Nitrogen Oxides NOx Research Articles

ЗМЕНШЕННЯ ВИКИДІВ ОКСИДІВ АЗОТУ З ВІДПРАЦЬОВАНИМИ ГАЗАМИ СУДНОВИХ ДИЗЕЛІВ

Solving the problem of ocean's airspace polluting with harmful emissions of ship-generated diesel engines by exhaust gases is associated with the creation of highly effective technologies for the neutralization of nitrogen oxides NOx from the diesel plant that apply both to vessels in service, designed and built. The air entering the engine is a working fluid that carries out a certain thermodynamic cycle, resulting in a change in its chemical composition, and the exhaust gas mixture contains many components. Emissions of harmful substances during the combustion of marine fuels are limited in accordance with international programs for the protection of the atmosphere and requirements of the International Maritime Organization IMO. Requirements apply all groups of harmful emissions of marine engines. The most stringent of them concern nitrogen oxides NOx and sulfur oxides SOx. To reduce harmful emissions from the exhaust gases into the environment, scientists and world leaders in engine construction, such as MAN Energy Solutions and Wärtsilä, apply and offer a variety of techniques to reduce the number of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. One of the most promising is the exhaust gas recirculation system (EGRS) of the ship diesel engine. Its advantage over other methods is the insignificant impact on the operation of the engine. During the exhaust gas recycling a temperature of the flame in the combustion chamber decreases, which leads to the reduction of NOx number. This is a consequence of the high rates of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Since the combustion rate is reduced, the exhaust temperature and the thermal load on the engine part are increased. The dilution of the inflow air with waste gas reduces the oxygen content in the supercharged air from 21 to 13%. The possibilities of the technology of the system of recirculation of exhaust gases of a marine engine are limited by the value of the ratio of O2/CO2 in the intake air, due to which the amount of combustion products at the inlet is limited to no more than 30%

Application of overfire air technology on an example of a steam boiler PK-39 of the Aksu TPP (Kazakhstan)

When burning any fossil fuels, one of the most harmful combustion products are nitrogen oxides NOx, which damage both the environment and human health in particular. Reduction of NOx emissions from fuel combustion at TPPs plays an important role in reducing the total level of nitrogen oxides NOx emitted into the atmosphere. One way to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides NOx is the stepwise combustion of the pulverized coal mixture, in particular the «Overfire Air» technology. The essence of this method is that the main volume of air is fed into the pulverized burners, and the rest of the air is further along the height of the torch through special nozzles. Structurally, the method of stepwise combustion of fuel can be carried out in boilers with a two-tier arrangement of burners along the height of the combustion chamber. In this case, practically no significant reconstruction of the boiler is required, which is associated with additional costs. In the present work, computational experiments on the use of modern overfire air technology (OFA) in the combustion chamber of the PK-39 boiler of the Aksu TPP were carried out and the fields of the main characteristics of heat and mass transfer, as well as the influence of the mass flow of the oxidant through the OFA injectors on the combustion process were obtained.

Prototype Emission Testing Tools for L3 Category Vehicle

The purpose of this research is to help the Department of Transportation in supplying emission testing tool which achievable and can used by citizens which mean as portable emission testing tools. This research using experimental method by measuring carbon monoxide (Co), hydrogen (Hc), and nitrogen oxide (Nox) using sensor which connected to smartphone. The result of the research is prototype vehicle emission testing tools L3 category or motorcycle category. The problem is the expensive price to get the vehicle emission testing tools. Then, comparison between emission testing tools with vehicle no comparable each other. There for, it necessary to develop alternative emission testing tools. This prototype vehicle emission testing tools using approach same parameter with existing testing tools. This tool is expected to assist the public in testing the emissions of private vehicles, before being tested by Department of Transportation.

Environmental and energy aspects combustion of landfill gas (biogas) in the atmospheric burner

The paper presents the results of theoretical calculations of the efficiency of the use of fuel (biogas) η f. The calculation of the theoretical temperature of the combustion of fuel is carried out. Calculated emissions of nitrogen oxides NOx and carbon dioxide CO2 are given per unit of energy. The fuel used was a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES EFFLUENTS WITHIN AN OPEN FLAME BY INPUT THE WATER VAPOUR INTO COMBUSTION AIR FLOW

The state-of-the art the problem concerning reduction the NOx formation by humidification the combustion air is briefly consideredan, alized and discussed. The proper technologies of combustion the wet inflammable mixtures are considered for the cases of using the water vapour pump (WVP), Maisotsenko cycle (M-cycle) and suitable facilities along with the cases of operation the combined systems with heat recovery due transfer the water vapour energy to working medium (combustion products). Both environmental and power advantages of the systems of «wet combustion» have been demonstrated accordingly data collected in some earlier researches. The results of experimental researches of burning process under conditions of input the water vapour into the gas–air mixture to be supplied for combustion are presented in the paper in frame of consideration the results of own authors’ tests. Given information concerning the investigation of environmental consequences of impact the water vapour within the inflammable mixture on nitrogen oxides NOx value in combustion products ([NOx] concentration) has been generalized. The techniques of experimental researches, the design of firing rig and instrumentation, used in the tests have been described. The distinction of ignition the natural gas-air mixture and of stable flame maintenance for case of free vertical flame operation have been evaluated in dependence on inflammable mixture’s composition along with studying of impact a moisture content — H2O concentration in initial gas-air mixture. Comparative evaluations of NO value within an open flame in dependence on temperature and on composition of initial natural gas — air mixture (ratio «air : gas») have been carried out. An opportunity of two-times reduction of maximum NOmax concentration within a flame by initial gas-air mixture enrichment with water vapour has been proven. Bibl. 23, Fig.10, Tab.1.

Fuzzy Logic Based Traffic Signal Control

This paper focuses on the effect on emissions in smaller engines such as bikes, by using a blend of ethanol and gasoline at NO LOAD condition and its comparison with the engine running on gasoline only. The exhaust emissions of the 4 stroke Kawasaki boxer model engine were tested and evaluated by using blend of 5%, 7% and 10% ethanol and results are plotted. The results showed that the increase in HC emissions at full acceleration and decrease at partial acceleration is observed with increase in ethanol content in gasoline. CO emission decrease to less extent at full acceleration and decrease to a greater extent at partial acceleration with increase in ethanol content in gasoline. NOX decreases by fewer rates at full acceleration and by high rate at partial acceleration with increase in ethanol content in gasoline. This paper presents various types of pollutions emitted by vehicles, their effect on human health and various measures to curb the pollution by use of alternate fuels. Keywords: Carbon Dioxide-Co2 , Carbon Monoxide-Co, Ethanol, Emission, Hydrocarbon-Hc, Nitrogen Oxide-Nox, Oxygen-O2 , Spark Ignition Engine

Modelling reactive nitrogen fluxes and mitigation scenarios on a landscape in Central France

The intensification of agriculture has been made possible by increasing the supply of synthetic mineral nitrogen to crops. That has led to increased losses of reactive nitrogen (Nr e.g. ammonia NH3, nitrous oxide N2O, nitrogen oxides NOx, nitrate NO3−, ammonium NH4+) in the environment that may produce negative impacts on agroecosystems: soil, water or air pollution, greenhouse gas emission, biodiversity loss. The nitrogen losses result from a cascade of a large number of processes that interact spatially and temporally in agroecosystems. Integrated models are very useful to investigate such complex systems.We used the NitroScape model that couples an agroecosystem model, a cattle farm model, an atmospheric model of dispersion, transport and deposition, and a hydrological model. It made it possible to simulate processes of the nitrogen cascade at the landscape scale (i.e. a domain from a few square metres to a few tens of square kilometres). The model was applied on an agricultural site of 427 ha in Central France to simulate nitrogen flows for years 2014 and 2015. It used data from measurement campaigns and farm surveys that provided soil characteristics, meteorological data and crop management for the two years of simulation. The simulation results were compared to nitrogen fluxes and concentrations measured in the air, the soil and plants.The simulated Nr fluxes were consistent with the observed fluxes (i.e. low root mean square error, coefficients of regression significant at a 5% level). The coupled NitroScape model that integrates numerous related-nitrogen processes was therefore able to reproduce the main Nr fluxes. However, there were discrepancies between simulated and observed values for N2O emissions resulting from denitrification and for NH3 volatilisation. The model showed that the main Nr losses were due to NO3− leaching, which accounted for 11% of the nitrogen outflows (29 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Total losses of Nr (emissions of NH3, NO and N2O, and NO3− leaching) in the environment accounted for 13% of the nitrogen outflows.Two alternative scenarios aiming at enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and mitigating losses of Nr in the environment were built and assessed with the model. Simulations showed that changing nitrogen fertilisation and including catch crops and buffer strips led to a 18% decrease of NO3− losses. They also showed that including pea in crop rotation led to a 25% decrease of mineral fertilisation and a reduction of NO3− losses of 2 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The NitroScape model is a valuable tool to assess the effect of nitrogen management at the landscape scale on mitigation of nitrogen losses in the environment.

Biologically Active NOx Production By Nano-Second Pin-Plate Discharge In Air

Atmospheric pressure air plasma discharges can generate abundance of biologically actives such as nitrogen oxides NOx (NO, NO2 etc) which are known as very important reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in biomedical applications.[1-2] In this work, we focus on the study of NOx synthesis by nanosecond pin-plate discharge in atmospheric pressure air. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum shows the primary species produced by this discharge only include NO, NO2, and HONO. The energy costs of NOx production decrease with increasing pulse width (in the range of 100ns to 260ns) from ~2400 GJ/tN (gigajoules per metric ton) to ~1000 GJ/tN. Detailed investigation of power consumption and NOx production throughout the pulse gives hints regarding the mechanisms of efficient NOx synthesis, namely that the initial and inefficient breakdown process is the main sink of energy. We show late-pulse, 2 mm gap NOx production energy cost may be as low as ~ 300 GJ/tN（~1.4 x 1017 molecules/J）which is something similar with gliding arc discharge results [3]. A simple 0D post-discharge kinetic model is able to reproduce the experimentally observed trends, assuming the main driver for NOx production is electronically excited nitrogen species N2,e*. The model implies an initial increasing trend for efficiency with increased N2,e* concentration which may explain the increase in efficiency we observe with increasing pulse width.

C-reactive protein (CRP) and long-term air pollution with a focus on ultrafine particles.

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution contributes to the global burden of disease by particularly affecting cardiovascular (CV) causes of death. We investigated the association between particle number concentration (PNC), a marker for ultrafine particles, and other air pollutants and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a potential link between air pollution and CV disease. We cross-sectionally analysed data from the second follow up (2013 and 2014) of the German KORA baseline survey which was conducted in 1999-2001. Residential long-term exposure to PNC and various other size fractions of particulate matter (PM10 with size of <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter, PMcoarse 2.5-10 μm or PM2.5 < 2.5 μm, respectively), soot (PM2.5abs: absorbance of PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (nitrogen dioxide NO2 or oxides NOx, respectively) and ozone (O3) were estimated by land-use regression models. Associations between annual air pollution concentrations and hs-CRP were modeled in 2252 participants using linear regression models adjusted for several confounders. Potential effect-modifiers were examined by interaction terms and two-pollutant models were calculated for pollutants with Spearman inter-correlation <0.70. Single pollutant models for PNC, PM10, PMcoarse, PM2.5abs, NO2 and NOx showed positive but non-significant associations with hs-CRP. For PNC, an interquartile range (2000 particles/cm3) increase was associated with a 3.6% (95% CI: -0.9%, 8.3%) increase in hs-CRP. A null association was found for PM2.5. Effect estimates were higher for women, non-obese participants, for participants without diabetes and without a history of cardiovascular disease whereas ex-smokers showed lower estimates compared to smokers or non-smokers. For O3, the dose-response function suggested a non-linear relationship. In two-pollutant models, adjustment for PM2.5 strengthened the effect estimates for PNC and PM10 (6.3% increase per 2000 particles/cm3 [95% CI: 0.4%; 12.5%] and 7.3% per 16.5 μg/m3 [95% CI: 0.4%; 14.8%], respectively). This study adds to a scarce but growing body of literature showing associations between long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and hs-CRP, one of the most intensely studied blood biomarkers for cardiovascular health. Our results highlight the role of ultrafine particles within the complex mixture of ambient air pollution and their inflammatory potential.

Examining the Relationship between Ozone and other Air Pollutants in Al-Hilla City

Air pollution must take more attention because its effects on human health. One of the most important air pollutants is ground-level ozone O3, which plays an important role in air quality and climate change on the earth. Ozone affected by the other air pollutants, so this paper attempt to study the relationship between hourly, daily and monthly ground-level ozone concentration and hourly, daily and monthly air pollutant concentrations and its effect on ground-level ozone concentration. The other air pollutants are: sulfur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxides NOx, nitrogen monoxide NO, nitrogen dioxide NO2 and carbon dioxide CO2. The monitoring station is in Babylon University in the south of Al-Hilla city, Iraq for the period 2015-2016. By using statistical analysis, correlation coefficient and some statistics for all air pollutants are computed. Results are: the maximum average ozone concentration is in the summer months June, July and August 39.30 ppb, 45.05 ppb and 36.63 ppb respectively and along the day the peak average ozone concentration is in the afternoon because of high temperature and high solar radiation intensity which is increasing the photochemical activity of ozone. There is no significant correlation between ozone and sulfur dioxide SO2, carbon dioxide CO2 (ρ &gt; 0.05). High significant correlation is appeared between ozone and nitrogen oxides forms (ρ &lt; 0.01). To express the complex relation between ozone and nitrogen oxide forms, proportions such as NO/NO2 and (NOx-NO)/NO is determined which explain the ozone photochemical activity. Ozone concentration decreases with increasing of NO/NO2 and increases with (NOx-NO)/NOx increasing.

Computational study of influence of inflow port channel design on spark-ignition natural gas engine parameters

Resistance is The article presents the results of the research of a charge swirl motion influence on working process, engine parameters and NOx emissions of a spark ignition premixed natural gas engine. The charge swirl motion was organized by tangential inflow channel. The engine work process research was performed using numerical modeling of physical and chemical processes in combustion chamber. The turbulent flow in combustion chamber, spark ignition and combustion of gas fuel were simulated. The simulation shows that a tangential channel allowed organizing a swirl motion of charge and increasing turbulent kinetic energy of flow in the combustion chamber. Swirl motion greatly affects the combustion process. The increase in the turbulent kinetic energy to the spark timing made it possible to substantially reduce the combustion time of the fuel. Replacement of one original channel by a tangential channel allowed reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides NOx. Physical and chemical processes in combustion chamber were simulated in Ansys Forte.

Fabrication of Fine Dust Using a Mill with a Dynamic Separator

Questions related to the production and use of fine and ultra-fine grinded dust are the focus of considerable discussion in contemporary power engineering. These types of dust could be used in the future in kindling and lighting up the tongue of a flame in coal-dust boilers and even replace gas in certain technological processes. However, fine dust is often used today in the power engineering industry through implementation of three-stage combustion processes (called “reburning”). This method of combustion, which is intended to limit discharges of nitrogen oxides NOx, presupposes the creation of reduction zones through the delivery of additional fuel. The use of dust is becoming increasingly widespread in European countries and the United States, where the cost of gas is extremely high. Medium-run mills with dynamic dust separators are generally used in these countries to produce fine dust. Until recently, experience with the start-up, troubleshooting, and operation of these mills has been entirely lacking in Russia. The present article discusses the experience gained by JSC All-Russia Heat Engineering Institute in start-up and troubleshooting of MVS-195 medium-run roller mills with dynamic separators installed in TPE-223 boilers in the new 225-MW blocks of the Cherepet’ state regional electric power plant.

PALM OIL USE AS ADDITIVE TO FUEL FOR TRACTOR DIESELS

When environmental requirements for tractor diesels and changes in the price policy of various fuels of oil origin increase, there is a need to use new alternative flammable substancesfor partially or completely replace traditional fuels. Application of vegetable oils as combustible material for diesel engines is most perspective. One of the most competitive fuel is palm oil which world production exceeds many other vegetable oils, including rape. Advantages of palm oil allow to use it as fuel or as diesel fuel additive. The authors onsidered the main physical properties of palm oil for the purpose of assessment of its influence on the fuel equipment and a further possibility of its use in diesel engines. For assessment of characteristics of operation of the tractor diesel engine bench tests with additives of palm oil to diesel fuel were carried out. Experimental studies were carried out on an electric brake stand in tandem with a D-120 diesel engine. If oil additives reach up to 20 percent then combustion and quality of mixing woul change. The maintenance of CH decreases at low and normal loads to 42 percent, and at high ones – up to 17 percent. Concentration of carbon monoxides CO at the same time increases: at low and normal loads – by 37-49 percent, and in a maximum of loadings it increases by 6- 8 times and makes about 65 ppm. The content of nitrogen oxides NOx in exhaust gases at additive of palm oil significantly differs at high loadings and decreases by 21 percent or up to 4550 ppm. Soot emissions decrease in proportion to increase of content of palm oil in fuel: at 10 percentage additive by 20-30 percent and at 20 percent by 35-45 percent.

Low-Emission combustion of fuel in aeroderivative gas turbines

The paper is the first of a planned set of papers devoted to the world experience in development of Low Emission combustors (LEC) for industrial Gas Turbines (GT). The purpose of the article is to summarize and analyze the most successful experience of introducing the principles of low-emission combustion of the so-called “poor” (low fuel concentration in air when the excess air ratio is about 1.9–2.1) well mixed fuelair mixtures in the LEC for GTs and ways to reduce the instability of combustion. The consideration examples are the most successful and widely used aero-derivative GT. The GT development meets problems related to the difference in requirements and operation conditions between the aero, industrial, and power production GT. One of the main problems to be solved is the LEC development to mitigate emissions of the harmful products first of all the Nitrogen oxides NOx. The ways to modify or convert the initial combustors to the LEC are shown. This development may follow location of multiburner mixers within the initial axial envelope dimensions or conversion of circular combustor to the can type one. The most interesting are Natural Gas firing GT without water injection into the operating process or Dry Low emission (DLE) combustors. The current GT efficiency requirement may be satisfied at compressor exit pressure above 3 MPa and Turbine Entry temperature (TET) above 1500°C. The paper describes LEC examples based on the concept of preliminary prepared air–fuel mixtures' combustion. Each combustor employs its own fuel supply control concept based on the fuel flow–power output relation. In the case of multiburner combustors, the burners are started subsequently under a specific scheme. The can type combustors have combustion zones gradually ignited following the GT power change. The combustion noise problem experienced in lean mixtures' combustion is also considered, and the problem solutions are described. The GT test results show wide ranges of stable operation at needed levels of NOx and CO emissions. The world experience analysis and generalization and investigation of the further development directions for the high performance GT will assist development of domestic LEC for prospective GTs.

Emission ratios of trace gases and particles for Siberian forest fires on the basis of mobile ground observations

Abstract. Boreal forest fires are currently recognized as a significant factor in climate change and air quality problems. Although emissions of biomass burning products are widely measured in many regions, there is still lack of information on the composition of wildfire emissions in Siberia, a region known for its severe wildfire activity. Emission ratios (ERs) are important characteristics of wildfire emissions as they may be used to calculate the mass of species emitted into the atmosphere due to combustion of a known mass of biomass fuel. We analyze observations of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), total nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), nitrogen oxides NOx ( = NO + NO2), particulate matter (PM3), and black carbon (BC) within two forest fire plume transects made by the moving railway observatory during TRanscontinental Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (TROICA) expeditions. Slopes in linear regressions of excess levels of the pollutants are used to obtain ERCO ∕ CO2 = 10–15 %, ERCH4 ∕ CO = 8–10 %, ERNMHC ∕ CO = 0.11–0.21 % ppmC ppmC−1, ERNOx ∕ CO = 1.5–3.0 ppb ppm−1, ERPM3 ∕ CO = 320–385 ng m−3 (µg m−3)−1, and ERBC ∕ CO = 6.1–6.3 µg m−3 ppm−1, which fall within the range of uncertainty of the previous estimates, being at the higher edge for ERCH4 ∕ CO, ERNMHC ∕ CO, and ERPM3 ∕ CO and at the lower edge for ERNOx ∕ CO. The relative uncertainties comprise 5–15 % of the estimated ERCH4 ∕ CO, ERNMHC ∕ CO, and ERPM ∕ CO and 10–20 % of ERNOx ∕ CO, ERCO ∕ CO2, and ERBC ∕ CO. The uncertainties are lower than in many other similar studies and associated mainly with natural variability of wildfire emissions.

Optimization and debugging of a low-toxic combustion chamber with the use of numerical modeling of intrachamber processes

In recent years, there has been a trend towards an increase in demand for microturbines. The microturbine application area is very wide. These are hybrid power plants for transport and specialized equipment, as well as power plants for providing electricity to homes, towns, businesses. When developing advanced gas turbine units, it is necessary to take into account sufficiently high requirements for economic and operational indicators. To improve the performance of microturbines, it is necessary to optimize and refine the basic elements. In particular, to reduce the emission of harmful substances, it is necessary to develop low-toxic combustion chambers. In this paper, we present the results of optimization and fine-tuning of a low-toxic combustion chamber with the use of numerical modeling of intra-chamber processes. The applied models of flow, combustion, radiation, NOx emission are described. The main parameters of the computational grid built for ¼ of the full-size combustion chamber are given. The boundary conditions necessary for the development of mathematical modeling of the flow and combustion processes are formulated. The results of comparison of the initial and optimized geometry of the combustion chamber in the form of patterns of temperature distribution, velocities, total pressure in the swirler, and the distribution of the mass fraction of nitrogen oxides NOx are presented. According to the results of optimization calculations, it can be concluded that relatively small changes in the size, shape and number of secondary air holes, the shape and dimensions of the flame tube, the diameter of the blade swirler and the shape and size of the nozzles of the gas injector have a significant effect on such indicators of the working process as: form, volume and location of the combustion zone; location and intensity of the mixing zone, which, as a consequence, greatly affects the integral parameters of the combustion chamber.

Levelized cost of energy analysis of co-firing solid, liquid and gaseous fuel

One of the main obstacles to transfer to carbon neutral energy management is technological transition. An important task is to change fuel used in the boiler furnace from natural gas (fossil fuel) to biomass. The easiest but most expensive solution is the installation of a biomass boiler. Other solutions include burner replacement or additional installation, but these options are more complex from an engineering and technical point of view.By replacing natural gas with wood particles, boiler output is reduced, because the value of combustion heat, furnace load and specific combustion parameters are lower, as well as the temperature and pollution with nitrogen oxides NOx decrease. If energy end user improves energy efficiency and reduces energy consumption the possible reduction in boiler output as a result there can actually be excess installed capacity in the boiler house. The feasibility of co-firing is calculated with levelized cost of energy analysis.

Kajian Emisi Kendaraan di Persimpangan Surabaya Tengah dan Timur serta Potensi Pengaruh terhadap Kesehatan Lingkungan Setempat

The growing number of motor vehicles on the street will increase the consumption of gasoline. At the national scale, gasoline consumption increased from 62.035.065 kiloliters in 2013 to 70.744.977 kiloliters in 2014. The increasing consumption of gasoline not only drains the non-renewable fossil energy but also affects the environment due to gas emission generated by fuel burning. The carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (Nox), particulate matter (PM), and sulfide (SO2) concentration in a congestion area such as the area around traffic lights is substantially high. This research aims to find the gasoline consumption and emission rate in intersections with traffic lights, and its effect on surrounding environment. The research was done by collecting traffic volume in two locations in Surabaya, at morning rush hours, which started from 6.20 A.M. to 8.20 A.M, then calculated the emission rate and gasoline consumption from traffic data. The data showed that the volume of gasoline consumed in one lane (out of four lanes) at the traffic lights for two-hour duration was 700 liters, and the total substance of PM, NO, SO2 produced were 353 grams, 15.166 grams, and 410 grams. The concentration of NO and SO2 at Dr. Soetomo intersection after one-hour emission was 3059 μg/m3 and 57 μg/m3, while that at Kertajaya intersection was 672 μg/m3 and 12 μg/m3, respectively. These pollutants were away above the tolerable limit to human health as suggested by WHO, which should not exceed 50 μg/m3 for PM, 40 μg/m3 for NO3 for NO, and 20 μg/m3 for SO2.

Formation of Nitrogen Oxides in an Apokamp-Type Plasma Source

Using optical and chemical processes, the composition of the products of decay of the atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma is determined in a pulsed, high-voltage discharge in the modes of apokampic and corona discharges. It is shown that the products of decay primarily contain nitrogen oxides NO x, and in the mode of the corona discharge – ozone. Potential applications of this source of plasma are discussed with respect to plasma processing of the seeds of agricultural crops.

Towards Carbon Neutral Combustion. LCOE Analysis of Co-firing Solid Particles and Gaseous Fuel in Latvia

One of the main obstacles to transfer to carbon neutral energy management is technological transition. An important task is to change fuel used in the boiler furnace from natural gas (fossil fuel) to biomass. The easiest but most expensive solution is the installation of a biomass boiler. Other solutions include burner replacement or additional installation, but these options are more complex from an engineering and technical point of view.By replacing natural gas with wood particles, boiler output is reduced, because the value of combustion heat, furnace load and specific combustion parameters are lower, as well as the temperature and pollution with nitrogen oxides NOx decrease. It is especially important when energy end user improves energy efficiency and reduces energy consumption. As a result there is excess installed capacity in the boiler house.The feasibility of co-firing is calculated with Levelised Cost of Energy analysis.