and high catalytic efficiency, which can be utilized as excellent materials for electrode modification of non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. However, MOFs and their composites still face various challenges and difficulties that limit their further commercialization. This review introduces the applications and the challenges of MOFs and their composites in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Finally, an outlook on the development of MOFs and their composites is also presented.

Focus Review on Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose for Health Applications.

Diabetes management can be considered the first paradigm of modern personalized medicine. An overview of the most relevant advancements in glucose sensing achieved in the last 5 years is presented. In particular, devices exploiting both consolidated and innovative electrochemical sensing strategies, based on nanomaterials, have been described, taking into account their performances, advantages and limitations, when applied for the glucose analysis in blood and serum samples, urine, as well as in less conventional biological fluids. The routine measurement is still largely based on the finger-pricking method, which is usually considered unpleasant. In alternative, glucose continuous monitoring relies on electrochemical sensing in the interstitial fluid, using implanted electrodes. Due to the invasive nature of such devices, further investigations have been carried out in order to develop less invasive sensors that can operate in sweat, tears or wound exudates. Thanks to their unique features, nanomaterials have been successfully applied for the development of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which are compliant with the specific needs of the most advanced applications, such as flexible and deformable systems capable of conforming to skin or eyes, in order to produce reliable medical devices operating at the point of care.

Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors of ZnO Nanorods Modified by Au Nanoparticles

In the article, the non-enzymatic glucose sensor Au nanoparticles (NPs) adsorbed on ZnO nanorods (NRs) was synthesized onto glass substrate by the hydrothermal method, and Au NPs were deposited on the surface of ZnO NRs via DC sputter system. The morphologies and crystal structures of ZnO and Au/ZnO NRs were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Au NPs adsorbed on the ZnO NR (Au/ZnO) electrode exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity for glucose detection. Under an applied bias of 0.2V, the sensitivity of ZnO and Au/ZnO NRs electrodes were 63.4 and 182.96 μA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ∙mM for linear range at 0 to 8 mM. In the interference detective section, the electrodes of ZnO and Au/ZnO NRs exhibited excellent selectivity for glucose detection when the test solutions contain various interfering species, such as ascorbic acid and uric acid. It is demonstrated that the non-enzymatic glucose sensor of the Au/ZnO NR electrode is suitable for glucose detection in human blood samples.

Nickel Oxy-Hydroxy/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Film Coupled with a 3D-Printed Device as a Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor.

A rapid and simple method for the amperometric determination of glucose using a nanocomposite film of nickel oxyhydroxide and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) was evaluated. The NiHCF)/MWCNT electrode film was fabricated using the liquid-liquid interface method, and it was used as a precursor for the electrochemical synthesis of nickel oxy-hydroxy (Ni(OH)2/NiOOH/MWCNT). The interaction between nickel oxy-hydroxy and the MWCNTs provided a film that is stable over the electrode surface, with high surface area and excellent conductivity. The nanocomposite presented an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose in an alkaline medium. The sensitivity of the sensor was found to be 0.0561 μA μmol L-1, and a linear range from 0.1 to 150 μmol L-1 was obtained, with a good limit of detection (0.030 μmol L-1). The electrode exhibits a fast response (150 injections h-1) and a sensitive catalytic performance, which may be due to the high conductivity of MWCNT and the increased active surface area of the electrode. Additionally, a minimal difference in the slopes for ascending (0.0561 µA µmol L-1) and descending (0.0531 µA µmol L-1) was observed. Moreover, the sensor was applied to the detection of glucose in artificial plasma blood samples, achieving values of 89 to 98% of recovery.

Non-enzymatic glucose sensors composed of NFS-CuO/Ag/SiNPs based composite material with high performance

Diabetes management is a challenging task and accurate glucose sensing remains a crucial yet elusive goal. Herein, we demonstrated the capacity of electrochemically-active non-enzymatic glucose sensing of nanoporous CuO/Ag and nanoflower shaped-CuO/Ag/SiNPs (NFS-CuO/Ag/SiNPs) in an alkaline environment. The crystalline structure and the surface morphology of these nanoporous CuO/Ag, and NFS-CuO/Ag/SiNPs-based composite materials were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron spectra (XPS), Raman Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The electro-catalytic characteristics of the fabricated electrode materials for glucose electro-oxidation in alkaline circumstances were examined using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry methods. The non-enzymatic glucose sensors (NEGS) composed of CuO/Ag and NFS-CuO/Ag/SiNPs nanoporous composite materials exhibited a remarkable performance for glucose sensing with a wide linear range of 0.001 to 10 mM and 0.1 to 2.5 µM, an ultrahigh sensitivity of 4877.6 μA mM−1 cm−2, and a low detection limit (0.1 μM). The designed electrodes responded positively to the addition of glucose electro-oxidation and reached steady-state within 0.4 s with reproducibility (above 3000 cycles). The diffusion rate constant for NFS-CuO/Ag/SiNPs-based sensor is 0.6 cm/s. The nanoporous composite materials are cost-effective and possess improved sensitivity, selectivity, and response time, thus making them suitable for the fabrication of glucometers. The use of such materials will be beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycemia, as well as for the development of implantable glucose sensors and wearable sensors.

Copper decorated polyaniline nanowires: A tow-step electrochemical synthesis and a development of a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor

In this work, a nanostructured electrode material based on copper metal decorated polyaniline nanowires (PANi NWs@Cu) was directly fabricated on a Pt (Pt/PANi NWs@Cu) microelectrode using a novel and effective two-step electrochemical procedure. Herein, the polyaniline nanowires were firstly electropolymerized on the Pt microelectrode using a cyclic voltammetry method, and the copper metal coated onto the polyaniline nanowires were fabricated via a chronoamperometry deposition to form the PANi NWs@Cu with an average diameter of 85 nm. The electrocatalytic activity showed that the as-synthesized PANi NWs@Cu can directly oxidize glucose in alkaline medium, which suggested that the PANi NWs@Cu can be applied as an artificial enzyme for development of a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. Obtained results exhibits that the Pt/PANi NWs@Cu has the ability to directly detect glucose with a rapid response, high selectivity, good repeatability, excellent stability with a wide linear range of glucose concentration from 0.5 mM to 50.0 mM and a low detection limit of 94 μM. The developed Pt/PANi NWs@Cu-based electrochemical sensor also shows the ability to directly detect glucose in a 5% glucose intravenous infusion sample with an error of 1.21% from a labelled value.

High-performance catalytic electrode for glucose sensor fabricated by one-step selective oxidation of brass compositions

In this study, three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes were synthesized by one-step electrochemical anodizing of the brass. Composites based on different oxides/hydroxides including ZnO, Cu2O, Cu(OH)2, and CuO are selectively prepared by potential modulation for the first time. With the increase of potential, the nano-oxide transforms from granular morphology into uniformly distributed nanosheet clusters, and the size of the nano-sheet decreases gradually with the increase of potential, finally, the double-layer nanosheet structure is formed. Attributed to the finely regulated composition and nanostructure, high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor electrodes are developed, which can exhibit prominent sensitivity for glucose catalytic up to 2817 μA·mM−1·cm−2 with a response time within 3 s and outstanding selectivity. This pioneering work not only offers a promising strategy for the rational construction of high-performance glucose catalytic nanostructured electrodes, but also provides a fresh pathway for the selective oxidation of alloys to form functional materials that meet practical needs.

Carbon nanomaterials and their composites for electrochemical glucose biosensors: A review on fabrication and sensing properties

BackgroundWith the increasing prevalence of diabetes that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, nerve degeneration, eye damage, lower extremity amputations and birth defects, the demand for highly efficient glucose sensors has attracted significant attention worldwide. In this regard, carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical glucose sensors have shown great potential in the detection and monitoring of glucose. MethodsDifferent forms of carbon such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanofibers, activated and amorphous carbon, carbon spheres, carbon nanoparticles, carbon quantum dots, carbon nanorods, carbon nanocages etc. and their hybrids have been extensively researched for highly efficient glucose sensors due to their large surface area, porosity, lightweight, thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, ease of fabrication, high electrical conductivity, excellent catalytic properties and fast electron transfer kinetics. Significant findingsDue to their large surface area and tunable porosity, carbon nanomaterials have been used as a scaffold for the immobilization of large quantities of bioreceptor units such as enzymes and highly catalytic metal or metal oxide nanostructures, which can enhance the electroanalytical properties of the biosensor. In this review paper, the fabrication and electroanalytical properties of carbon nanomaterials based enzymatic and nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors have been reviewed and their sensing mechanisms are discussed.

Single-preparation rGO/Cu–Cu2O nanocomposite-modified electrode integrating NaOH immobilized polymer blend film for one-step nonenzymatic glucose detection

Nowadays, a one-step nonenzymatic glucose sensor with a portable detector system is still required for food quality control and food safety monitoring. This paper introduces a one-step nonenzymatic glucose sensor using a sodium hydroxide/polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene oxide (NaOH/PVA/PEO) blend film integrating a reduced graphene oxide composited with a copper-based-nanoparticle (rGO/Cu–Cu2O)-modified electrode. The NaOH/PVA/PEO blend film facilitated direct measurements of real samples without sample preparation and pretreatment. A single-step preparation of the rGO/Cu–Cu2O nanocomposite-modified electrode was easily performed by electrodeposition via amperometry. The rGO/Cu–Cu2O deposited on the electrode surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, confocal microscopy, and electrochemical characterization. The analytical performance of the proposed rGO/Cu–Cu2O-modified electrode was also compared with the CuO/rGO-modified electrode using commercial CuO nanoparticles. The glucose measurements were achieved by singly dropping glucose on the sample inlet well and detecting with amperometry using a small portable potentiostat connecting to a PStouch app with an overall analysis time of 180 s after sample loading. Linearity was observed in the range of 0.01–7 mM with a limit of detection of 0.06 μM. The proposed sensor with high storage stability (up to 56 days) was directly applied to measure the glucose levels in beverages, demonstrating promising results corresponding to the labeled values of the beverage products. Eventually, the proposed sensor is an alternative tool for one-step nonenzymatic glucose measurements to precisely control the glucose content in foods and beverages.

RGO decorated N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres onto activated carbon cloth for high-performance non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection

This paper reports the first effective fabrication of a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on activated carbon cloth (ACC) coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) decorated N-doped urchin-like nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) hollow microspheres. Hierarchically mesoporous N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres were synthesized using a facile solvothermal method, followed by thermal treatment in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Subsequently, they were hydrothermally decorated with RGO nanoflakes. The resulting composite was dip-coated onto ACC, and its electrochemical and glucose sensing performances were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometric measurements in a three-electrode system. The composite electrode sensor demonstrates admirable sensitivity (6122 μM mM−1 cm−2) with an ultralow detection limit (5 nM, S/N = 3), and it performs well within a substantial linear range (0.5–1.450 mM). Additionally, it exhibits good long-term response stability and outstanding anti-interference performance. These outstanding results can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the highly electrically conductive ACC with multiple channels, the enhanced catalytic activity of highly porous N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres, and the large electroactive sites provided by its well-developed hierarchical nanostructure and RGO nanoflakes. The findings highlight the enormous potential of the ACC/N-doped NiCo2O4@RGO electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing.

Catalytic manipulation of Ni nanostructures-immobilized CNTs via nitrogen coupling for robust water electrolysis and effective glucose detection

The development of a novel multifunctional high-performance electrocatalyst is a critical requirement for electrochemical applications. This study reports an effective engineering approach to enhance multi-integrated active sites of nickel (Ni) catalysts through the coupling of nitrogen (N) atoms to trigger surface-functionalized Ni nanoparticles that are well dispersed over a structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Excitingly, the N-doped Ni@CNTs material possesses good catalytic features with a required overpotential (η) of ∼133.8 mV to achieve 50 mA/cm2 toward hydrogen evolution reaction and ∼330 mV to achieve 100 mA/cm2 toward oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 M KOH. To assess overall water splitting practicability, an electrolyzer device derived from the N-doped Ni@CNTs(+,−) is fabricated and shows an operation voltage of only ∼1.62 V at 10 mA/cm2 together with a prospective stability that is superior to Pt/C(−)//RuO2(+). Furthermore, the non-enzymatic glucose sensor derived from the N-doped Ni@CNTs electrode displays high sensitivity of 5.2 μA/mM/cm2, wide linear range of (0.01–3.7) mM, low detection limit of ∼17.4 μM (S/N = 3), excellent selectivity, and long-term stability. Our study suggests that the developed N-doped Ni@CNTs are favorable catalyst for practical water electrolysis to produce green hydrogen and for non-enzymatic glucose sensor application.

(Invited) Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Fabricated By Ni-Nanowires Decorated Graphene Gated FETs

In this study, an innovative non-invasive glucose sensor made of nickel nanowire-decorated graphene-gated field-effect transistors is demonstrated. Due to the redox reaction between nickel nanowires and glucose molecules, electron exchange occurs when Ni(III) reacts with glucose to form Ni(II) and gluconolactone. Changes in electron concentration are amplified by transistors at the bottom, improving detection sensitivity. In this study, the electrical properties of glucose sensor fabricated from nickel nanowire/graphene/gold surfaces was studied. Since the CVD-grown graphene film has excellent electrical conductivity, the electrons generated by the redox reaction can be quickly and evenly dispersed. The results show that the glucose sensor with graphene film has good current stability, low detection limit and good linear relationship between current and concentration. The demonstrated nickel wire-decorated graphene-gated FET biosensor can be used for the quantification of glucose with a linear range of 10-50 mM and a detection limit of 51nM.

Analysing the bifunctional ability of CuO/BiOBr/rGO as an electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensor and supercapacitor

Diabetes is a serious medical disease that involves regular blood glucose monitoring. There is a huge demand for cost-effective glucose sensors that can rapidly and accurately measure blood glucose levels. To meet this demand, nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors have been developed for clinical research and are of significant interest. A CuO/rGO/BiOBr (CRB) composite was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. Electrochemical studies were conducted on the as-prepared composite to evaluate its suitability for sensing and energy storage applications. In this study, the sensing ability of the composites was examined at various molar concentrations of glucose. Thus, the synthesized composite exhibited a high sensitivity and excellent selectivity for glucose sensing. In addition, the CV, GCD and EIS findings indicate that the electrode is a suitable candidate for supercapacitor application. The synergetic effect of the materials makes the composite well-suited for dual applications.

MOFs-derived core-shell structured NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs for non-enzymatic glucose detection

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit many structural advantages, such as large specific surface area and abundant active sites, which make them promising candidates as electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. In this work, using MOFs as templates, MOFs derived Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were in-situ synthesized on the surface of NiCo2O4 nanowires (NWs), forming a self-supporting electrode based on nickel foam (NF), which was directly used for the detection of glucose. Because of the presence of MOFs derivatives and self-supporting structures, NF/NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs electrode exhibits good structural stability and high conductivity, which ensure the excellent electrocatalytic performance. The NF/NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs electrode shows prominent electrocatalytic performance toward glucose with a wide testing range (0.001–1.7 mmol/L), high sensitivity (8163.2 μA cm−2 mM−1), fast response time (within 1 s), high anti-interference ability and long-term stability. Further, the electrode was used to test different glucose levels in live mouse serum samples, showing acceptable reliability and high accuracy comparing with blood glucose meter test (medical test method). Thus, NF/NiCo2O4NWs@Co3O4NPs electrode with self-supporting core-shell nanostructure will be a promising candidate applied in non-enzymatic glucose sensors.