Night Research Articles

Traffic Monitoring System for Vehicle Detection in Day and Night Conditions

Abstract In this work, a day and night time vehicle detection system for traffic surveillance is proposed. Our system is composed of two main processes, day time and night time processes. In the night time, the vehicles are detected based on their taillights and headlights. First of all, the 2D-DWT (Two Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform) and the background subtraction are applied to the input image. Then, the connected component technique is used to extract the region of interest. If it is the daytime, the connected component candidates are taken as potential vehicles after applying a pre-processing algorithm to improve the result. If it is the night-time, a filtering operation is used to keep only the bright white and red connected component candidates (which represent potential headlights and taillights, respectively). Finally, potential lamp sets are formed by grouping the extracted components on the basis of their positions, sizes, and colours. The potential extracted vehicles are classified as a vehicle or non-vehicle by using a pre-trained CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) classifier. The proposed system was tested and evaluated using different works from the literature. The experiments show that our proposed system has reached a high accuracy in terms of vehicle detection process whether in day or night time. The experiments were performed using four different videos and were implemented using the C++ language, which facilitates mathematical computation, and its OpenCV library, which is used to run the image processing algorithms used, as well as the TensorFlow library, which facilitates transfer learning of pre-trained CNN models.

P.047 Effect of lemborexant on sleep architecture in subjects with comorbid insomnia and mild obstructive sleep apnea from a phase 3 trial

Background: Lemborexant (LEM), a dual-orexin-receptor-antagonist approved to treat adults with insomnia, increases total sleep time (TST) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or co-morbid insomnia and OSA (COMISA) report sleeping difficulties and reduced REM, therefore sleep architecture was analyzed during LEM treatment. Methods: Study E2006-G000-304 (NCT02783729) was a 1-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)- and active-comparator zolpidem-ER 6.25mg (ZOL)-controlled study in adults ≥55y with insomnia disorder. Subjects received PBO, LEM 5mg (LEM5), 10mg (LEM10), or ZOL. Least-square-mean duration of each sleep stage (minutes) was compared from pooled data on Nights (NT)1/2 and NT29/30 for mild OSA subjects (apnea hypopnea index ≥5 to <15 events/h). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were recorded. Results: Of 409 subjects with mild OSA (LEM5=114/LEM10=105/ZOL=112/PBO=78) change from baseline (CFB) in TST and REM sleep was significantly larger with both LEM doses versus ZOL/PBO on both nights. CFB for total nonREM sleep was significantly higher (P<0.0001) with both LEM doses versus PBO on both nights. LEM5 showed significantly higher (P<0.05) nonREM sleep versus ZOL at NT29/30. Most TEAEs were mild/moderate. Conclusions: LEM significantly increased TST, REM, and nonREM sleep versus PBO in subjects with insomnia and mild OSA. Data support LEM treatment in the COMISA population.

Characteristics and performance investigation of solar AES system with novel flat-plate collector-evaporator integrated unit capable of salinity wastewater thermal self-storage

Fluctuations and variations in the solar irradiation intensity, both regular and irregular, seriously damage the performance and effectiveness of conventional solar evaporation systems for salinity wastewater recovery. Furthermore, a novel flat-plate collector-evaporator integrated unit with thermal self-storage of salinity wastewater is designed and implemented in the solar air evaporating separation (AES) system. Comprehensive operating characteristics and performance investigations are conducted through the construction of the experimental system and the establishment of the multi-process coupling model. Results of experimental and simulation investigations indicate that this function of wastewater itself as heat-storage medium in the unit actually helps to counteract the reduced system performance and energy efficiency caused by fluctuations in solar irradiation, especially under overcast weathers, when average EE, GOR and ηsys of this system can still be maintained at 3.83 kg/kWh, 2.02, 59.78 %. What's more, this system supports effective 24-hour operation mode under variable environmental conditions, while maintaining superior wastewater recovery performance energy efficiency. Under variable conditions, including night time and cloudy weather, the average GOR, ηsys and ηex,sys,daily for 24-hour operation can be up to 4.49, 62.2 % and 3.95 %, while the average OPEX is only 0.0089$/kg and the OVEX for 15-year service lifetime is only 0.0142 $/kg.

Lack of Sleep Among Adolescent Athletes Is Associated With a Higher Prevalence of Self-Reported History of Anxiety and Depression

Purpose: To study mental health, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness in young athletes. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. The main outcome measures included sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Results: Study participants included 756 athletes with a mean age of 13.5 years. A total of 39% (n = 296/756) reported not meeting current sleep recommendations for age. Athletes >12 years and with a self-reported anxiety and/or depression history were less likely to meet sleep recommendations and showed higher daytime sleepiness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.2, 1.4], β [SE] = 3.06 [0.74], respectively). Athletes with goal-oriented reasons for playing versus enjoyment (52% vs. 35%, aOR = 1.70, 95% CI [1.12, 2.58]) were less likely to meet sleep recommendations. Night time internet access and weeknight homework hours were negatively associated with sleep recommendations (aOR = 1.68, 95% CI [1.68, 2.47] and aOR = 3.11, 95% CI [1.82, 5.3]) and positively associated with daytime sleepiness (β [SE] = 1.44 [0.45] and 2.28 [0.59]). Conclusions: Many young athletes are not meeting sleep recommendations. Associated factors include mental health, reasons for play, internet access, and homework demand.

PRETERM BIRTH IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CENTRAL SYSTOLIC PRESSURE IN PRIMARY HYPERTENSION - SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE

Objective: Preterm birth (PB) and lower birth weight (LBW) are associated with higher risk for hyprtension, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Our aim In this study was to analyze the association of PB and LBW with the parameters of arterial stiffness obtained during 24h measurement, with special focus on parameters of central hemodynamic (central aortic pressure). Design and method: In this study we included 154 adult patients (mean age 32, predominantly women (69.5%) with primary hypertension. In all of them we collected the data about term of birth and birth weight, and different antropological paramaters were measured. We determined various different laboratory data. Parameters of arterial stifness were measured in the office using Sphygmocor, and during the 24h using Mobil-o-Graph and Arteriograph. Results: In the whole group, 39 patients (25.5%) were born before the term. The corellation between pulse wave velocity (measured in office ambulatory during 24h) and term of birth was not found. The term of birth had low negative and statistically significant correlations with systolic central aortic pressure measured by Arteriograph during the night (r = -0.164, p < 0.05), as well as measured by Mobil-o-Graph during 24h (r = -0.167, p < 0.05), day (r = -0.172, p < 0.05) and night (r = -0.186, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that preterm born is associated with increased systolic aortic pressure. We found this association fot the night time using two different devices. It could be speculated that this association might contribute to the global CV and kidney risk in subjects born before term. Further results are needed to answer whether ambulatory measurement of central hemodynamics have clinical importance.

0351 Differential Effect of Lemborexant and Zolpidem on Wake Across the Night in Patients with Insomnia Disorder

Abstract Introduction Insomnia can involve difficulty with falling and/or staying asleep; older adults tend to report more sleep maintenance issues. While zolpidem tartrate extended-release 6.25mg (ZOL) is indicated to treat sleep onset and maintenance, data indicate that ZOL may be less effective in the last 2 hours of the night. It is important to understand the differences between ZOL and lemborexant (LEM), a dual-orexin-receptor-antagonist with the same indication. In Study 304 (E2006-G000-304; NCT02783729), LEM treatment significantly improved objective sleep maintenance (wake after sleep onset [WASO] and WASO in the second half of the night) assessed by polysomnography (PSG) over 1 month compared with placebo (PBO) and ZOL in older adults with insomnia disorder. This post-hoc analysis assessed the effect of LEM and ZOL on wake at each hour (H) of an 8-h sleep period. Methods Study 304 was a randomized, double-blind, PBO- and active-controlled, parallel-group study in adults ≥55y. Subjects (n=1006) received PBO, LEM 5mg (LEM5) or 10mg (LEM10), or ZOL for 1 month. Wake (minutes) was assessed hourly from paired PSGs during single-blind PBO run-in and post-randomization at nights (NT) 1/2 and NT29/30. Change from baseline (CfB) for H1-8 was analyzed using pooled t-tests. Results Between-group baseline wake was similar. On NT1/2 and NT29/30, CfB for LEM10 was significantly greater (less wake) than PBO for all hours except H4 NT29/30. On NT1/2 and NT29/30, CfB for LEM5 was significantly greater than PBO for all hours except H4 NT1/2 and NT29/30 and H8 NT1/2. On NT1/2 and NT29/30, CfB for LEM5 and LEM10 were significantly greater than ZOL during H1,2,7, and 8. CfB for ZOL was not significantly different than PBO except for H2-6 NT1/2 and H3,5,6 NT29/30; CfB for PBO was significantly greater (better) than ZOL during H1 NT29/30. Conclusion LEM improves total sleep time by decreasing wake time throughout the night after sleep onset compared to PBO, and at the beginning/end of the night compared to ZOL. These findings support that ZOL may be less effective in maintaining sleep during the last 2 hours of the night compared with LEM in older subjects, especially those with sleep maintenance difficulties. Support (if any) Eisai Inc.

0354 Effect of Lemborexant on Sleep Architecture in Subjects with Comorbid Insomnia and Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea from a Ph 3 Trial

Abstract Introduction Many patients with insomnia have co-morbid obstructive sleep apnea (COMISA). Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may also have decreased REM-sleep. Lemborexant (LEM) is a dual-orexin-receptor-antagonist approved to treat adults with insomnia. LEM has been demonstrated to increase total sleep, with prominent increases in rapid eye movement (REM). Thus, sleep architecture was analyzed in subjects with insomnia/mild OSA receiving LEM in a phase 3 trial. Methods Study 304 (E2006-G000-304; NCT02783729) was a 1-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled and active-comparator study in adults ≥55y with insomnia disorder. Subjects received PBO, LEM 5mg (LEM5), LEM 10mg (LEM10) or zolpidem tartrate extended-release 6.25mg (ZOL). Least-squares-mean (LSM) duration of each sleep stage (minutes) was compared across treatment groups from pooled data on Nights (NT)1/2 and NT29/30 for ­subjects with mild OSA (apnea hypopnea index ≥5 to < 15). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were recorded. Results The analysis set comprised 409 subjects (LEM5=114/LEM10=105/ZOL=112/PBO=78) with mild OSA. Mean (SD) change from baseline (CFB) in total sleep time was significantly larger (more sleep) in both LEM groups than ZOL or PBO at the post-randomization assessments. CFB for REM sleep was also significantly larger (P< 0.0001) for both LEM vs ZOL/PBO at both assessments, NT1/2: LEM5 21.08 (21.79), LEM10 32.57 (24.34), ZOL 3.06 (23.51), PBO 2.42 (17.51); NT29/20: LEM5 14.49 (18.12), LEM10 24.26 (24.50), ZOL 0.75 (22.32), PBO 2.14 (22.62). Compared with PBO, CFB for total nonREM sleep significantly increased (P< 0.0001) in the LEM groups at both assessments, NT1/2: LEM5 39.64 (34.30), LEM10 44.63 (37.85), ZOL 45.80 (37.43); PBO 7.80 (37.88); NT29/30: LEM5 44.66 (37.77), LEM10 44.08 (39.68), ZOL 36.22 (41.95), PBO 15.33 (36.52). Compared to ZOL, total nonREM sleep in either LEM group was not significantly different on NT1/2, and only LEM5 was significantly different vs ZOL at NT29/30 (P< 0.05). LEM was well-tolerated; most TEAEs were mild/moderate. Conclusion LEM significantly increased total sleep time in subjects with insomnia and mild OSA. The additional sleep was comprised importantly with REM sleep, a sleep stage that may be decreased in patients with OSA. These data support the use of LEM in a population with COMISA. Support (if any) Eisai Inc.

0264 Untangling Correlations Between Positive Affect and Light and Activity Data Using Deep Learning

Abstract Introduction Research has found activity and light data continuously captured via wearable devices predict psychological outcomes. Understanding which sources are most predictive could suggest which biological or environmental factors most impact outcomes. Existing work has largely relied on summary measures of these sources. This may overgeneralize important nuances in the sources that are correlated to the outcomes. We utilized deep learning to predict daily affected based on raw actigraphy and light data to determine which sources are most predictive of daytime positive affect. Methods We modeled the daily mean (DMPA) and standard deviation (DSDPA) of positive affect using actigraphy and light data from a cohort of 172 adolescents who completed an ecological momentary protocol for 7-8 days. Positive affect was measured via PANAS-SF and administered via smartphone 5-6 times daily. The outcomes are predicted using the actigraphy and light data during the environmental night (time between astronomical twilight and dawn) prior to each outcome. Convolutional neural networks are used to predict the outcomes using all permutations of actigraphy, white light, and red-green-blue (RGB) light data. Results The mean (standard deviation) of the DMPA and DSDPA outcomes were 6.53(1.60) and 1.28(1.15) respectively. Using white and RGB light we could predict DMPA and DSDPA with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.59 and 1.08 respectively (i.e., within 0.99 and 0.93 deviations respectively). Conclusion Our work indicates that white and RGB light best predict positive affect. This may indicate that light-based environmental night factors have a larger impact on daily affect than activity-based factors. Most results were within a few hundredths of a deviation from each other, and the channels that best predicted affect differed depending on whether DMPA or DSDPA was modeled. Our methods provide a way to predict affect from raw data and suggest which environmental and biological data have clinical implications towards affect. Important next steps include using time periods related to individual’s dim light melatonin onset and comparing findings from deep learning to those based on summary measures. Support (if any) CARRS Pilot Grant (Wheeler), R01-AA025626 (Hasler), R01-DA044143 (Hasler), RF1-AG056311-04 (Wallace)

Continuous perioperative heart rate variability monitoring in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy—a pilot study

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of cardiac autonomic modulation and is potentially related to hypotension, postoperative atrial fibrillation, and orthostatic intolerance. However, there is a lack of knowledge on which specific time points and indices to measure. To improve future study design, there is a need for procedure-specific studies in an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy setting, and for continuous measurement of perioperative HRV. HRV was measured continuously from 2 days before until 9 days after VATS lobectomy in 28 patients. After VATS lobectomy, with median length of stay = 4 days, the standard deviation between normal-to-normal beats and the total power of HRV were reduced for 8 days during the night and day times, while low-to-high frequency variation and detrended fluctuation analysis were stable. This is the first detailed study to show that HRV measures of total variability were reduced following ERAS VATS lobectomy, while other measures were more stable. Further, preoperative HRV measures showed circadian variation. The patch was well tolerated among participants, but actions should be taken to ensure proper mounting of the measuring device. These results demonstrate a valid design platform for future HRV studies in relation to postoperative outcomes.

Thermal performance of a hybrid solar dryer through experimental and CFD investigation

AbstractSolar drying comes under clean energy technology that aims to dry food products hygienically. The present work discusses the development of an energy‐efficient and cost‐effective hybrid‐type solar dryer for drying 15 kg of food products. Experiments and CFD modeling of the solar drying system have been carried out for drying tomato slices. The maximum efficiency of the collector has been obtained as 74.1% and 66.96%, respectively with and without using exhaust hot air recirculation. Performance indicators such as convective heat transfer coefficient, overall loss coefficient, drying efficiency, and collector efficiency factor have been obtained as 7.743685 W/m2°C, 5.94189 W/m2°C, 32.89%, and 0.987%, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) is calculated as 0.9863, 0.9919, and 0.9755 for the first, second, and third day, respectively, representing a higher order of fit of getting a performance evaluation of the collector. A p‐value is obtained as 0.49375 (>0.05) from a paired sample t‐test signifying no statistical significance difference between the predicted and actual experimental results of collector efficiency. For a constant mass flow rate of air, the maximum temperature inside the drying chamber and wall radiative heat flux obtained from experiments and CFD simulation are in good agreement, thus satisfying the validation. Further, the dryer can be used during the night time by using an electric coil producing a satisfactory drying effect. It is lightweight and easily portable to capture maximum solar radiation.Practical applicationsThe present solar dryer is most suitable for drying applications in food processing industries due to the clean and hygienic process of drying. It is easily portable to any location to capture maximum solar radiation. It is lightweight and has low construction, and maintenance costs. It is the most efficient and fast drying compared to open sun drying and can be used for large‐scale drying in industrial applications. The present study is about CFD simulations of the solar dryers for drying 5 kg of tomato slices. The drying efficiency has been increased by utilizing exhaust hot air circulation. Both the simulation and experimental results have been validated and further dryer has been used during night time by using an auxiliary heating element.

Allnighter pseudokinase-mediated feedback links proteostasis and sleep in Drosophila

In nervous systems, retrograde signals are key for organizing circuit activity and maintaining neuronal homeostasis. We identify the conserved Allnighter (Aln) pseudokinase as a cell non-autonomous regulator of proteostasis responses necessary for normal sleep and structural plasticity of Drosophila photoreceptors. In aln mutants exposed to extended ambient light, proteostasis is dysregulated and photoreceptors develop striking, but reversible, dysmorphology. The aln gene is widely expressed in different neurons, but not photoreceptors. However, secreted Aln protein is retrogradely endocytosed by photoreceptors. Inhibition of photoreceptor synaptic release reduces Aln levels in lamina neurons, consistent with secreted Aln acting in a feedback loop. In addition, aln mutants exhibit reduced night time sleep, providing a molecular link between dysregulated proteostasis and sleep, two characteristics of ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.

Episodes of Febrile Urinary Tract Infections Occur More Often in the Winter in Patients with Spina Bifida.

Febrile urinary tract infections, which commonly occur in spina bifida patients, can cause renal dysfunction. To help prevent febrile urinary tract infection occurrence, a better understanding of any seasonal tendencies would be beneficial. Study points evaluated included: (i) with or without febrile urinary tract infections, (ii) type of urinary management in patients with febrile urinary tract infections, (iii) number of febrile urinary tract infection occurrences, and (iv) season associated with episode. Febrile urinary tract infection was defined by medical records specifically ascribing the term and clinical presentations consistent with the diagnosis. We evaluated febrile urinary tract infection incidence per 1 person, risk odds, expected values, and chi-square analysis. This study examined 140 patients (79 males, 61 females). The patient's age at the first visit ranged from 2 days to 43.7 years old (median: 3.0 years old). The observation period was 0.6-43.7 years (median: 11.5 years). (i) Febrile urinary tract infection occurred in 68 cases, (ii) urinary management included: full clean intermittent catheterization: 49 cases, autoaugmented bladder: 15 cases, self-voiding: 8 cases, clean intermittent catheterization + indwelling catheter at night time: 5 cases, self-voiding + clean intermittent catheterization: 4 cases, vesicocutaneostomy: 2 cases, (iii) number of febrile urinary tract infection episodes: 2 times or less: 40 cases, 3-5 times: 20 cases, over 6 times: 8 cases, and (iv) total number of febrile urinary tract infection episodes was 183, with spring: 41, summer: 44, autumn: 37, and winter: 61. Risk odds of the incidence (one season vs. the other season) were spring: 0.870 (P = .425), summer: 0.954 (P = .784), autumn: 0.755 (P = .120), and winter 1.497 (P = .009).

Machine Learning in Renewable Energy Application: Intelligence System for Solar Panel Cleaning

The objective of this study is to develop an automatic cleaning system for Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels using machine learning algorithms. The experiment includes two phases. Phase one is to perform testing and reading of the sensor in 4 different classes which include no-dust, little dust, dusty, and very dusty during day and night time. The reading was taken using a visual inspection of the solar panel and the sensor reading using a multimeter. Phase two uses supervised learning to test and calibrate the sensor using the KNN algorithm. The classification was done using the data gathered from the sensor with one of the main classes identified. A total of 800 readings were taken. The results show the sensor reading taken during the night was more stable and accurate due to the sensor’s sensitivity to noise which includes: heat and light during the daytime. Secondly, using machine learning (KNN algorithm) we get a 95% (with K=5) correct classification for the four main classes which determines the level of cleaning needed for the solar panel.

A comparative study on slow down progression of myopia using atropine 0.01% in children

The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of lower concentration of Atropine 0.01% in promoting unaided visual acuity and slowing down the progression of myopia in children over 6 months. It was a hospital-based comparative study in the outpatient department of Ophthalmology, AL, LT, ACD, PPD, SPD, PGP were taken by Lenstar and Lensometer.The Comparative study was performed on 60 children from 9 to 15 years age group with initial myopic spherical equivalence from 0.5 to 6.00 D. The children were screened for visual acuity for distance and near using Snellen’s chart. Cycloplegic Refraction was done to know the presence of Refractive Errors. This study was approved by IRB Ethical Committee. (SCAHS/IRB/2022/JULY/420).The inclusion criteria include Ammetropic children with no binocular vision anomalies and no history of ocular disease. The primary outcome was the rate of myopic progression after 6 months. The participants were instructed to use Atropine 0.01% eye drops during night times for 6 months and the rate of myopic progression and the spherical equivalence, axial length, lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, photopic and scotopic pupil diameter were re-assessed to compare the progression of myopia in the children. Sixty children enrolled for six months study in which the mean progression of myopia was found to be within 0.27D and axial elongation shows 0.23 mm changes respectively, whereas there were no significant changes in the anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, photopic and scotopic pupil diameter before and after assessment in children. Spherical power, Axial Length, Anterior Chamber Depth, Lens Thickness, Photopic Pupil Diameter and Scotopic Pupil Diameter all showed significant progression from pre to post stages, with the average post reading deviating by 0.25 from the normal limits.

Mutual response hypothesis between surface temperature and aerosol (BC and non-BC) mass concentration observed in an urban environment

The mutual response between near surface aerosol concentration and surface temperature works in a complicated manner. A recent study has introduced a hypothesis of mutual response between surface temperature and near surface black carbon (BC) mass concentration which states that ‘more fall in morning hour surface temperature (T) contribute to the enhancement of BC fumigation peak after the sunrise which positively impacts the extra rise in mid-day temperature over a region during the day time’. Morning hour surface temperature is proportionally linked with the strength of the night time near surface temperature inversion which contributes to the enhancement of the fumigation peak of BC aerosols after the sunrise and the enhanced fumigation peak can impact the degree of the mid-day surface temperature rise by influencing the instantaneous heating. However, it didn't mention the role of non-BC aerosols. Further, the hypothesis was drawn based on the co-located ground-based observations of surface temperature and BC concentration at a rural location of peninsular India. Though, it was mentioned that the hypothesis can be tested independently of locations, but was not thoroughly validated for an urban environment where the loading of both BC and non-BC aerosols are high. In this context, the first objective of the present work is to methodically test the BC –T hypothesis over an Indian metropolitan city, Kolkata, using the suite of measurements obtained from Kolkata Camp Observatory of NARL (KCON) along with other supporting data. In addition, the validity of the hypothesis for the non-BC fraction of PM2.5 aerosols over the same location is also tested. Besides ascertaining the above-mentioned hypothesis over an urban location, it is found that the enhancement of non-BC PM2.5 aerosols peak after the sunrise can negatively influences the mid-day temperature rise over a region during the day time.

A cross-sectional study to explore the association of peer pressure with Internet gaming

Abstract Background: Gaming is a new phenomenon and there are increasing concerns over its negative impact. After the official recognition by diagnostic and statistical manual-5 and International Classification of Disorder-11, much of the research is directed toward understanding the different constructs of the gambling disorder. Peer influence is an established factor in substance use but less researched in gaming. Aims of the Study: The aim of this study is to explore and understand the influence of peer pressure on Internet gaming. Materials and Methods: Individuals between 15 and 35 years were asked to participate after explaining the study objectives and assessed on the Peer Pressure Scale and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) Scale. Responses were analyzed using the R language with R studio as the integrated development environment. Generalized additive model was used to identify the best-fit model. The Akaike information criterion was used to select the best model. Results: Battle Ground Mobile India is the most played game. Peer pressure alone accounts for 46.2% of the variability in Internet gaming and along with factors such as student; real friends; strategy games; online mode of playing, night time playing; and hours spent playing, increasing it to 56%. Peer pressure is positively correlated with IGD (P < 0.001, R = 0.65). Conclusions: Peer pressure is directly associated and plays a role in developing Internet gaming along with factors such as being a student; playing with real friends; strategy game genre; online mode of playing games; and nightly playing. Substance use such as tobacco may influence peer pressure and Internet gaming, acting as a co-factor for both.

Comparative analysis of electroretinogram with subdermal and invasive recording methods in mice

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the most common clinical and basic visual electrodiagnostic test, which has long been used to evaluate the retinal function through photic stimulation. Despite its wide application, there are still some pitfalls often neglected in ERG recording, such as the recording time point, active electrode location, and the animal strain. In this study, we systematically analyzed and compared the effects of multiple factors on ERG, which would provide an important reference for ERG detection by other investigators. ERG was recorded using the Celeris D430 rodent ERG testing system. The amplitudes and latencies of a wave, b wave and oscillatory potentials (OPs) recorded from different electrode locations (subdermal and invasive), different times of day (day time 8:00 to 13:00 and night time 18:00 to 23:00), bilateral eyes (left and right), and different mouse strains (C57 and CD1) were analyzed and compared. Our results revealed that ERG was affected by active electrode locations and difference between day and night, while OPs seemed not to be influenced. There was no significant difference in the amplitudes or latencies of ERG and OPs between left and right eyes, irrespective of measurements at day or night, or which method was used. Compared to C57 mice, both ERG and OP responses were significantly decreased in Brn3bAP/AP mice, a model for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. In addition, there were some non-negligible differences in visual responses between C57 and CD1 mouse strains. Our results suggest that the invasive procedure is a reliable method for evaluating the visual function including VEP, ERG and OP responses in mice. Moreover, these comparative analyses provide valuable references for future studies of mammalian visual electrophysiology.

Influence of Circadian Rhythm on Enamel and Other Oral Tissues- A Narrative Review

Molecular mechanisms in regulating physiologic interactions in the human body are under the control of circadian rhythmicity. The modern lifestyle and adjusting to the globalized world have led to various imbalances and diseases. Adaptation of certain body functions according to age or environment keeps altering. Late hours, frequent travel, or some medications can confuse these primary clock genes and cause hormonal imbalance. The importance of clock genes adjustment to triggering factors of night and day time zones has a crucial role in the proper functioning of our body. Similar to the bone formation pattern, the circadian rhythm directly influences the hardest substance, the tooth enamel. Various transcription factors conduct these circadian rhythmicities through clock genes. Identifying new clock genes is in progress, and intraspecific gene variations regulate the clock proteins. Lag in the feedback system is possible if there is a possibility of alterations among the clock genes. If there is a disruption in these gene expressions, it can lead to several diseases. Aging and neurodegeneration-related diseases are also crucial in understanding circadian rhythm disturbances. Even the enamel or dentin-related disharmony related to circadian rhythms in clues of the molecular signals receiving day and night variability is possible. Specific geographical studies on the population may help understand the circadian rhythm and its effects on patterns of mineral deposition in teeth. These prove to help anthropologists though they could be more accurate greatly. This review focuses on the effects of circadian rhythm in enamel and its usage with various clock genes in other oral tissue functioning.

REMAJA, KEKERASAN, DAN PENDIDIKAN KELUARGA: FENOMENA KLITIH DI YOGYAKARTA

Klitih is a juvenile delinquent in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and is a social violence committed by young people due to many reasons, such as lack of parental care and the failure of schools in fostering positive character. Klitih is a type of youth anarchism carried out on the street by teenagers using samurai, swords, and knives to randomly stab people at night time. This study aims to determine how effective is the parenting role in addressing klitih among adolescents in Yogyakarta. Type of the study is field research with subjects that consist of five parents and five teachers in Banguntapan District, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and relevant documents of the literature study. The research is a descriptive analysis where the researchers used interview narratives and citations of journals and books as either primary or secondary sources. The results show that parenting in dealing with adolescent clients focuses on three aspects: first, warmth which is determined by parents’ affection and emotional involvement with their children. Second, control which is characterized by parents who enforce discipline on their children. Third, communication between parents and children should maintain open communication. Furthermore, the roles of educational institutions in addressing klitih among teenagers are: the existence of moral education, value education, religious education, social education, intellectual education, spiritual education, democratic education, and the existence of extracurricular activities to instill character education in children.

Contribution of assisted natural regeneration (ANR) to climate change mitigation and diversification of ecosystem services in Dan saga village (Maradi-Niger)

As an agro-ecological intensification technique, assisted natural regeneration (ANR) protects agrosystems and guarantees cereal production in a Sahelian context of high demographic pressure and climate variability. This study aims to assess the local perception of assisted natural regeneration in mitigating the effects of drought and climate change and its impacts on soil fertility and crop production. Surveys, based on a participatory approach of individual and collective consultations, were conducted with stakeholders. The water profile and bulk density of areas under ANR and outside ANR were determined from soil samples taken in the rainy and dry seasons at different depths (0 - 200 cm). Vegetative growth and yield components were monitored on 100 plots of 100 m2 (10x10m) with 50 plots in ANR and 50 in non-ANR areas. The results showed that both zones had the same species composition for the dominant woody species, but their average densities were higher in the areas under assisted natural regeneration than in the areas without. Density is lower in the aureoles close to the village than those far from it in any zone. Soil moisture content is higher in the ANR and non-ANR areas than in the non-ANR area in the shallow horizons. However, in the deep horizons down to 200 cm, the volume moisture is higher in the Non-NAR and Uncovered NAR zones respectively than in the Under-Cover NAR zone. Apart from the seedling density, all agronomic performance parameters are significantly higher in the RNA zone than in the non-RAN zone. In terms of farmers' perception, the practice of ANR attenuates the impacts on natural resources (water, land, vegetation) and on production systems. More than 92.2% of the respondents reported that increased dust winds, increased night time temperature, decreased rainfall events as well as their amounts in height are the impacts experienced before the practice of ANR. The practice of ANR contributes to the mitigation of climate variability, improvement of soil structure and carbon sequestration.