Noise Matching Research Articles

Mathematical Modeling of Refraction Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation at Stochastic Gravitational Field

Numerical-analytical modeling is used for estimation of gravitational noise influence on propagation of electromagnetic radiation at gravitational field of a group of astrophysical objects. The method bases on numerical integrate of system of light differential equations in the Euler’s form, added differential equations for calculation of statistic moments of side fluctuations of light at a picture plane of observer. The influence of gravitation was taken into account by introducing of the effective refraction index of vacuum, expressed through a gravitational potential. Visions about spatial correlation function of inhomogeneities of effective refraction index of vacuum are used as model. Calculating of gravitation effects of group astrophysical objects are performed under assumption additive contribution of field of every objects in general gravitational field. Modeling of the refraction characteristics of electromagnetic radiation is performed for a various configurations of gravitation field. Results of calculating are shown at a picture plane of observer. The blurring effects of gravitational lensing are investigated at dependence from position of localized area of gravitational noise and astrophysical objects. It’s showed that for case of single-component gravitational field full coverage of object by area of gravitational noise match maximum blurring of lensing effect. The features of gravitational focusing are determined at dependence from position of area noise for asymmetrical twocomponent gravitational field, where one of objects coverage by area of gravitational noise. Offered tool of modeling can be used for both investigation of gravitational lensing of multi-component gravitational field in presence variety of limited area of gravitational noise and under conditions uniform spatial distribution of stochastic gravitational inhomogeneities. Also it can use for recovering of gravitational potentials of non-radiating (hidden) objects by characteristics of received electromagnetic radiation of remote space sources.

GaN low noise amplifier MMIC with LPF and HPF noise matching

In this paper, we introduce two innovative two-stage low noise amplifiers (LNAs), each with distinct noise-matching networks. The first LNA features a low pass filter (LPF) for noise-matching in both stages, while the second uses a high pass filter (HPF) in a similar capacity. Our research focuses on evaluating the performance differences that arise from using varied matching networks within specific frequency ranges. Highlighting the critical role of appropriate network selection for optimizing gain and noise performance, our approach includes the development of two Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) using cutting-edge 0.25μm Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology. The C-band LNA, targeting a frequency range of 4–6 GHz, achieves an impressive average noise fig. (NF) of 1.5 dB and a gain of 17 dB. For the X-band range of 8–10 GHz, the LNA records a commendable average NF of 1.7 dB and a gain of 16 dB, demonstrating the effectiveness of our novel design strategies.

The Size–Linewidth Relation and Signatures of Feedback from Quiescent to Active Star Forming Regions in the LMC

To investigate the effects of stellar feedback on the gravitational state of giant molecular clouds (GMCs), we study 12CO and 13CO Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array maps of nine GMCs distributed throughout the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), the nearest star-forming galaxy to our own. We perform noise and resolution matching on the sample, working at a common resolution of 3.″5 (0.85 pc at the LMC distance of 50 kpc), and we use the Spectral Clustering for Molecular Emission Segmentation clustering algorithm to identify discrete substructure, or “clumps.” We supplement these data with three tracers of recent star formation: 8 μm surface brightness, continuum-subtracted Hα flux, and interstellar radiation field energy density inferred from dust emission. The 12CO clumps identified cover a range of 3.6 dex in luminosity-based mass and 2.4 dex in average 8 μm surface brightness, representative of the wide range of conditions of the interstellar medium in the LMC. Our observations suggest evidence for increased turbulence in these clouds. While the turbulent linewidths are correlated with clump surface density, in agreement with previous observations, we find even better correlation with the three star formation activity tracers considered, suggesting stellar energy injection plays a significant role in the dynamical state of the clumps. The excess linewidths we measure do not appear to result from opacity broadening. 12CO clumps are found to be typically less gravitationally bound than 13CO clumps, with some evidence of the kinetic-to-gravitational potential energy ratio increasing with star formation tracers. Further multiline analysis may better constrain the assumptions made in these calculations.

Phase noise matching in resonant metasurfaces forintrinsic sensing stability.

Interferometry offers a precise means of interrogating resonances in dielectric and plasmonic metasurfaces, surpassing spectrometer-imposed resolution limits. However, interferometry implementations often face complexity or instability issues due to heightened sensitivity. Here, we address the necessity for noise compensation and tolerance by harnessing the inherent capabilities of photonic resonances. Our proposed solution, termed "resonant phase noise matching," employs optical referencing to align the phases of equally sensitive, orthogonal components of the same mode. This effectively mitigates drift and noise, facilitating the detection of subtle phase changes induced by a target analyte through spatially selective surface functionalization. Validation of this strategy using Fano resonances in a 2D photonic crystal slab showcases noteworthy phase stability (). With demonstrated label-free detection of low-molecular-weight proteins at clinically relevant concentrations, resonant phase noise matching presents itself as a potentially valuable strategy for advancing scalable, high-performance sensing technology beyond traditional laboratory settings.

Design of Multiple Feedback-Based Low-Noise Amplifier With Improved Broadband Simultaneous Noise and Impedance Matching Technique

Design of Multiple Feedback-Based Low-Noise Amplifier With Improved Broadband Simultaneous Noise and Impedance Matching Technique

A S-band switchless bi-directional transceiver with a 52% fractional bandwidth in CMOS technology

This paper presents a bi-directional switchless wideband transceiver front-end for S-band multi-functional digital array system. In an S-band digital array system, a silicon-based RF front-end module requires a high integration level, compact size, large bandwidth, and low power consumption features. A bi-directional switchless transceiver could provide a compact solution. However, the shared RF matching network in such a transceiver is crucial due to its influence on Rx sensitivity, Tx output power, TRx isolation, and bandwidth. This work proposes a compact π matching network for simultaneous broadband Rx noise matching, Tx power matching, and TRx isolation. Also, a double quadrature down-conversion architecture is proposed to improve image signal rejection in the whole S-band. Therefore, false detection in the S-band digital array can be avoided. Fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS technology, this S-band transceiver occupies a silicon area of 3.2 × 2 mm2. In the Rx mode, the measured gain is 20.7–28 dB in 2–4 GHz at 25 °C. The RX noise figure is 9.5–11.5 dB, and the input 1-dB compression point is -11 dBm. In the Tx mode, the gain is 16.5–19.6 dB in 2–4 GHz at 25 °C, and Psat is 10.2 dBm. The RX bandwidth is 2–3.4 GHz, while that of Tx is 2–4 GHz. The corresponding fractional bandwidth is 52% and 67%, respectively. Furthermore, this transceiver shows an image rejection ratio of 28.9–41.4 dB suppression at the operation frequency band.

Abduction and Deduction in Dynamical Cognitive Science.

This paper reviews the recent history of a subset of research in dynamical cognitive science, in particular that subset that allies itself with the sciences of complexity and casts cognitive systems as interaction dominant, noncomputational, and nonmodular. I look at this history in the light of C.S. Peirce's understanding of scientific reasoning as progressing from abduction to deduction to induction. In particular, I examine the development of a controversy concerning the use of the interaction dominance of human cognitive systems as an explanation of the ubiquitous 1/f noise, multifractality, and complexity matching in human behavior.

Semantic similarity metrics for image registration.

Image registration aims to find geometric transformations that align images. Most algorithmic and deep learning-based methods solve the registration problem by minimizing a loss function, consisting of a similarity metric comparing the aligned images, and a regularization term ensuring smoothness of the transformation. Existing similarity metrics like Euclidean Distance or Normalized Cross-Correlation focus on aligning pixel intensity values or correlations, giving difficulties with low intensity contrast, noise, and ambiguous matching. We propose a semantic similarity metric for image registration, focusing on aligning image areas based on semantic correspondence instead. Our approach learns dataset-specific features that drive the optimization of a learning-based registration model. We train both an unsupervised approach extracting features with an auto-encoder, and a semi-supervised approach using supplemental segmentation data. We validate the semantic similarity metric using both deep-learning-based and algorithmic image registration methods. Compared to existing methods across four different image modalities and applications, the method achieves consistently high registration accuracy and smooth transformation fields.

Bulk CMOS Low Noise Amplifier With Two Stage HPF Noise Matching Structure

In this study, a two-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA) was developed in which the noise-matching network of a high-pass filter (HPF) structure is applied to both stages. As the HPF noise matching network is used in both stages, the noise figure of the proposed LNA can be reduced compared to that of the conventional LNA. In particular, the noise figure is improved in the high-frequency region. To verify this development, a two-stage common-source LNA was implemented using 0.18-lm bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. The fabricated LNA achieved an average noise figure of 2.6 dB (minimum noise figure of 2.23 dB at 3.95 GHz) and a peak gain of 14.19 dB. In addition, the LNA has an input 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) of.12 dBm and a third-order input intercept point (IIP3) of +2.0 dBm at 3.5 GHz, consumes 16 mA with a 0.9 V supply, and has an area of 0.7 mm2.

A 30–50-GHz Ultralow-Power Low-Noise Amplifier With Second-Stage Current-Reuse for Radio Astronomical Receivers in 90-nm CMOS Process

A Q-band (30–50 GHz) ultralow-power low-noise amplifier (LNA) for radio astronomical receivers in 90-nm CMOS technology is presented in this letter. A common source stage with source degeneration is utilized for simultaneous noise and impedance matching. To achieve high gain and low power consumption, the current-reused technique is adopted in this work. According to measurement, the proposed Q-band LNA achieves a 20.5-dB small signal gain with 26-GHz 3-dB bandwidth (25.5–51.5 GHz) and the lowest in-band noise figure (NF) of 4.2-dB noise. The LNA consumes only 10.1 mW with a compact chip area of 0.6 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 1 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> . Although this LNA is fabricated in 90-nm CMOS process, it achieves the state-of-the-art figure of merit (FOM) compared to other advanced CMOS processes.

A 9-to-42-GHz High-Gain Low-Noise Amplifier Using Coupled Interstage Feedback in 0.15-μm GaAs pHEMT Technology

This article presents a 3-stage millimeter-wave low-noise amplifier (LNA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) design for broadband applications. The proposed structure consists of cascading common-source (CS) LNA with coupled interstage feedback (CIF) paths at the second and third stages. By tuning the coupling factor and the inductance of the CIF, enhanced overall gain and extended working bandwidth can be achieved simultaneously. The proposed CIF formed by a simple on-chip edge-coupled parallel metal-lines features small size and high flexibility. To facilitate circuit design and optimization, an equivalent circuit for the proposed CIF structure is developed. Besides, to address the trade-off between impedance matching and noise performance, a noise matching strategy focusing more on higher frequencies is presented to achieve good noise performance. With the proposed techniques, an LNA prototype is demonstrated in a commercial 0.15- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GaAs E-mode pHEMT process. The fabricated LNA has a die size of 1.15 mm2 and DC power consumption of 109 mW. The measurement results show a peak gain of 25.6 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 9~42 GHz, the minimal noise figure (NF) of 1.91 dB, a group delay of 68.7± 20.5 ps, and 20.8 dBm best OIP3 under 2.0-V VDD.

Over-the-Air Noise Figure Characterization of mm-Wave Active Integrated Antennas Using a Reverberation Chamber

Active integrated antennas (AIAs) are used in low-noise receivers for their good noise performance compared with their nonintegrated counterparts. However, it is challenging to accurately determine one of these antennas’ most important characteristics: the noise figure (NF). To overcome the dependencies of the existing methods, we show a new method that can estimate the NF of a wireless system over-the-air (OTA), using a reverberation chamber (RC). Using the RC, we could create a consistent and repeatable measurement environment. Since this method characterizes the NF of the total system, it also includes factors such as noise matching. An extensive uncertainty analysis shows that the NF can be determined within only 0.7 dB expanded uncertainty in the frequency range from 21 to 29 GHz.

Analysis and design of a 10–20 GHz simultaneous noise and input matching low‐noise amplifier via frequency‐dependent negative feedbacks

This letter presents a novel method to implement a 10–20 GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) with simultaneous noise and input matching performance. That is, the Mille effect caused by the gate-drain parasitic capacitance Cgd is eliminated by converting the succeeding-stage impedance into the required load using frequency-dependent negative feedbacks and a π-type network. The corresponding analytical equation is also derived for the first time. To verify the feasibility, the circuit is fabricated via a 0.15-μm GaAs p-HEMT process with a compact size of 0.9×1.9 mm2. The measured results show that the proposed LNA features a peak gain of 26.1 dB, a minimum noise figure of 1.08 dB, and an input return loss of less than −15.8 dB.

A 28-/39-GHz Dual-Band CMOS LNA With Shunt-Series Transformer Feedback

This letter presents a concurrent dual-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) operating at 28 and 39 GHz for multiband 5G wireless systems. In order to achieve a wideband input power matching, the LNA adopts a shunt-series feedback structure. Detailed noise analysis of the shunt-series transformer feedback LNA is proposed to guide the noise-optimized design, and a modified input network is proposed to improve the noise matching. The modified method also enhances the transconductance of the input stage, thus suppressing the noise of the subsequent circuit and obtaining a better overall noise figure (NF). Based on this input structure, a dual-band LNA with excellent NF is designed in a 65-nm complimentary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process. This dual-band LNA achieves 18.1/18.4-dB gain and 3.1/3.8-dB NF at 28/39 GHz, consuming 10.2 mW from a 1.0-V power supply.

A 0.15μ Vrms Super-Sensitivity Photoacoustic Imager Based on Coherent Detection for Deep in-Vivo Imaging

Among various multi-wave imaging methods, the photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has attracted more attention because it can achieve higher resolution and contrast through combining advantages of light excitation and ultrasound detection. However, due to low restricted laser fluence, large scattering and attenuation in tissue, and low energy conversion efficiency, high sensitivity is still imperative in the receiver to read out PA signals. A new photoacoustic receiver with mixed-signal coherent detection technique is developed and fabricated for the first time. Co-working with the early-late acquisition and tracking technique, the receiver can lock into the weak PA signal automatically. For the receiver system on chip (SoC), a high performance analog front-end (AFE) with a low noise amplifier (LNA), low-pass filter (LPF), programmable-gain amplifier (PGA), multiplier, successive-approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are implemented on chip. Noise shaping (NS) technique is implemented in the SAR ADC to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Measurement results show that, the LNA achieves 0.23mPa√(mW/Hz) noise efficiency factor (NEF) with the aid of resonant noise matching (RNM) technique, and the NS-SAR ADC can obtain 62.2dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) in 10MHz bandwidth under 100MS/s sampling rate. The single channel receiver can achieve 138dB dynamic range and 0.15μVrms sensitivity. The output SNR can be improved by about 6dB after enabling the 4 channels. The power consumption of a single channel is 28.8mW. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the images at 1cm depth is 44dB.

Theory of Broadband Noise Matching for HF/VHF Receivers With Electrically Small Antennas

Theory of Broadband Noise Matching for HF/VHF Receivers With Electrically Small Antennas

Comparing weak lensing peak counts in baryonic correction models to hydrodynamical simulations

ABSTRACT Next-generation weak lensing (WL) surveys, such as by the Vera Rubin Observatory, the Roman Space Telescope, and the Euclid space mission, will supply vast amounts of data probing small, highly non-linear scales. Extracting information from these scales requires higher-order statistics and the controlling of related systematics such as baryonic effects. To account for baryonic effects in cosmological analyses at reduced computational cost, semi-analytic baryonic correction models (BCMs) have been proposed. Here, we study the accuracy of a particular BCM (the A20-BCM) for WL peak counts, a well-studied, simple, and effective higher-order statistic. We compare WL peak counts generated from the full hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG and a baryon-corrected version of the corresponding dark matter-only simulation IllustrisTNG-Dark. We apply galaxy shape noise matching depths reached by DES, KiDS, HSC, LSST, Roman, and Euclid. We find that peak counts from the A20-BCM are (i) accurate at per cent level for peaks with S/N &amp;lt; 4, (ii) statistically indistinguishable from IllustrisTNG in most current and ongoing surveys, but (iii) insufficient for deep future surveys covering the largest solid angles, such as LSST and Euclid. We find that the BCM matches individual peaks accurately, but underpredicts the amplitude of the highest peaks. We conclude that the A20-BCM is a viable substitute for full hydrodynamical simulations in cosmological parameter estimation from beyond-Gaussian statistics for ongoing and future surveys with modest solid angles. For the largest surveys, the A20-BCM must be refined to provide a more accurate match, especially to the highest peaks.

C-Band GaN Dual-Feedback Low-Noise Amplifier MMIC with High-Input Power Robustness

In this paper, using the 0.2 μm ETRI GaN HEMT process, we developed a C-band GaN dual-feedback low-noise amplifier MMIC for an RF receiver module that requires high-input power robustness. By applying a feedback microstrip line at the source of the transistor and series resistor-capacitor (RC) feedback between the gate and the drain of the transistor, we obtained stable amplifier operation and a compromised impedance trace for both input impedance matching and noise matching while suppressing performance degradation of the maximum available gain and minimum noise figure. The developed low-noise amplifier MMIC, which implements simple matching circuits by using biasing elements as matching elements, had a linear gain of more than 21.4 dB and a noise figure of less than 1.91 dB in the wide bandwidth of 4.3–7.4 GHz. Under the single-tone power test, the low-noise amplifier MMIC had an output P1dB of 14.3–20.1 dBm, and the two-tone intermodulation distortion measurement exhibited an input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of 2.2–5.6 dBm in the same frequency range as the above.

A 23–31 GHz high‐gain GaN low‐noise amplifier using T‐type matching networks and multiple feedback techniques for broadband 5G millimeter‐wave applications

AbstractA 23–31 GHz three‐stage low‐noise amplifier (LNA) based on 100 nm gallium nitride‐on‐Si technology is presented with a total circuit size of 2.0 × 1.4 mm2. To achieve an excellent noise figure (NF) and gain, a special inductive dual‐source feedback network is used; it contributes to noise matching and input conjugate matching by resonating with the parasitic gate‐source capacitance of the transistor. T‐type networks with low‐quality factor are carefully employed for broadband matching circuits to extend the bandwidth. Meanwhile, a lossy RLC feedback network of the output stage can further obtain a wider frequency band and improve the stability through Miller approximation analysis of the input quality factor and gain of the closed‐loop system. The proposed LNA achieves a NF of 1.9–2.5 dB, a small signal gain of 24–27 dB, and an output 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 16 dBm across the band.

K 대역 위성통신용 CMOS 저잡음 증폭기 설계

This study entailed the design of a K-band low noise amplifier (LNA) by using the 65-nm bulk CMOS process. In the designed low noise amplifier, a large transistor was used to reduce the size of the lossy gate series inductor, resulting in low noise and high gain. In addition, the source generation and shunt inductors were used at the input stage to enable simultaneous noise and input matching. The LNA had a size of 0.67×0.39 mm2 including RF and DC pads. A peak gain of 19.5 dB and a minimum noise figure of 2.31 dB were achieved. Owing to the design, the input and output return loss was more than 10 dB at 17~23 GHz.