Nitrogen-doped Graphene Research Articles

Influence of doping and solvent interactions on the electronic and capacitive properties of metal-supported graphene: A combined DFT and AIMD study

Theoretical prediction of interfacial capacitance in graphene-based supercapacitors is crucial to accelerating materials’ design and development cycles. However, there is currently a significant gap between ab initio predictions and experimental reports, particularly in the case of nitrogen-doped graphene. Analyses based on changes to the density of states of freestanding graphene upon doping do not account for the electronic interactions between the electrode, dopants, and substrates. The result is an overestimation of the doping-induced capacitance increase by up to two orders of magnitude. Moreover, it is unclear whether electrolyte and solvent interactions can further complicate matters by inducing changes to the band structure and, therefore, the capacitive properties of the electrode. A third complication lies in the fixed-band approximation, where materials are simulated without accounting for the influence of an external electrical field. In this work, we present an interfacial modeling and characterization procedure that leverages the combined strengths of ab-initio molecular dynamics, density functional theory, and microscopic polarization theory to produce reliable predictions of interfacial capacitance. The procedure is applied to two case studies of interest in supercapacitor design: (1) nitrogen-doped graphene on a Cu(111) substrate and (2) an interface between bulk water and Cu(111)-supported graphene at room temperature. Results show that water alters graphene’s band structure from a semi-metallic to an n-doped-semiconducting character and that metallic substrates dominate the band structure of the electrode interface even in the presence of dopants. The water interface also shows an asymmetric capacitive response relative to the polarity of the applied field.

Density Functional Theory Optimization of Cobalt- and Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Catalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The optimization and advancement of effective catalysts in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are integral to the evolution of diverse green power technologies. In this study, cobalt–nitrogen–graphene (Co-N-g) catalysts are analyzed for their OER contribution via density functional theory (DFT). The influence of vacancies and nitrogen doping on catalyst performance was probed via electronic features and related Frontier Molecular Orbitals. The research reveals that the double-vacancy nitrogen-doped catalyst (DV-N4) exhibits remarkable OER effectiveness, characterized by a notably low overpotential of 0.61 V. This is primarily attributed to enhanced metal–ligand bonding interactions, a diminished energy gap indicating augmented reactivity, and advantageous charge redistribution upon water adsorption. Additionally, nitrogen doping is found to facilitate electron loss from Co, thus promoting water oxidation and improving OER performance. This research provides crucial insights into high-performance OER catalyst design, informing future developments in efficient renewable energy devices.

A magnetic adsorbent of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots, zinc metal-organic framework and molecularly imprinted polymer to extract phenylureas

A highly selective composite nano-sorbent was designed and fabricated for the extraction and enrichment of phenylureas. The nano-sorbent was composed of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs), a zinc metal-organic framework (IRMOF-1) and magnetite nanoparticles incorporated in molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The fabricated nano-sorbent was characterized and applied to extract and enrich three phenylureas in a dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction (d-MSPE) process. The developed method was highly sensitive and detected the target phenylureas at trace levels. The linear range was from 1.0 to 150 µg L−1 and the limit of detection was 1.0 µg L−1. The large specific surface area of the nano-sorbent produced highly efficient adsorption. When applied to extract phenylureas in vegetable samples, recoveries were in the range of 80.2–95.8% with relative standard deviations lower than 8.0%. The developed nano-sorbent not only exhibited highly selective and efficient extraction but also good stability which can be reused four times, and ease of fabrication. The developed strategy can also be modified for the extraction and determination of other organic compounds in various complex samples.

Efficient green light-based photocatalytic removal of bilirubin by a biocompatible nanocomposite of nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots/Au

Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots/Au (NGQDs/Au) nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal method followed by a photochemical route. The gram-scale nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot was synthesized by using hydrothermal method from urea and citric acid as a precursor. By adding HAuCl4 to the prepared sample, the nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots/Au nanocomposite was made in a straightforward photochemical process. The synthesized composite was utilized directly as a biocompatible photocatalyst for bilirubin degradation under green light irradiation.The nanocomposite was characterized using FESEM, Raman, XRD, TEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and PL. The quantum yield of the nanocomposite was calculated. The role of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au nanoparticles in reduction of the quantum yield and quantum yield effect on the photodegradation process was investigated. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of bilirubin in presence of the synthesized nanocomposite was measured to be nearly 74.7 % after 100 min green light irradiation, which is 5 times more than blue light used in clinical phototherapy without any photocatalyst. The optical analysis results reveal that the doping of nitrogen in GQDs and compositing with gold could accelerate the suppression of charge carrier's recombination. The future application of biocompatible photocatalysts in jaundice treatment under the green light irradiation was also approved in this research.

Non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene modified with polyaniline and Fe3O4@MIL-101-NH2 nano framework

In this study, a novel highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose sensor was fabricated by coating simple and cheap graphite sheet (GS) electrodes with a proper conductive nanocomposite containing nitrogen-doped functionalized graphene (NFG), conductive polyaniline (PANI), and core–shell nanoparticles (Fe3O4@MIL-101-NH2). The results revealed that the core centers of iron oxide nanoparticles shelled by MIL-101-NH2 enhanced the electron transfer and led to more conductivity, also their existence caused the limitation of the MOF’s low conductivity. In addition, using Fe3O4@MIL-101-NH2 in the nanocomposite structure led to more sensitivity and selectivity at glucose monitoring due to its amine groups and unique structure. The results showed that NFG/PANI/Fe3O4@MIL-101-NH2 nanocomposite provided a large surface area besides enhanced electron transfer and catalytic properties that lead to proper oxidation of glucose with two linear ranges of 0.5 – 10 µM and 100 µM – 25 mM and a low detection limit of 0.3 µM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the relative standard deviation (RSD%) in all detection processes was lower than 9 %. Finally, the performance of fabricated non-enzymatic sensor (GS/NFG/PANI/Fe3O4@MIL-101-NH2) in human fluids real samples including serum and plasma was acceptable which significantly indicates that it is toward monitoring of glucose in clinical applications.

Prominent Structural Dependence of Quantum Capacitance Unraveled by Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Mesosponge.

Porous carbons are important electrode materials for supercapacitors. One of the challenges associated with supercapacitors is improving their energy density without relying on pseudocapacitance, which is based on fast redox reactions that often shorten device lifetimes. A possible solution involves achieving high total capacitance (Ctot), which comprises Helmholtz capacitance (CH) and possibly quantum capacitance (CQ), in high-surface carbon materials comprising minimally stacked graphene walls. In this work, a templating method is used to synthesize 3D mesoporous graphenes with largely identical pore structures (≈2100 m2 g-1 with an average pore size of ≈7nm) but different concentrations of oxygen-containing functional groups (0.3-6.7 wt.%) and nitrogen dopants (0.1-4.5 wt.%). Thus, the impact of the heteroatom functionalities on Ctot is systematically investigated in an organic electrolyte excluding the effect of pore structures. It is found that heteroatom functionalities determine Ctot, resulting in the cyclic voltammetry curves being rectangular or butterfly-shaped. The nitrogen functionalities are found to significantly enhance Ctot owing to increased CQ.

Zwitterionic hydrogel for preserving stability and activity of oxidase enzyme for electrochemical biosensor

Enzymatic electrochemical biosensor is the most common analytical platform for medical diagnosis. To mimic the biological environment of the enzyme for maintaining the function of biosensor, zwitterionic hydrogels have been recognized as effective matrices for enzymatic immobilization. Herein, a zwitterionic hydrogel derived from a copolymer, poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-co-N-methacryloyloxyethyl tyrosine methylester (MAT)] (PMM) was firstly applied as versatile coating to preserve stability and activity of oxidase enzymes, glucose oxidase (GOx) and lactate oxidase (LOx) for enzymatic electrochemical sensor. A screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was sequentially coated with nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG), oxidase enzyme, and PMM mixed with Ru(II)bpy32+ and (NH4)2S2O8 followed by visible light irradiation for 3 min to induce PMM gelation. Electrochemical detection of glucose and lactate using the modified SPCE was performed via amperometry in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The activity of both GOx and LOx immobilized on the modified SPCE was well maintained for 49 days at 87 and 80 %, respectively. Additionally, two different electrodes, a screen-printed graphene electrode (SPGE), and a screen-printed silver electrode (SPAgE), similarly modified gave the same satisfactory detection of spiked glucose and lactate in human plasma and sweat with 93–118 % recovery. This indicates the potential of the PMM hydrogel as a universal platform for preservation of enzymes which can be easily fabricated without the need for specific chemical modification of the electrode.

Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for extensive production of hydrogen: A hybrid density functional study

Photocatalytic water splitting has emerged as a promising approach for storing solar energy in the form of chemical energy, which can solve the energy crisis and environmental issues. Herein we have explored the potentiality of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for solar-driven hydrogen evolution. The motivation behind applying quantum dots as a photocatalyst is to utilize a major portion of the solar energy spectrum to enhance hydrogen yield. The alignment of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) in comparison to the redox potential of water reveals that all the studied quantum dots are eligible for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The energy gap between FMOs varies with the size of quantum dots from 3.01 to 2.32 eV, showing absorption of light in the visible range. The Gibbs free energy calculation shows that the formation of intermediate species is energetically unfavorable without exposure to light at pH=7, except for hydrogen adsorption. However, the photogenerated electron and hole drive the steps of oxygen and hydrogen evolution by making those a downhill process. The optical absorption spectra show that all the studied quantum dots absorb visible light.

Stable Aluminum Metal Anode Enabled by Dual-Functional Molybdenum Nanoparticles.

Constructing robust anode with strong aluminophilicity and rapid desolvation kinetics is essential for achieving high utilization, long-term durability, and superior rate performance in Al metal-based energy storage, yet remains largely unexplored. Herein, molybdenum nanoparticles embedded onto nitrogen-doped graphene (Mo@NG) are designed and prepared as Al host to regulate the deposition behavior and achieve homogeneous Al plating/stripping. The monodispersed Mo nanoparticles reduce the desolvation energy barrier and promote the deposition kinetics of Al. Additionally, Mo nanoparticles act as aluminophilic nucleation sites to minimize the Al nucleation overpotential, further guiding uniform and dense Al deposition. As a result, the dual-functional Mo@NG endows Al anodes with low voltage hysteresis, reversible Al plating/stripping with high coulombic efficiency, and excellent high-rate capability under 5mA cm-2. Moreover, the as-designed Al metal full batteries deliver a high capacity retention of 92.8% after 3000 cycles at 1 A g-1. This work provides an effective solution to optimize the electrochemical properties of Al metal anode from the perspective of desolvation and deposition reactions, towards the development of high-safety and long-cycling aluminum-ion batteries.

Label-free flexible immunosensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene with titanium dioxide for the determination of depression marker dendritic cell nuclear protein-1

In this work, a label-free flexible immunosensor for selective and sensitive detection of dendritic cell nuclear protein-1 (DCNP1), a newly discovered potential marker of depression, was successfully constructed. At first, a highly conductive nanomaterial nitrogen-doped graphene with titanium dioxide (NG/TiO2) was prepared using a one-pot method, and it was used as an electrode modification material in the construction of immunosensors for the first time. NG/TiO2 was functionalized with 1-pyrene-butyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PSE), and then the DCNP1 antibody could be better immobilized on the surface of the modified indium tin oxide-polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET). Then bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to block non-specific active sites, and the immunosensor (BSA/anti-DCNP1-PSE/NG/TiO2/ITO-PET) can be obtained. The fabricated NG/TiO2 and the construction process of the immunosensor were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance methods. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to measure different concentrations of DCNP1 after optimizing the ratio of NG and TiO2, the modification amount of NG/TiO2, the ratio of NG/TiO2 to PSE, the concentration of anti-DCNP1 and its immobilization time, the concentration of BSA, and the incubation time of DCNP1. The constructed sensor had a wide linear range of 1 ∼ 104 pg mL−1, and a low detection limit of 0.45 pg mL−1 (S/N = 3). It had good reproducibility (RSD = 1.90 %), repeatability (RSD = 2.6 %), and selectivity. After storing it at 4 ℃ for 15 days, its performance decreased to 92.37 %. And it had been successfully used to determine DCNP1 in the brain homogenate of mice with depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), providing a possible method for the rapid and accurate determination of DCNP1.

Honeycomb-like MoCo alloy on 3D nitrogen-doped porous graphene for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

Honeycomb-like MoCo alloy on 3D nitrogen-doped porous graphene for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

Effects of graphitic- and pyridinic-N co-doping on structure regulation and ORR activity of N-doped graphene

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) has been widely used in electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, catalysts and other fields, due to its high stability, easy synthesis process and other excellent properties. Currently, the synthesized NDG often has extremely complex structures, such as various nitrogen types and different pore structures. Synthesizing NDG with specific structures to realize their applications in specific fields remains challenging. In this paper, the co-doping effect of graphitic-N and pyridinic-N on the structural stability of NDG is investigated from the perspective of theoretical calculations. By studying the co-doping of graphitic-N and pyridinic-N in different porous structures, it is found that co-doping is beneficial to improve the stability of the material. The co-doping of graphitic-N and pyridinic-N in triangular pore is the most stable structure among all co-doped structures. Further, we investigated the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities of graphitic-N, pyridinic-N, and co-doped structures, respectively. The co-doped structure is found to have higher ORR activity than the graphitic-N or pyridinic-N doped structure. Our study provides important theoretical guidance for the synthesis of NDG structures with high ORR activity.

Significance of N bonding configurations in N-doped graphene for enhanced supercapacitive performance: A comparative study in aqueous electrolytes

Herein, Nitrogen doped graphene (NG) samples for supercapacitive applications were synthesized using green approach of microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis in 300 s. The as prepared NG samples with appreciable N content (2.93–7.48 %) showed all major N bonding configurations fruitful for enhancing the supercapacitance performance. The surface, chemical and morphological features of the synthesized samples were examined, especially the different N configurations available on N doped graphene framework. Detailed analysis revealed that equal distribution of all the N bonding configurations along with high crystalline nature and high surface area was exhibited by the NG3 sample. The supercapacitive performance of NG3 sample was highly appreciable for all electrolytes even when compared with synthesized samples having higher N doping (NG6 and NG8). The present study brings to fore the significance and necessity of balance in N-doped graphene synthesized for supercapacitance electrode applications. It emerged that for good supercapacitive characteristics the synthesized sample should be balanced both in terms of amount of N content vs crystalline integrity of the graphene as well as nearly equal contributions of all major N bonding configurations (pyridinic N, pyrrolic N and quaternary N) rather than dominance of any one configuration. The most balanced sample had enhanced capacitance performance for all aqueous electrolytes even in lowest molarity of 0.5 M. The ion conduction pathways in each individual electrolyte have been discussed on the basis of hydrodynamic radius and ionic mobility of respective anions and cations. The enhanced wettability, high surface area, optimum N content, crystalline integrity and synergistic effect of equal distribution of the relevant N bonding configurations (pyridinic N, pyrrolic N and quaternary N) contributed to high specific capacitance of 113.53 Fg−1 for NG3-Ni sample. The sample showed high capacitance retention with high coulombic efficiency and low internal resistance, thus, cementing its candidature as an electrode material for supercapacitor industry.

Nitrogen-doped graphene enables stable zinc anode for long-term cycling aqueous Zn-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) with high theoretical capacity and good safety have emerged as one of the most promising sustainable energy storage systems. However, the irreversible dendritic growth on the surface of Zn anodes results in efficiency sharply decreasing, which seriously hinders the development of ZIBs. Herein, a nitrogen-doped graphene protective layer was introduced to Zn anode (N-rGO@Zn) using a simple self-assembly method, which reduced the contact resistance between the electrolyte and the electrode interface, improved the diffusion kinetics of Zn2+ and the occurrence of side reactions. Implementing this stable interface enhanced cycling at the current density of 1 mA/cm2 of 1 mAh/cm2 with reversibility of Zn plating/stripping for more than 1200 h. Furthermore, when the N-rGO@Zn anode is assembled with MnVO cathode, MnVO//N-rGO@Zn ZIB achieves a high specific capacity of 151.0 mAh/g at 10 A/g and maintains 97.0% after 2500 cycles. This N-rGO@Zn provides theoretical guidance for inhibiting dendrite growth and improving the stability of Zn anode.

Anti-wear and vibration-noise control of nitrogen-doped graphene/C60 nano additives

Traditional lubricants can no longer meet the demand for vibration and noise reduction performance in industrial production. In order to reduce the vibration and noise caused by friction under heavy load conditions, nitrogen-doped graphene prepared by a bottom-up method is used as an additive. By incorporating nitrogen-doped graphene and C60 nanoparticles into PAO6 lubricant, a highly efficient nano-lubricant with both vibration and noise reduction properties is synthesized. The performance of the nano-lubricant is determined by rotational wear tests, and the obtained wear traces on steel balls and plates are evaluated by 3D depth-of-field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, and the vibration and noise signals are analyzed using vibration analyzers and digital sound level meters. The coefficient of friction and wear volume of N-doped graphene:C60 (0.4:0.5) can be reduced by 60% and 57%, respectively. Especially, the Z-axis vibration acceleration and noise sound pressure are reduced by 81% and 19%, respectively. The results indicate that the hybrid nanoparticles can directly reduce friction and wear through filling and adsorption. In addition, the slight deformation of the coupled nitrogen-doped graphene/C60 structure can absorb the load and reduce the stress concentration, thus indirectly attenuating the friction-induced vibration and noise.

Inverse kinetic isotope effect of proton and deuteron permeation through pyridinic N-doped graphene

Graphene is becoming an increasingly popular platform for developing high-efficiency hydrogen isotope separation technologies operated at room temperature. However, its performance can be strongly affected by contributions from atomic defects. Understanding the influence of defects on the hydrogen isotope selectivity of graphene is thus imperative but remains elusive. In this work, we investigated the electrically driven proton/deuteron permeation through nitrogen-doped graphene membranes with varying N concentrations and configurations. The results show that N-doping significantly enhances the proton and deuteron permeability of graphene (by one order of magnitude). More importantly, deuterons are found to permeate faster through pyridinic N-containing defects than protons, demonstrating a pronounced inverse kinetic isotope effect (KIE) with kH/kD of 0.75. Conversely, pyrrolic N-containing defects exhibit a normal KIE (kH/kD = 1.56). The exclusive contribution of the pyridinic N to the inverse KIE is confirmed by the reversed KIE factor of the pyridinic N-dominated sample subjected to modification. Theoretical calculations indicate that the explicit dependence of KIE on N configuration originates from the different leading mechanisms of proton/deuteron permeation through these N-containing defects, which is governed by the size and the chemisorption imparted by defects. These findings provide fundamental insights into the correlation between defect characteristics and proton/deuteron transport in graphene, and contribute to developing economical hydrogen isotope separation technologies through the defect engineering of graphene.

Enhancing photoluminescence performance and pH photostability of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots via surface-passivated by polyethylene glycol

The photoluminescence (PL) properties of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) are highly dependent on reaction parameters. In this study, we developed new and fast protocols to surface passivate NGQDs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) using microwave irradiation. The resulting NGQDs-PEG exhibited highly stable PL with an emission peak at 424 nm when excited at 325 nm. The PL intensity of NGQDs with PEG increased with the volume of capping agents due to the enhancing luminescence effect of the surface functional group of polyethylene glycol. The optimal PEG amount of 2 wt% was found to improve the PL effect of NGQDs. Interestingly, the surface passivation of NGQDs with PEG enabled the NGQDs to exhibit strong PL performance across varying pH environments (from acidic to alkaline), addressing the issue of quenching of quantum dots in biological environments. Our research also focused on the ultrafast synthesis of NGQDs, where process parameters such as power value, catalyst volume, and reaction time were identified as important factors affecting NGQD luminescence. Our results showed that the optimal microwave power was 640 W, lower than that used in previous synthesis methods. Increasing the volume of catalyst promoted faster NGQD formation. The optimal reaction time was found to be 5 min, catalyst volume of 5 ml resulted in the highest PL intensity of NGQDs.

Economical-effective purification of brackish water through an integrated capacitive desalination & boron adsorption system

The escalating scarcity of high-quality water for potable, industrial, and agricultural use necessitates innovative methods to augment freshwater supply from unconventional sources. This study primarily aims to lower boron (B) and chloride (Cl−) levels in brackish water to meet water quality standards of B < 0.5 mg/L and Cl− < 250 mg/L. To meet this goal, an innovative adsorbent, OQAS-AC@NGO, was used for boron removal. It combines organosilicon quaternary ammonium chloride (OQAS) modified activated carbon (AC) within a self-assembled nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO) structure. Before boron removal, a capacitive deionization (CDI) system was used, employing OQAS-AC as the anode and COOH-modified AC as the cathode for chloride ion electrosorption. Through this cooperation procedure, the treated water meets the required quality standards while significantly reducing chemical costs by approximately 13.5 times when compared to conventional ion exchange resin methods for adsorbent regeneration. Moreover, the OQAS-AC@NGO adsorbent sustains its efficiency through multiple cycles, outperforming non-assembled N-GO in terms of yield, performance, and water flux. This underscores the cost-effective adsorbent preparation and enhanced water productivity. Economic analysis endorses the integrated CDI & B adsorption approach, advancing both sustainable water treatment processes and practical industrial applications.

One-step facile growth of nitrogen-doped graphene nanowalls by catalyst-free thermal chemical vapor deposition

We report an effective technique for the growth of graphene nanowalls (GNWs) and nitrogen-doped graphene nanowalls (N-GNWs) using a thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) on the catalyst-free substrate. Ethanol and mixed ethanol-imidazole were used as carbon and carbon-nitrogen sources for the growth of GNWs and N-GNWs, respectively. The effect of imidazole concentration on the morphology, nanostructure, crystal structure, crystallinity, chemical bonding and chemical structure of GNWs and N-GNWs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Focused ion beam combined with TEM was utilized to analyze the growth mechanism. The results show that GNWs and N-GNWs are vertically oriented graphene nanosheets on in-plane-oriented graphitic layer/carbon nanolayer. An increase in imidazole concentration from 2.5 to 5.0 wt% increases the nitrogen content in the N-GNWs from 1.24 to 2.61 at%. The incorporated nitrogen atoms are mainly graphitic-N. One-step facile growth of N-GNWs by TCVD method without the need for a metal catalyst and plasma system was achieved.

Insights on salting-out triggering aggregation-induced emission in nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots

A straightforward methodology for obtaining Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots (N-GQDs) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) using salting-out purification processes is presented in this work. Various salts, including NaCl at concentrations of 50 mM, were found to be effective for stratification of graphene-based materials (GBMs) by salting-out treatments. These salts were shown to be safer, more cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable alternatives to (NH4)2SO4 reported in previous works. Remarkably, this method demonstrated the ability to promote the self-assembly of N-GQDs into stable J-aggregates-like arrays with an average fluorescence decay time of ca. 4 ns and absolute quantum yield with values of 3.5 % and 6.9 % for 100 mM and 2 M, respectively. In contrast to a typical quenching effect caused by π-stacking, these arrays exhibited aggregation-induced emissions, as evidenced by the presence of new excitation and emission bands at 532 and 600 nm, respectively. The scalability of the process, along with the absence of additional purification steps, renders these results of great scientific and technological interest. Furthermore, the modulable fluorescence, size, and stability of these GBMs suggest their potential application in energy cells, sensors, and biomedical imaging.