Nitric Acid Research Articles

Electrochemical Conversion of Salinity Gradient Energy by Using Acid Surface Modified Activated Carbon Electrode

Salinity gradient energy is a sustainable, clean, and renewable ocean energy source. In this work, we used citric acid, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid to modify the surface of activated carbon. Based on the electrochemical capacitive mixing technology, a salinity gradient energy extraction device was constructed using acid-modified activated carbon as cathode and MoS2/MWCNTs as anode. Surface modification by different acids improves the performance of activated carbon electrodes for salt gradient energy conversion in the salt difference battery. The modification effect of nitric acid was the most pronounced, the specific capacitance of the modified electrode reaches 156 F g−1, and the concentration response voltage reaches 170 mV, with the assembled energy extraction system obtaining an energy density of 10.65 J m−2, an enhancement of 53.0% compared to the unmodified activated carbon electrode.

Understanding the role of alloying elements Cr, Ni in erosion–corrosion process of nuclear grade austenitic stainless steel 304 L by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

Stainless steel (SS) has gained an indispensable position as one of the most widely used industrial material. In nuclear industry, it is one of the technologically most important structural materials used in pressure tube, containment vessel and reprocessing-related applications. In fact, SS 304 L is the workhorse material of the reprocessing plant which faces the hostile conditions of acid, temperature as well as high radiation dose. These conditions can affect the erosion-corrosion behavior of the material and can lead to poor mechanical properties. This also affects the life of the reactor components. In the present study, a systematic work has been carried out to develop an in-depth understanding of the Corrosion Rates (CRs) with respect to the loss of major and minor elements from SS into the corrosive nitric acid medium using Total reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF). The effect of acid molarity as well as temperature, on the erosion-corrosion behavior of SS304L was studied. The TXRF studies have revealed that the CR was maximum in 2 M HNO3 and minimum in 8 M, showing that as the nitric acid molarity has an important role to play in the corrosion and as the molarity increases, the passivation of SS 304 L also increases. This observation was further corroborated with the concentrations of Fe, Cr and Ni, which had leached into the nitric acid medium. The role of alloying elements, Cr and Ni, in the passivation of SS was also studied. The effect of temperature showed that at 45 °C, the rate of corrosion was minimum, as compared to at 25 °C and 90 °C which reveals that the formation of chromium oxide passive layer was thermodynamically most favorable at this temperature.

Evaluation of Selected Minerals and Health Risk and Proximate Analysis of Wasawasa (A Street Food)

This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition and the potential heavy metal health risk that may be associated with the consumption of wasawasa, a dish made from locally milled yam peels, by examining the presence of six metals (iron, nickel, chromium, sodium, and magnesium and potassium) in samples procured. Sixteen (16) samples of ready-to-eat wasawasa were collected from Aboabo, Manhyia, Sawaba, Asawase, Adenyase, and Ayigya in Kumasi, since these are the communities where wasawasa is mainly produced, sold, and consumed. The samples were digested with a nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acid mixture and analyzed using a microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer (Agilent 4210 MP-AES). The average concentrations of metals were Na (8506.88mg/kg), Mg (222.63mg/kg), Fe (84.45mg/kg), Cr (2.31mg/kg), K (1702.08mg/kg, and Ni (1.12mg/kg). Proximate analysis was used to determine Protein, fat, ash, moisture, and fiber content of the local wasawasa, which were found to be 15.667%, 0.45%, 1.00%, 27.54%, and 0.41%, respectively. The hazard index of the heavy metals (Fe, Ni and Cr) for both adults and children were each greater than one, indicating the population is likely to experience non-carcinogenic effects from the consumption of wasawasa.

Analysis of Metal Fused Filament Fabrication process chain for 316L stainless steel

Metal Fused Filament Fabrication (MFFF) has emerged as a prominent technology in Additive Manufacturing (AM), characterized by its cost-effectiveness, versatility in creating intricate geometries using diverse materials, and widespread availability of AM machines. However, the intricate processes of making filament, printing, debinding, and sintering in MFFF pose unique challenges, with a vast number of parameters influencing each stage. Specialized companies handle these stages for research purposes, yet detailed information on the processes remains limited. The objective of this research is to conduct a meticulous examination of the parameters governing the printing, debinding, and sintering of 316L stainless steel—a material widely employed in various industries. The goal is to provide researchers and manufacturers with a comprehensive understanding, enabling them to achieve high-density metal parts that rival those produced through Selective Laser Melting (SLM). This research employs a systematic approach in producing flawless metal parts through fine-tuning parameters such as printing speed, nozzle diameter, extruder and construction table temperatures, heating rate, nitric acid injection during debinding, and sintering atmosphere and temperature. Despite advancements in MFFF parameters in this study, a comparative analysis with SLM reveals superior mechanical properties and density in SLM-produced parts. Because, the robust bonding facilitated by a powerful energy source (laser) in SLM minimizes porosities, whereas MFFF relies solely on molten filament adherence, potentially leading to small gaps between layers. This research contributes valuable insights for achieving dense, defect-free metal parts through Metal Fused Filament Fabrication (MFFF). It sheds light on the persistent advantages of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) in terms of mechanical performance and density. The comprehensive understanding of parameters provided in this study empowers researchers and manufacturers to optimize MFFF processes for 316L stainless steel, narrowing the gap between the two technologies (MFFF and SLM) and enhancing the competitiveness of MFFF in producing high-quality metal parts.

Pulse-constructed energy–saving PbO2 electrode for copper electrowinning

Energy-saving PbO2 exhibit significant application potential in the non-ferrous metal electrowinning industry. By optimizing the deposition time, heteropolar spacing, nitric acid concentration, pulse current density and pulse frequency, the optimum conditions for deposition of PbO2 electrode were obtained. Meanwhile, the effects of electrodeposition parameters on the electrochemical performance, phase structure and morphology of β-PbO2 were systematically evaluated. The mechanism of action of pulse and direct current deposition was proposed. The simulated copper electrowinning experiment shows that an improved current efficiency (91.6%) was achieved and the low energy consumption (1855.1 kW⋅h/t) for copper production per ton was significantly reduced. Compared with the electrode prepared by direct current deposition, the current efficiency of copper is increased by 4.3% and the energy consumption is reduced by 198.6 kWh/t. Additionally, the PbO2 electrode produced by the optimized pulse deposition process exhibits excellent stability, which service-time is increased by approximately 99.4%. This research offers insights for developing energy-efficient and long-lived electrode materials.

Assessment of certain theoretical modeling for extraction data of uranium ion by loaded SM-7 with TBP using fixed bed column operation

Abstract Theoretical evaluation of experimental extraction data of U (VI) from nitric acid solutions by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) loaded on macro reticular polymer SM-7 was verified using Thomas and Yan models. These data are represented by breakthrough relations at different conditions; flow rate, concentrations and interfering ions. Comparing correlation coefficients (R 2) of both models, it was found that R 2 equal 0.96 for Thomas model comparing to 0.88 for Yan one, indicating that Thomas model is convenient for evaluation of that extraction process. The calculated, theoretically, value of (q Th) was found to be almost equal to (qexp ) the practical one.

Starch-modified nickel ferrite nanoparticles as a magnetic nano-bio adsorbent for the extraction and determination of lead in water and Moringa oleifera samples

In this work, nickel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The surface modification of the prepared nanoparticles was carried out using cross-linked starch as a good stabilizer and biopolymer. The as-prepared nickel ferrite-starch nano-bio composite was characterized using numerous techniques, and introduced as a novel adsorbent. The initial experimental results indicated that the adsorbent has a good capability to extract lead ions (Pb(II)) from aqueous solutions. Hence, the adsorbent was applied for dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction of Pb(II) before flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Some variables affecting the extraction efficiency such as sample volume (250.0mL), pH (6.5), type and eluent concentration (0.3molL1 nitric acid), amount of the adsorbent (200mg), extraction time (15min), and desorption time (15min) were investigated and optimized. Moreover, the adsorption capacity (35.50mgg1), stability and reusability (80 extraction/desorption cycles), and selectivity of the adsorbent towards the analyte were studied. In the optimized conditions, the linear dynamic range of the constructed calibration graph is between 0.5 and 140.0ngmL1. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the method are 0.12 and 0.40ngmL1, respectively. The average intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (for n=6 and 5.0, 50.0 and 100.0ngmL1 Pb(II) concentration) are 2.02% and 3.72%, respectively. To validate the method, the certified reference material NIST SRM 1643e was analyzed, and the method was used for the pre-concentration and determination of lead ions in different sections of Moringa oleifera medicinal plant and several water samples. The acceptable relative recovery values between 98.0 and 102.7% were attained for the spiked samples, approving the ignorable matrix effect of the method.

Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid in Water Using N‐Doped Ti3AlC2 MAX

AbstractHumic acid (HA) is the main precursor of carcinogenic compounds such as trichloromethane, which form during the disinfection of drinking water. Therefore, removing HA from water sources is crucial for producing safe drinking water. This study introduces a novel approach using dilute nitric acid as a nitrogen source to dope pristine Ti3AlC2 (TAC) to varying degrees, enhancing the material‘s photocatalytic degradation performance for HA. Characterisations through X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the surface morphology of the modified catalyst changed from an original blocky lamellar structure to a rod‐like cluster structure, which is advantageous for light trapping. In addition, the incorporation of nitrogen reduced the band gap of the material from 1.25 to 1.15 eV, considerably enhancing its overall light responsiveness and thereby improving its photocatalytic performance. The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of HA by TAC under optimal conditions reached 93.8 %, which is 4.3 times higher than the 21.8 % efficiency achieved using the undoped TAC material. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to N doping, which not only reduces the TiO2 band gap at the TAC surface but also improves the electrochemical behaviour of TAC. This results in enhanced light response and more efficient separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The mechanism for CTAC–Nx photocatalytic degradation of HA was investigated using trapping agent experiments, revealing that the primary active substance responsible for the degradation is O2−.

A char removal protocol to visualize fiber cross‐sections of carbon/epoxy composites subjected to flame

AbstractPost‐crash fires obscure or destroy critical fracture surfaces needed to determine the origin of aircraft structural failures. Our goal is to eliminate combustion residue from carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composites to enable fractographic examination during aviation accident investigations. In this work, combustion residues were removed from burned Hexcel SGP370‐8H/8552 woven‐fabric carbon/epoxy specimens by nitric/sulfuric acid oxidations. Scanning electron microscopy identified various types of char obscuring the fiber ends. For char removal, the burned specimens were immersed in a nitric acid/sulfuric acid/water solution (0.18 wt.%, 96.25 wt.%, 3.57 wt.%) at elevated temperatures (75–150°C). Higher temperatures enhanced nitric acid decomposition in this highly acidic, low‐water environment, accelerating char oxidation and progressively enhancing the extent of char removal. At lower temperatures (T < 100°C), char deposits were partially oxidized after 60 mins. At 125 and 150°C, the char was removed within 30 mins of immersion. The epoxy matrix both chemically decomposed and oxidized and the char oxidized during these oxidation treatments. Gas evolution and soluble products dissolved in the HNO3/H2SO4 media. The damage morphology created by the sawing action on the fiber ends, created before flame exposure, remained clearly visible after the acid oxidations. This occurs because oxidation rates at the carbon fiber ends are much slower than the char oxidation in these acid treatments. If the acid treatment temperature raised above 185°C, then this sawing‐induced fiber damage morphology will also be destroyed. This preliminary understanding can be applied to develop a comprehensive forensic analysis procedure for post‐crash fire investigations.Highlights Flame exposure of sawed specimen cross‐sections leads to char formation, obscuring fiber damage morphologies. HNO3/H2SO4 oxidations at elevated temperatures (75–150°C) resulted in char removal from fiber ends. Higher temperatures (T = 125 and 150°C) accelerated char oxidation. The sawing of carbon/epoxy composites caused extensive fiber damage and ply delamination. Residual decomposed resin matrix and char oxidized faster than the carbon fibers and the fiber sawing‐induced fiber damage morphologies created before flame exposure and were preserved after char removal.

Gamma Radiolysis of n‐Dodecane: Physicochemical Properties and Metal Retention Behavior

AbstractThe gamma radiolytic degradation behavior of n‐dodecane (n‐DD) was investigated under conditions both with and without the presence of nitric acid. The physicochemical property alterations due to radiolysis were quantified and compared against an unirradiated system. Compositional changes in n‐DD post radiolysis was measured, and the degraded n‐DD was characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. The presence of nitric acid was observed to accelerate the radiolytic degradation of n‐DD. The extent of diluent degradation caused by gamma irradiation was assessed through the retention behavior of uranium [U(VI)], plutonium [Pu(IV)], and zirconium [Zr(IV)] in 1.1 M tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) in irradiated diluent. Furthermore, the effectiveness of hydrazine carbonate (HC) as a solvent wash reagent for the removal of diluent degradation products was evaluated.

Kinetic model of thermal decomposition of nitric acid solutions of hydrazine nitrate

The kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of an aqueous solution containing 0.029 mass fractions of hydrazine nitrate and 0.44 mass fractions of nitric acid have been determined: onset temperature and specific thermal effect of exothermic reactions, activation energy, pre-exponential factor, reaction rate and order. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical model of thermal decomposition of nitric acid solutions of hydrazine nitrate has been proposed. It has been found that thermolysis of the solution has a multi-stage nature and can be described by a system of 5 equations of 1st and 2nd order. A comparison of two approaches to creating a mathematical model has been carried out: based on adiabatic calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry data.

On corrosion and passivity of Inconel alloy 625 in HNO3 solution

Exploring the passivity and electrochemical behavior of Inconel alloy 625 in nitric acid solution could open up possibilities for potential applications, either in bulk form or as claddings. Hence, this research investigates corrosion behavior and passivity of Inconel alloy 625 in nitric acid solutions of varying concentrations (0.01–1.00 mol/L) using a range of analytical techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization testing, chronoamperometry measurement, Mott-Schottky (MS) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) approaches, and point defect modeling (PDM). Results demonstrate that corrosion current density does not necessarily decrease with increasing electrolyte concentration (Please check it out). Additionally, the alloy exhibits higher passive film transpassive potentials in more concentrated solutions. Potentiostatic polarization tests reveal an increase in steady-state current densities attributed to the passive films formed in more concentrated solutions. Lower electrolyte concentrations lead to the formation of more intact bilayered passive films. In this context, the formation of passive films is elucidated by examining the generation and annihilation of point defects. The semiconducting behavior of passive layers is further examined through XRD patterns and electrochemical properties. According to PDM, the diffusivity of point defects within the passive films and their respective donor densities can be closely correlated.

Intermolecular naphthylamine cyclization–based synthesis of bandgap-modulated carbon dots for multicolor light-emitting diodes

Owing to their tunable optical properties, N-doped carbon dots (CDs) have a broad scope of optoelectronic applications. However, the difficulty of precisely controlling nitrogen incorporation limits our understanding of its impact on CD electronic structure and emission behavior. To address this gap, N-doped CDs with tunable bandgaps are herein synthesized via the solvothermal carbonization of 1-naphthylamine in the presence of a controlled amount of nitric acid to obtain single-source emitters with two distinct emission wavelengths. The amount of nitric acid determines the extent of nitrogen incorporation through the intermolecular cyclization of 1-naphthylamine and, hence, the proportions of pyrrolic/pyridinic N-heterocycles (red emission, ∼600 nm) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (blue emission, ∼400 nm). For a practical utility demonstration, the prepared N-doped CDs are used to fabricate high-color-purity multicolor light-emitting diodes. By establishing a correlation between nitrogen incorporation modes and photophysical properties, this study paves the way for the rational design of advanced N-doped CDs for next-generation optoelectronic devices.

The effects of chemical treatment parameters on the yield of bamboo fibers extracted

Nitric Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide (NCHP) treatment offers an efficient method for extracting lignocellulosic fibers from bamboo in a single bath. This procedure effectively removes lignin and hemicellulose, facilitating the separation of bamboo fibers while gradually breaking down inter-microfibrils and interlamellar layers in the cell wall. This study focuses on assessing the yield of lignocellulosic fibers extracted under various chemical treatment parameters and characterizing these fibers. Utilizing crushed and air-dried bamboo as raw material, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose content was analyzed. Characterization involved Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, providing insights into the chemical properties of the extracted lignocellulosic fibers. The FTIR spectra revealed the preservation and reinforcement of cellulose functional groups, confirming the effectiveness of the NCHP treatment. Control over treatment yield was achieved by manipulating temperature, concentration, and time. Optimal conditions were identified: 3.2 mol/L nitric acid, 60 mmol/g hydrogen peroxide, 50°C, and 72 hours, resulting in a maximum fiber yield of 76%. The findings indicate that higher temperatures, prolonged treatment times, and appropriate concentrations significantly enhance fiber extraction. Specifically, the optimal conditions led to an improved yield and better preservation of cellulose content compared to untreated bamboo. The study demonstrates that the NCHP treatment is a robust and effective method for producing high-quality lignocellulosic fibers from bamboo, with potential applications in sustainable materials. In conclusion, the NCHP treatment provides a scalable and efficient approach to extracting lignocellulosic fibers, offering significant improvements in yield and chemical composition. This process has promising implications for industrial applications, particularly in the development of sustainable materials and biocomposites

Particle Shape-Based Evaluation of the Leaching of Sphalerite Ore in Dilute Acid Solutions

In this study, the effects of changes in particle shapes on dissolution efficiencies in zinc (Zn) recovery from a lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) ore by acid leaching method were investigated. In the experiments with nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and hydrochloric acid (HCl), particle size (75-106-150 µm), solids ratio (5-10-15-20-25%), leaching time (30-60-120-180-240 min), acid dosage (0.25-0.5-1-2-5 M) and pulp temperature (30-40-50-60-70 oC) parameters were analyzed. Optimum results were obtained under the conditions of 75 µm particle size, 15% solids ratio, 120 min leaching time, 0.5 M acid dosage, and 50°C pulp temperature for H2SO4; 106 µm particle size, 25% solids ratio, 60 min leaching time, 0.5 M acid dosage, and 70°C pulp temperature for HCl; 75 µm particle size, 20% solids ratio, 60 min leaching time, 1 M acid dosage, and 50°C pulp temperature for HNO3. As a consequence of the tests performed under these optimized conditions, 97.32%, 96.38% and 96.06% Zn dissolution efficiencies were obtained. Within the context of particle shape factor research, microscope images of the leaching residues were obtained from the experiments in which the pulp temperature, acid dosage, and leaching time parameters were examined. The samples obtained from the experiments with all three acids were compared with the ore samples, and the impacts of changes in circularity, roundness, and solidity values on dissolution efficiencies were interpreted.

Synergistic Improvement in Ductility and Hot Nitric Acid Corrosion Resistance of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V Alloy via Hot Isostatic Pressing

Synergistic Improvement in Ductility and Hot Nitric Acid Corrosion Resistance of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V Alloy via Hot Isostatic Pressing

Sequential Chemical and Biological Desulphurization of High Sulfur Containing Pakistani Coal

Coal is a rich and affordable source of energy that is extensively used for different industrial purposes. However, its extensive utilization have caused a number of environmental problems. Especially, the release of different oxides of sulfur during combustion have resulted in the ongoing acid rain and global warming issues. To tackle the issue, sequential chemical and biological technologies were applied for the desulfurization of a coal sample, collected from Shahrag coal mines, in Baluchistan, Pakistan. The coal was initially de-pyritized with a 15% nitric acid (HNO3) solution. The chemically treated coal was subsequently biodesulfurized with iron oxide (Fe3O4) coated bacterial consortium IQMJ-5. The de-pyritized and biodesulfurized coal was analyzed with proximate, ultimate, FTIR, XRD, and EDX analysis. The calorific value was determined through an oxygen bomb analyzer. Following desulfurization, about 61% organic sulfur and 86.57% total sulfur were removed from the coal sample. Similarly, an increase of about 93 kcal/kg in the calorific value was detected after the treatment. These results clearly depicts the potentiality of the technology for the desulfurization of fossil fuels at the industrial scale.

Process for the Recovery of Actinide and Lanthanide Oxides via Thermal Decomposition and Calcination of Loaded Diglycolamide Resin

Diglycolamide (DGA) resin, a product produced by Eichrom Technologies, Inc. employs TODGA (N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyldiglycolamide) as the active extractant, which will be used by Savannah River National Laboratory to extract trivalent actinides and lanthanides from dissolved irradiated Mark-18A targets. The final form of the extracted material will be an oxide suitable for shipment. A two-step process was developed and validated for the direct recovery of actinides and lanthanides loaded on I-grade DGA resin as nitrates by thermally drying and decomposing resin loaded with Nd(III), a surrogate for trivalent actinides and lanthanides, under inert conditions followed by calcining the resultant residue in air to provide an oxide product. A stepwise heating profile up to 385°C under argon gas flow resulted in 85% to 89% mass loss during the resin drying and decomposition step, and calcination of the resultant Nd-loaded resin residue provided an overall material mass loss of ≥ 98%. Recoveries from resin saturated with Nd(III) from 7 M and 0.35 M nitric acid subjected to this process were 30.7 mg and 27.6 mg Nd/g dry resin, respectively, representing an average of 96.1% of Nd retained in the resin bed.

ESTIMATION OF NITRIC ACID GAS DRY DEPOSITION IN VIET NAM

This article uses dry deposition calculating method to estimate Nitric acid (HNO3) gas dry deposition and analyze, evaluate trend of HNO3 gas dry deposition in recent years. The results present that HNO3 gas concentration is from 0.02 to 0.83 ppb and Yen Bai site has the highest HNO3 gas emission in 2020 and 2021. High HNO3 gas emission focuses on summer and spring at Northern’s sites. HNO3 gas emission at Southern sites is lower than that of Northern ones. HNO3 gas dry deposition is from 6.63 kg/ha/year to 10.26 kg/ha/year and the highest HNO3 gas dry deposition value is in 2021. Ha Noi site has the highest HNO3 gas dry deposition value in 2019, 2020, and 2022 while Yen Bai site is in 2021 and 2023. HNO3 gas dry deposition value at Southern sites is lower than Northern sites. The highest monthly HNO3 gas dry deposition is from June to August at Yen Bai site in 2021 and May in 2020. Annual average HNO3 gas dry deposition of 2021 is higher than other years. HNO3 gas dry deposition in recent years has an increasing trend.

An All-Solid-State Ti/RuOx pH Electrode Prepared Based on the Thermal Oxidation Method.

The development of all-solid-state precise pH electrodes holds significant importance in various fields, particularly in marine scientific research. To achieve this goal, we proposed a novel fabrication technique for an all-solid-state ruthenium oxide (Ti/RuOx) pH electrode. We thin-coated the RuCl3 precursor solution on a titanium wire substrate using a heat gun repeatedly and then calcined it in a mixture of Li2CO3 and Na2O2 at 400 °C to obtain a ruthenium oxide (RuOx) film. This RuOx film was subjected to acid treatment with dilute nitric acid, and a polytetrafluoroethylene heat shrink tube was wrapped around the non-RuOx film area. Finally, the RuOx film was fully immersed in a pH 4.00 buffer solution, finalizing the electrode preparation. The RuOx film exhibits a dense and regular conical morphology. The Ti/RuOx electrode demonstrates a good near-Nernstian response slope (e.g., -59.04 mV/pH at 25 °C), high linearity (e.g., R2 = 0.9999), rapid response (<1 s), low hysteresis (<3 mV), excellent reversibility, and good repeatability in the pH range of 2.00-10.00. After full hydration, the Ti/RuOx electrode shows a potential drift of 8.5 mV and a drift rate of approximately 0.27 mV/day over a period of 25 days, indicating good long-term stability. Furthermore, the Ti/RuOx electrode exhibits robust resistance against interference from various ions and low-concentration redox substances, ensuring a long storage life (at least 280 days), and high measurement accuracy (e.g., ± 0.02 pH units) for diverse water samples, including seawater, freshwater, and tap water. This study has evaluated the potential of the Ti/RuOx electrode as a reliable and accurate tool for pH measurements in marine scientific applications.