Nitrogen-hydrogen Bond Research Articles

Investigating the Impact of Hydrogen Bonding on Silicon Nitride (SiNx) Film

The deposition of amorphous hydrogenated silicon nitride (a‐SiNx:H) via plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition is critical for optimizing the performance of crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells. This study investigates the impact of varying gas ratios (GR = NH3/SiH4) on the optical and physical properties of deposited SiNx films. Results show that the refractive index (RI) ranges from 1.8 to 2.3 with changing gas compositions. Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy reveals shifts in [SiNH] and [SiH] stretching modes, indicating changes in hydrogen passivation and nitrogen incorporation. Hydrogen bonding densities of [SiH] and [SiNH] correlate positively with the RI. For example, the hydrogen bonding density [NH] ranges from 4.53 × 1023 to 6.32 × 1023 cm−3 for [SiNH] bonds while [Si‐H] varies from 6.93 × 1023 to 1.06 × 1024 cm−3. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis shows stable hydrogen intensity, contrasting with a decrease in nitrogenhydrogen bonds. These findings highlight the key role of hydrogen bonding in determining SiNx film properties, with significant implications for semiconductor and photovoltaic applications.

Tunnel silicon oxynitride phase transformation for n-type polysilicon passivating contacts in crystalline silicon solar cells

The study investigates the fabrication and characterization of tunnel oxynitride (TON) layers produced using Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) at different pressure and power variations. The aim is to explore TON layers as potential substitutes for conventional SiO2 in Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) solar cells. Foe this purpose, an effective oxide thickness (EOT) of 1.1–1.2 nm and 1.5–1.6 nm has been achieved by treating the TON samples with NH3 and N2 gas plasma, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed critical variations in the chemical bonding within TON layers, which exhibit different properties based on the deposition conditions. The presence of nitrogen-nitrogen and nitrogen–hydrogen bonds is prominently influenced by changes in the PECVD parameters, directly affecting the layer’s optical and electronic properties. Notably, the presence of hydroxyl (O–H) and amino (NH2) groups within the TON structure suggests an improvement in surface passivation, essential for optimizing solar cell performance and durability. A lifetime of 737 and 823 μs has been recorded for N2 and NH3 samples, compared to the NAOS 710 μs reference sample. NH3 plasma-treated samples show an improved iVoc of 736 mV, indicating better phase transformation and passivation quality than N2 plasma treatment and the NAOS reference sample.

Nitrogen-rich covalent-organic-framework as a recyclable heterogenous catalyst for the efficient cycloaddition of carbon dioxide with epoxides

Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be chemically converted into high-value products, which is not only helps to ease the environmental problems instigated by global warming and has an optimistic effect on economies around the planet. The production of cyclic carbonates is regarded as a promising approach to convert CO2 through the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides. However, a major obstacle in this process is the synthesis of environmentally friendly and highly effective heterogeneous catalysts. Here, a novel nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework (CP-COF) was firstly synthesized through a polymerization method of piperazine and cyanuric chloride with 1, 4‐dioxane and used for the aforesaid reaction. A number of analytical methods were employed to verify the chemical composition and the structure of the catalyst. The CP-COF catalyst possessed a significant amount of active nitrogen sites and hydrogen bond donors in it, resulting in a high level of reactivity for the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epichlorohydrin in the absence of any solvent and metals, and the yield of chloropropene carbonate (CPC) reached 99 % at 110 ℃, 6 h and 1 MPa CO2 pressure. The CP-COF sample exhibited commendable activity towards a range of epoxides. Moreover, it showed high reusability for the reaction without any loss in the catalytic efficiency.

Heterogeneous Rhodium Single-Atom-Site Catalyst Enables Chemoselective Carbene N-H Bond Insertion.

Transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion reactions of a nitrogen-hydrogen bond have emerged as robust and versatile methods for the construction of C-N bonds. While significant progress of homogeneous catalytic metal carbene N-H insertions has been achieved, the control of chemoselectivity in the field remains challenging due to the high electrophilicity of the metal carbene intermediates. Herein, we present an efficient strategy for the synthesis of a rhodium single-atom-site catalyst (Rh-SA) that incorporates a Rh atom surrounded by three nitrogen atoms and one phosphorus atom doped in a carbon support. This Rh-SA catalyst, with a catalyst loading of only 0.15 mol %, exhibited exceptional catalytic performance for heterogeneous carbene insertion with various anilines and heteroaryl amines in combination with diazo esters. Importantly, the heterogeneous catalyst selectively transformed aniline derivatives bearing multiple nucleophilic moieties into single N-H insertion isomers, while the popular homogeneous Rh2(OAc)4 catalyst produced a mixture of overfunctionalized side products. Additionally, similar selectivities for N-H bond insertion with a set of stereoelectronically diverse diazo esters were obtained, highlighting the general applicability of this heterogeneous catalysis approach. On the basis of density functional theory calculations, the observed selectivity of the Rh-SA catalyst was attributed to the insertion barriers and the accelerated proton transfer assisted by the phosphorus atom in the support. Overall, this investigation of heterogeneous metal-catalyzed carbene insertion underscores the potential of single-atom-site catalysis as a powerful and complementary tool in organic synthesis.

Synthesis and Some Electrochemical Properties of Carbazole Derivative Monomers for Optoelectronic Device Design

Low-cost instruments are used to achieve high sensitivity, accuracy and precision with electrochemical techniques, making them the most suitable analytical methods used to investigate the electrochemical properties of a new molecule. Among these techniques, cyclic voltammetry, which is widely employed, allows for the determination of electronic characteristics such as molecular energy levels and orbital structure, redox properties, sensor capabilities, surface activity, and more. The carbazole molecule can undergo derivatization from various positions, allowing for alterations in its electrical and optical properties. These compounds serve as heterocyclic building blocks that can be utilized as materials for organic sensitizers and semiconductors in optoelectronic devices. Due to the presence of a hydrogen atom in the nitrogen-hydrogen (N-H) bond within the carbazole structure, which can be replaced with different functional groups, carbazole is highly suitable for nitrogen-based derivatization studies. In this study, two different carbazole monomers (IIa and IIIa), which could be potential optoelectronic, were synthesized using the Ullman and Suzuki-Miyaura reaction and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-Vis, and Flouresence spectroscopy techniques. The cyclic voltammetry experiments were performed using three different working electrodes (Au, Gc, Pt disk electrodes) for each compound. Since the optimum oxidation of the compounds was obtained from the voltammograms on the gold disk electrode, this electrode was used in the calculation of energy levels. HOMO and Eg values of the compounds were deduced from cyclic voltammetry experiments and the optical absorption bands, respectively.

One-step synthesis of nitrogen-rich organic polymers for efficient catalysis of CO2 cycloaddition.

Nitrogen-rich organic polymer poly(chloride triazole) (PCTs) was synthesized by a one-step method as metal-halogen-free heterogeneous catalyst for the solvent-free CO2 cycloaddition. PCTs had abundant nitrogen sites and hydrogen bond donors, exhibited great activity for the cycloaddition of CO2 and epichlorohydrin, and achieved 99.6% yield of chloropropene carbonate under the conditions of 110 ℃, 6h, and 0.5MPa CO2. The activation of epoxides and CO2 by hydrogen bond donor and nitrogen sites was further explained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In summary, this study showed that nitrogen-rich organic polymer is a versatile platform for CO2 cycloaddition, and this paper provides a reference for the design of CO2 cycloaddition catalysts.

A Nature Based Solution: Production and Characterization of Biomass Derived Catalyst from Nigerian Baobab Fruit Shell Powder (Adansonia Digitata).

Work on biomass synthesized catalyst from Nigerian Baobab fruit shell powder was thermally treated at 550o C for 6 hours using a muffle furnace. The resultant calcined powder and the un-calcined were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and further compared with the un-calcined form (baobab fruit shell powder). The FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups matched as alkenes with carbon-hydrogen and nitrogen-hydrogen bonds for baobab fruit shell powder (BFSP). With C-O, a carbon stretch at 1118 & 670 cm-1 and C-H alkyne for the biomass derived catalyst (BDC) from baobab. The morphology of the samples using SEM indicated the presence of higher porosity in the calcined sample when compared to the uncalcined. The superimposed graph of intensity vs 2 theta, of the BFSP and BDC showed no crystallinity during phase determination causing differing diffraction peak counts with no width from 200 – 450 , characteristic to biomass of plant or animal origin. Related outcome was seen for XRD results.

Classification analysis of fatty acid synthase inhibitors using multialgorithms on topological descriptors and structural fingerprints.

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is one of the enzymes required for fatty acid biosynthesis and is expressed as low or absent in most normal cells/tissues. However, this enzyme is upregulated in various cancer cells; hence, it can act as an important target to design and develop novel FASN inhibitors for cancer therapy. In the present investigation, a series of structurally diverse compounds that possessed FASN inhibitory activities were subjected to classification analysis using different algorithms such as support vector machine, decision tree, Naïve Bayes and random forest. The physicochemical descriptors and MACCS fingerprints were calculated using PaDEL software, and the WEKA software was utilized for the classification model building. The statistical parameters/confusion matrix calculated from the analysis revealed that the selected models have significant predictive performances. The results showed that the topological properties of the molecules are the main determinant for the activity classification. The key descriptors comprised of hydrogen bonding groups, especially acceptor (nHBAcc, minHBint9, minHBint5 and nwHBa), charge on the topological surface of the molecules (JGI10 & GGI2), ionization potential (GATS5i and GATS1i) and branching and distance between the groups (ETA_Eta_B_RC) are significantly contributed in the classification models. Further, the presence of heteroatoms (MACCSFP82, MACCSFP93 and MACCSFP131), especially nitrogen atom(s) and hydrogen bond acceptor groups (N-N group, NC(=O)N, N-C(=O)), actively contributed to the inhibitory activities. The results concluded that the topological polar properties concentrated in a specific region have significant FASN inhibitory activity. Hence, these results shall be used to develop novel molecules with increased FASN inhibitory activity.

(Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award sponsored by BioLogic) Voltage as a Driving Force for Ammonia Activation

In chemical synthesis, the making and breaking of chemical bonds often requires traversing large energy differences. In fact, in 2012 the basic chemical industry accounted for close to 20% of total delivered energy consumption in the industrial sector, which itself used the most delivered energy of any end-use sector globally (54%). Traditionally, industrial chemical synthesis has relied on pressure and temperature to drive chemical reactions, and the energy to elevate the pressure and temperature generally comes from fossil fuel sources. These chemical reactors also often require centralized locations so that economies of scale make them profitable (e.g., ammonia synthesis). However, with the advent of distributed and accessible renewable electricity, it is attractive to consider driving chemical reactions that are conventionally driven with temperature and pressure with renewable electricity instead. Electrochemical reactors can be driven at mild temperatures and pressures and can take advantage of renewable electricity sources directly, enabling decentralized manufacturing. Thus, electrification of the chemical industry offers an opportunity to further integrate the chemical and energy industries, motivating and leveraging decentralized renewable energy sources and storage for chemical manufacturing. In this talk, I will first look at the broad question of how to compare electrochemical routes with traditional thermochemical routes for chemical transformations, aiming to answer the question “If I can apply mechanical energy (pressure), thermal energy (temperature), or electrical energy (voltage) to a chemical reaction, which should I use?” I will present a framework for comparing voltage, temperature, and pressure as thermodynamic driving forces to help quantitatively discriminate between energy sources. Second, I will discuss electrochemical utilization of ammonia. Ammonia has one of the largest global production rates by volume, and it is a nexus synthesis molecule: it either directly or indirectly provides nitrogen for a range of molecules including specialty chemicals, polymers, and pharmaceuticals. Ammonia is also attractive as an energy-dense, carbon-free fuel. Because of this, it represents an important target for electrification. I will discuss the kinetics of ammonia electro-oxidation, i.e., the breaking of the nitrogen-hydrogen bonds, as well as how an applied potential can help form carbon-nitrogen bonds, an electrochemical analogue to traditional reductive amination. Last, I will propose an energy storage paradigm that leverages ammonium formate, a combination of ammonia and formic acid, to store renewable electricity. I will discuss the advantages of this fuel and demonstrate how voltage can aid in the release of energy from this fuel. Overall, I will start with the broad question of why and when to use voltage in the chemical transformations, and then I will focus on how electrochemistry can aid in ammonia utilization for both synthesis reactions and energy storage purposes.

Enantioselective Formal Vinylogous N-H Insertion of Secondary Aliphatic Amines Catalyzed by a High-Spin Cobalt(II) Complex.

Vinylcarbene insertion into the nitrogen-hydrogen (N-H) bond of amines allows direct access to α,β-unsaturated γ-amino acid derivatives, meeting a marked challenge in the control of regio- and enantioselectivities. Here, we report a highly γ-selective and enantioselective insertion into N-H bonds of aliphatic or aromatic secondary amines with vinyl substituted α-diazo pyrazoleamides using a high-spin chiral N,N'-dioxide/cobalt(II) complex catalyst. The method affords a wide variety of valuable optically active Z- and E-type vinyl γ-amino amides. Calculation reveals a spin state change from the quartet cobalt(II) complex to a doublet Co(II)-carbene species for facile Z-selective and enantioselective nucleophilic addition.

A molecular mediator for reductive concerted proton-electron transfers via electrocatalysis.

Electrocatalytic approaches to the activation of unsaturated substrates via reductive concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) must overcome competing, often kinetically dominant hydrogen evolution. We introduce the design of a molecular mediator for electrochemically triggered reductive CPET through the synthetic integration of a Brønsted acid and a redox mediator. Cathodic reduction at the cobaltocenium redox mediator substantially weakens the homolytic nitrogen-hydrogen bond strength of a Brønsted acidic anilinium tethered to one of the cyclopentadienyl rings. The electrochemically generated molecular mediator is demonstrated to transform a model substrate, acetophenone, to its corresponding neutral α-radical via a rate-determining CPET.

Effect of Modified Aspirin and Isoxsuprine Analogs on Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the largest death-causing reasons in developing countries. Approximately, every year 15 million deaths due to IHD are reported worldwide. PLG (Plasminogen), PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9), CXCL12 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12), and EDNRA (Endothelin Receptor type A) genes were selected for the study due to their higher rate of mutations in IHD. Drugs that are being used to cure IHD were reformulated by structurally modifying them for repurposing. Reformulated drugs were further analyzed for side effects, toxicity, and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excreation, Toxicity) properties. Molecular docking studies of reformulated drugs with selected genes were performed to determine their efficacy to cure IHD. Interacting amino acid residues in the docked complex of aspirin were identified as Aspartic acid, Arginine, Tyrosine, Proline, Valine, Alanine, Threonine, Iso Leusine, Lysine, Triptophan, Aspargine, Histadine, Cystine. Similarly, for isoxsuprine the residues were Valine, Aspargine, Leucine, Argining, Iso Leucine, Glutamic acid, Lysine, Glycine, Proline, Threonine, Aspartic acid, Histadine and Arginine. In reformulated compounds, the addition of sulfur in the aspirin compound reduced the toxicity from class 3 to class 5 and in isoxsuprine, the addition of nitrogen hydrogen bond in the second aromatic ring reduced its toxicity from class 3 to class 4. It is suggested that both aspirin and isoxsuprine analogs are more effective having least predicted side effects and toxicities than already existing aspirin and isoxsuprine. In the future, these drugs can be used as potential drugs for the treatment of IHD than original drugs because of their low toxicity and side effects. This study can be validated in vitro to confirm its efficacy.

Structures and dynamics of DNA complexes of the desmethyl analog of the cytotoxin MLN944: Insights into activity when a methyl isn't futile.

Structure activity relationships for tricyclic-carboxamide topoisomerase II poisons indicate that cytotoxicity is enhanced by the presence of methyl, and other, groups in the position peri to the carboxamide. Linked dimers of phenazine-1-carboxamides are potent cytotoxins and one phenazine dimer, MLN944 (alternatively XR5944), has been in clinical trial. MLN944 is a template inhibitor of transcription, whereas corresponding monomers are not. Nevertheless, its cytotoxic potency is also diminished by removal of its peri methyl groups. Here, we describe NMR and molecular dynamic studies of the interaction of desmethyl MLN944 with d(ATGCAT)2 , d(TATGCATA)2 , and d(TACGCGTA)2 to investigate the influence of the nine-methyl group on the structure of MLN944 complexes. As with MLN944, the carboxamide group hydrogen bonds to the phenazine ring nitrogen, the ligand sandwiches the central GC base pairs in the major groove, and the protonated linker amines hydrogen bond primarily to the O6 atom of the guanines. Molecular dynamics studies reveal that the linker exists in multiple conformations, none of which produce an ideal set of hydrogen bonds. In distinction, however, the carboxamide-to-phenazine ring nitrogen hydrogen bond is weaker, the overall helix winding is less and the NMR resonances are broader in the desmethyl complexes. Exchange between free and complexed DNA, quantified using two-dimensional NOESY spectra, is faster for the desmethyl MLN944 complexes than for MLN944 complexes. Overall, the data suggest that desmethyl MLN944 DNA complexes are "looser" and more unwound at the binding site, leading to faster dissociation rates, which could account for the diminished efficacy of the desmethyl analog.

Importance of Nitrogen-Hydrogen Bond pKa in the Catalytic Coupling of Alkenes and Amines by Amidate Tantalum Complexes: A Computational Study.

Density functional theory (DFT) was carried out to study the impact of substituents with different electronic properties upon hydrogen transfer as the rate-determining step in the hydroaminoalkylation catalytic cycle in order to determine the character of the hydrogen atom in the transition state. In the transition state of the rate-determining step, an N-methylaniline substrate ligates to Ta and transfers its hydrogen to the α-carbon of a five-membered tantallacycle and a Ta-C bond is thus broken. Study of the activation energy barriers resulting from the different para- and meta-substituted N-methylanilines and their correlation with computed pKa and bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) values of the N-methylanilines show more obvious correlations between pKa and ΔG‡ values. Assessing the asynchronicity parameter (η) for the studied substituents reveals that pKa is a larger driving force in the rate-determining hydrogen transfer reaction than the BDFE, which suggest a reasonable amount of protic character in the transition state, and possible routes to the design of more active catalysts with greater substrate scope.

Electrochemical study of nickel-cobalt deposited on boron-doped diamond as working electrodes for ureafuel cells

Urea as one of the most abundant compounds that can be used as a fuel in fuel cells. It contains a nitrogen-hydrogen bond that can easily be broken by electrochemical processes to produce two molecules of hydrogen. The hydrogen released can generate electricity as in a fuel cell. In this research, boron-doped diamond (BDD) was modified using nickel and/or cobalt electrodeposition to provide Ni-Co-BDD, Ni-BDD, and Co-BDD working electrodes for enhanced urea electro-oxidation. The highest power density and potential was achieved using Ni-Co-BDD (96.4 mW cm−2 and 0.92 V, respectively), while the highest current density was achieved using Co-BDD (165.34 mA cm−2). Overall, the results indicate that the best and most stable electrode for fuel cells is that based on Ni-Co-BDD.

The role of N-terminal heterocycles in hydrogen bonding to α-chymotrypsin

A series of dipeptide aldehydes containing different N-terminal heterocycles was prepared and assayed in vitro against α-chymotrypsin to ascertain the importance of the heterocycle in maintaining a β-strand geometry while also providing a hydrogen bond donor equivalent to the backbone amide nitrogen of the surrogate amino acid. The dipeptide containing a pyrrole constraint (10) was the most potent inhibitor, with >30-fold improved activity over dipeptides which lacked a nitrogen hydrogen bond donor (namely thiophene 11, furan 12 and pyridine 13). Molecular docking studies of 10 bound to α-chymotrypsin demonstrates a hydrogen bond between the pyrrole nitrogen donor and the backbone carbonyl of Gly216 located in the S3 pocket which is proposed to be critical for overall binding.

Nitric oxide formation during corn straw/sewage sludge co-pyrolysis/gasification

Abstract Nitric oxide formation in accompanying with biomass-derived gas during pyrolysis/gasification would contribute to around 15% of nitrogen oxide emission during subsequence combustion. In this work, in order to meet the increasingly stringent nitrogen oxide emission regulation, nitric oxide emission characteristics during co-pyrolysis/gasification of corn straw and sewage sludge were investigated in a laboratory-scale tubular furnace. Results showed that nitric oxide formation was noticeably occurring, and the synergistic effect was existed during corn straw/sewage sludge co-pyrolysis. The sewage sludge proportion of 75 wt% caused 25.3% nitric oxide reduction, double the figure for 50 wt% sewage sludge and 25 wt% sewage sludge (12.5% for 50 wt% sewage sludge and 13.2% for 25 wt% sewage sludge). During co-pyrolysis, nitric oxide emission was affected by different parameters. Heating rate could affect nitric oxide emission through a comprehensive mechanism which contented the effect on reaction time, nitric oxide reduction by carbon monoxide on char surface, and the effect on the devolatilization strength. Hydrogen/nitrogen ratio could also affect nitric oxide emission, however, the influence degree decreased as hydrogen/nitrogen increased. Furthermore, the oxygen/nitrogen ratio in fuel blends was determined as the most critical parameter on nitric oxide emission through Grey Relational Analysis. During co-gasification, Nitrogen functional groups were determined by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. Char residues in 5%Oxygen/95%Argon atmosphere showed more functional groups related to N-containing matters than that in 5% Carbon dioxide/95%Argon, especially Amide group (Carbon Nitrogen bond amide III, Carbon Oxygen double bonds amide I) and Nitrogen Hydrogen bond remained. And this result indicated that different atmospheres could affect nitric oxide emission through the pathway of the fuel-nitrogen transformation.1.

Two-Dimensional Pulsed EPR Resolves Hyperfine Coupling Strain in Nitrogen Hydrogen Bond Donors of Semiquinone Intermediates.

Hydrogen bonding between semiquinone (SQ) intermediates and side-chain or backbone nitrogens in protein quinone processing sites (Q-sites) is a common motif. Previous studies on SQs from multiple protein environments have reported specific features in the 15N HYSCORE spectra not reproducible by a theory based on fixed hyperfine parameters, and the source of these lineshape distortions remained unknown. In this work, using the spectra of the SQ in the Q-sites of wild-type and mutant D75H cytochrome bo3 ubiquinol oxidase from Escherichia coli, we have explained the observed additional features as originating from a-strain of the isotropic hyperfine coupling. In two-dimensional spectra, the a-strain manifests as well-resolved lineshape distortions of the basic cross-ridges and accompanying lines of low intensity in the opposite quadrant that allow its direct analysis. We have shown that their appearance is regulated by the relative values of the strain width, Δ a, and parameter, δ = |2 a + T| - 4ν15N. α-strain provides a direct measure of the structural dynamics and heterogeneity of the O···H···N bond in the SQ systems.

Formation of Hydroxylamine in Low-Temperature Interstellar Model Ices.

We irradiated binary ice mixtures of ammonia (NH3) and oxygen (O2) ices at astrophysically relevant temperatures of 5.5 K with energetic electrons to mimic the energy transfer process that occurs in the track of galactic cosmic rays. By monitoring the newly formed molecules online and in situ utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy complemented by temperature-programmed desorption studies with single-photon photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the synthesis of hydroxylamine (NH2OH), water (H2O), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrosyl hydride (HNO), and a series of nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O, NO2, N2O2, N2O3) was evident. The synthetic pathway of the newly formed species, along with their rate constants, is discussed exploiting the kinetic fitting of the coupled differential equations representing the decomposition steps in the irradiated ice mixtures. Our studies suggest the hydroxylamine is likely formed through an insertion mechanism of suprathermal oxygen into the nitrogen-hydrogen bond of ammonia at such low temperatures. An isotope-labeled experiment examining the electron-irradiated D3-ammonia-oxygen (ND3-O2) ices was also conducted, which confirmed our findings. This study provides clear, concise evidence of the formation of hydroxylamine by irradiation of interstellar analogue ices and can help explain the question how potential precursors to complex biorelevant molecules may form in the interstellar medium.

Sensors break out of the lab

Sensors break out of the lab