Niagara Falls Research Articles

Energy in Niagara Falls: International Niagara Commission [History

In 1883, Thomas Evershed, a recently emigrated English civil engineer, was hired by the State of New York to survey the Niagara Reservation. The reservation was intended to protect the area around the falls from being overrun by industrial development. Evershed realized that the reservation would restrict the expansion of power development to the High Bank area below the falls. To use the area above the falls, some unconventional means of water delivery would be needed.

Is Niagara Falls a barrier to gene flow in riverine fishes? A test using genome-wide SNP data from seven native species.

Since the early Holocene, fish population genetics in the Laurentian Great Lakes have been shaped by the dual influences of habitat structure and post-glacial dispersal. Riverscape genetics theory predicts that longitudinal habitat corridors and unidirectional downstream water-flow drive the downstream accumulation of genetic diversity, whereas post-glacial dispersal theory predicts that fish genetic diversity should decrease with increasing distance from glacial refugia. This study examines populations of seven native fish species codistributed above and below the 58m high Niagara Falls - a hypothesized barrier to gene flow in aquatic species. A better understanding of Niagara Falls' role as a barrier to gene flow and dispersal is needed to identify drivers of Great Lakes genetic diversity and guide strategies to limit exotic species invasions. We used genome-wide SNPs and coalescent models to test whether populations are: (a) genetically distinct, consistent with the Niagara Falls barrier hypothesis; (b) more genetically diverse upstream, consistent with post-glacial expansion theory, or downstream, consistent with the riverscape habitat theory; and (c) have migrated either upstream or downstream past Niagara Falls. We found that genetic diversity is consistently greater below Niagara Falls and the falls are an effective barrier to migration, but two species have probably dispersed upstream past the falls after glacial retreat yet before opening of the Welland Canal. Models restricting migration to after opening of the Welland Canal were generally rejected. These results help explain how river habitat features affect aquatic species' genetic diversity and highlight the need to better understand post-glacial dispersal pathways.

Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source

AbstractThere is a proactive interest in recovering water, nutrients and energy from waste streams with the increase in municipal wastewater volumes and innovations in resource recovery. Based on the synthesis of wastewater data, this study provides insights into the global and regional “potential” of wastewater as water, nutrient and energy sources while acknowledging the limitations of current resource recovery opportunities and promoting efforts to fast‐track high‐efficiency returns. The study estimates suggest that, currently, 380 billion m3 (m3 = 1,000 L) of wastewater are produced annually across the world which is a volume five‐fold the volume of water passing through Niagara Falls annually. Wastewater production globally is expected to increase by 24% by 2030 and 51% by 2050 over the current level. Among major nutrients, 16.6 Tg (Tg = million metric ton) of nitrogen are embedded in wastewater produced worldwide annually; phosphorus stands at 3.0 Tg and potassium at 6.3 Tg. The full nutrient recovery from wastewater would offset 13.4% of the global demand for these nutrients in agriculture. Beyond nutrient recovery and economic gains, there are critical environmental benefits, such as minimizing eutrophication. At the energy front, the energy embedded in wastewater would be enough to provide electricity to 158 million households. These estimates and projections are based on the maximum theoretical amounts of water, nutrients and energy that exist in the reported municipal wastewater produced worldwide annually. Supporting resource recovery from wastewater will need a step‐wise approach to address a range of constraints to deliver a high rate of return in direct support of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6, 7 and 12, but also other Goals, including adaptation to climate change and efforts in advancing “net‐zero” energy processes towards a green economy.

Borealis Suites: The Cartwell Tours Contract Negotiation

These cases follow Peter Wong, general manager of Borealis Suites in Niagara Falls, and Susan Vanderpole, contract negotiator at Cartwell Tours, as they attempt to negotiate doing business together during the next tourist season. Students are tasked with stepping into the role of one of the parties, and analyzing the data provided to approach the meeting and come away with the best possible contract for their needs. Excerpt UVA-QA-0916 Oct. 1, 2020 Borealis Suites: The Cartwell Tours Contract Negotiation Introduction Peter Wong, general manager of the Borealis Suites (Borealis) hotel in Niagara Falls, Canada, was preparing for an upcoming negotiation with Susan Vanderpole, his contact at Cartwell Tours (Cartwell). It was May 6, 2015, and the magnolia trees were in full bloom along the Niagara Parkway. Spring was the beginning of the busy tourist season, but Wong was thinking ahead to the Cartwell negotiations for the upcoming 2016 season. He expected to raise prices and thereby increase the profitability of the Cartwell account. Last year, he had agreed to hold prices at the previous year's levels, but only because he anticipated that extensive renovations and improved service levels would soon justify a significant increase in prices. At this point, not only were renovations complete, but Cartwell's own surveys indicated that Borealis's service levels had improved substantially. . . .

Nature Empowered: Hydraulic Models and the Engineering of Niagara Falls.

Under a 1950 U.S.-Canada treaty the majority of the Niagara River is diverted to massive hydroelectric complexes. To hide the aesthetic impact of turning Niagara Falls into an energy waterscape, and retain tourism, the waterfall was physically reshaped and shrunk, and remedial works were built to control water flows and hydropower diversions. To achieve this, hydraulic engineers from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Ontario Hydro relied on hydraulic models of Niagara Falls. Using an envirotech approach, I show how these physical hydraulic models were an integral part of the disguised design approach to remaking Niagara Falls, and I use this Niagara case study to critically explore the evolution of hydraulic modeling in early Cold War North America. The river and waterfall were transformed into a hybrid envirotechnical system, a submerged infrastructure that relied not only on steel and concrete, but also water, ice, and weeds.

We Are All His Creatures: Tales of P. T. Barnum, the Greatest Showman by Deborah Noyes

Reviewed by: We Are All His Creatures: Tales of P. T. Barnum, the Greatest Showman by Deborah Noyes Elizabeth Bush Noyes, Deborah We Are All His Creatures: Tales of P. T. Barnum, the Greatest Showman. Candlewick, 2020 [288p] illus. with photographs Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-7636-5981-3 $17.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-1-5362-0661-6 $17.99 Reviewed from galleys R* Gr. 6-10 Books about P. T. Barnum generally try to determine whether he was a showman or a huckster, a champion or exploiter of the human oddities he employed. In these eleven cumulative fictional short stories, however, Noyes focuses instead on those within the gravitational pull of his American Museum, and how the force that was Barnum affected the trajectory of their lives. She opens with his young daughters, Caroline and Helen, who sneak in to see the Fejee Mermaid, only to find that the monstrosity is less an excitement than a sad reminder of their sagging mother, who seems to live only to nurse. The Barnum family dysfunction will appear in later stories, but the tone shifts under Charles Stratton’s point of view, as he embraces the opportunity to be a successful showman himself, albeit as a little person under the name of General Tom Thumb. Barnum’s beleaguered first wife, Charity, recounts on a trip back from Europe how her husband had once abandoned her at Niagara Falls. Robert Lincoln simmers over a White House reception for newly [End Page 315] married Tom Thumb and wife, coming far too soon after his brother’s death, but ends up questioning whether his father’s graciousness isn’t a better trait than his own resentment. Giantess Anna Swan and a museum fire; Jack, son of a bearded lady, who will become a Barnum artist; youngest Barnum daughter Pauline and her flirtation with spirit photography; Barnum’s second wife, younger than her stepchildren, are all facets of the Barnum story, based on fact but elevated to exquisite explorations of what might have been. Noyes indulges in her own touch of flim-flammery, subtly suggesting that the ghostly finger of Frances, the incorrigible daughter who died young, might have been behind the many fires that afflicted the Barnum homes and businesses. Who’s to say? A brief author note and period photos for each chapter are included. Copyright © 2020 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Building the Bridge to Quality: An Urgent Call to Integrate Quality Improvement and Patient Safety Education With Clinical Care.

Current models of quality improvement and patient safety (QIPS) education are not fully integrated with clinical care delivery, representing a major impediment toward achieving widespread QIPS competency among health professions learners and practitioners. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada organized a 2-day consensus conference in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, called Building the Bridge to Quality, in September 2016. Its goal was to convene an international group of educational and health system leaders, educators, frontline clinicians, learners, and patients to engage in a consensus-building process and generate a list of actionable strategies that individuals and organizations can use to better integrate QIPS education with clinical care.Four strategic directions emerged: prioritize the integration of QIPS education and clinical care, build structures and implement processes to integrate QIPS education and clinical care, build capacity for QIPS education at multiple levels, and align educational and patient outcomes to improve quality and patient safety. Individuals and organizations can refer to the specific tactics associated with the 4 strategic directions to create a road map of targeted actions most relevant to their organizational starting point.To achieve widespread change, collaborative efforts and alignment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators are needed on an international scale to shift the culture of educational and clinical environments and build bridges that connect training programs and clinical environments, align educational and health system priorities, and improve both learning and care, with the ultimate goal of achieving improved outcomes and experiences for patients, their families, and communities.

On Being Difficult: The Pursuit of Wonder1

Is discomfort intrinsic to wonder? The author pursues this question by showing how early visitors to the Niagara Falls found that efforts to improve the view eliminated the difficulty that made viewing the falls rewarding in the first place. Visitors’ experiences accord with eighteenth-century accounts that suggest that wonder thrives on difficulty and desire thrives on inaccessibility. This aesthetic effect finds expression in The Arabian Nights and other texts that both represent and enact narrative withholding, and also in the visual form of the arabesque, which beguiles the eye with movement but does not go anywhere. The essay concludes by connecting these insights into aesthetic difficulty to present-day concerns that attempts to bring the humanities to a broader audience may “dumb down” art. I conclude that such concerns miss the point that aesthetic experiences depend upon a tension between legibility and illegibility that artworks continue to generate in new and unforeseen ways.

Hubristic Hydraulics: Water, Dictatorship, and Modernity in the Dominican Republic

In this article, I focus on how water operated as symbolic capital during the notoriously repressive dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo (1930–61) in the Dominican Republic. Under his regime, alongside an apex of territorial control and modern aesthetics came a nadir of political freedoms. During Trujillo's tenure, water took on important symbolic and material dimensions as a conduit for authoritarianism: it served as a tool to bind together dictatorial power and spatial order through a mode of territorial and urban design rooted in hubristic hydraulics. With hubristic hydraulics I refer to the strategic ways that water flow was harnessed through infrastructure and choreographed through landscape and monumental architecture to embody and lionize the dictator's power. Channeled into reflecting pools, nationwide irrigation works, and monumental fountains, water functioned at the juncture of aesthetics and politics as an important tool in the modernization of urban space and the territory at large. Water was a strategic resource that enabled Trujillo to be cast as the “arquitecto de la patria nueva” (the architect of a new fatherland), and the ways it was made to flow through modern architecture and infrastructure offer an illuminating means to expose the entanglement of territorial control, urban modernity, and authoritarian politics.

St Lawrence Seaway: Eastern Great Lakes, the Niagara River and Welland Canal Replacement, Maintenance and Protection

The Eastern Great Lakes region covers 51,000 square km of land, and is home to 15 million people. This region is rich in natural resources, industry and agriculture, and forms the heartland of both Canada and the United States. The development of this region has a history that is closely tied to waterways, and the development of canals that promoted growth and prosperity. The St. Lawrence Seaway connects Western and Eastern Great Lakes to the St Lawrence River and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The New York State Canal and the St. Lawrence Seaway were linked by the Oswego canal and provided a shorter route for cargo via barges to New York City. The New York State (NYS) Barge Canal and the St. Lawrence Seaway provided pathways for the settlement of the Eastern Great Lakes. Lake Erie drains into Lake Ontario via the Niagara River but the river was not navigable due to the obstacles of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Escarpment. Until the 1820s ships could not travel into Lake Erie. It was not possible to engineer a bypass of Niagara Falls with a series of locks due to the 100 m high Niagara escarpment. This escarpment obstacle to Niagara River navigation was overcome in 1829 with the completion of the first of four Welland Canals with locks 40 kilometers west of the Niagara River through the glacial till and alluvium that overlays the Niagara Escarpment. This permitted ocean going ships to enter Lake Erie and to continue on to Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake Superior. The Eastern Great Lake shorelines, river banks and canals are actively eroding as a consequence of high surface water levels and flooding. The settlement of millions of people into the Eastern Great Lakes via the NYS Barge Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway migration pathways have created environmental and natural resource risks and challenges. These challenges and risks include deterioration of the Fourth Welland Canal and the need to replace it with the Fifth Welland Canal, industrial and urban wastewater disposal, shoreline, river bank and canal erosion as results of high water levels, the building of structures on the shoreline banks, invasive species and flooding.

The Short Life of Colonel John Anderson of the US Topographical Engineers and His Impact on Early Michigan

The Michigan Historical Review 46:1 (Spring 2020): 107-119©2020 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved The Short Life of Colonel John Anderson of the US Topographical Engineers and His Impact on Early Michigan By Rusty Davis The year was 1817, and Colonel John Anderson of the US Army Corps of Topographical Engineers stood watching the soldiers of Fort Detroit build one of the many bridges needed to traverse the multiple waterways flowing into Lake Erie. Anderson had been given the job of surveying a military road linking Detroit with the rapids of the Miami River in Ohio. The creation of this important byway was a key assignment in the life of a man who, after a military career that included action in the War of 1812, became active in the early social life of his adopted city of Detroit, and who possessed indirect ties to one of that city’s landmark churches. According to Anderson’s records from his alma mater, the US Military Academy, he was born in Connecticut and appointed to the academy from Vermont.1 Further information about his family, or where in Connecticut he was born, is not recorded. He entered West Point on October 9, 1806, after spending a year at Middlebury College in Vermont. There were only five other cadets in his class. The academy’s Cullum Register lists Anderson as the 28th cadet from the beginning of West 1 There were two Colonel John Andersons in Michigan Territory during this period. Both men were active in the War of 1812 and owned property in Monroe. The other John Anderson was an Indian trader in the settlement of Frenchtown (Monroe) with a large trading house. After the war, he served in several civic positions in Monroe County, including justice of the peace and chief judge of the court of common pleas. Interestingly, that John Anderson also assisted attorney Charles Noble, hired by Julia Anderson, in the sale of property owned in Monroe by Colonel John Anderson of the US Topographical Engineers, to settle her husband’s estate. The other Anderson also owned the toll bridge that landed on the south side of the River Raisin adjacent to the property owned by Colonel John Anderson. These two men, with the same name and rank, and their various roles have often been confused because they are often both recorded as “John Anderson.” 108 The Michigan Historical Review Point in 1802. He graduated on December 9, 1807, and was appointed a second lieutenant in the Regiment of Artillerists.2 Graduating from West Point did not mean that Anderson was immediately assigned to a post, however eager the young man was. He wrote to Colonel Henry Burbeck on December 28, 1807, informing Burbeck that he had accepted the appointment as an artillerist.3 On January 31, 1808, Anderson again wrote, reminding Burbeck that he was awaiting orders. In a formal request, Anderson asked, “Pardon my freedom Sir, if it is your pleasure to order me to one of the Eastern Posts—you will confer a favor on me.”4 Burbeck responded on February 14 and he assigned Anderson to Captain Samuel T. Dyson’s company of artillery at Detroit.5 Burbeck wrote again on February 28, ordering Anderson to be ready to join his company at Detroit and advising that it was the “proper season to proceed on the proper conveyances.”6 Anderson arrived in Detroit on July 31, a full five months after Burbeck had advised him it was the “proper season to proceed.”7 From Anderson’s later letters to a friend, it appears that he was ill and therefore unable to travel; the winter season and the frozen lakes surely had an impact. On his trip to Detroit, he also took the time to visit Niagara Falls. Still, good roads in the West were nonexistent, necessitating travel by water across the Great Lakes to reach Michigan Territory. Shortly after his arrival, Anderson was appointed adjutant to the First Artillery, boasting in a letter to a college friend in Vermont that he received an additional $16 per month for this honor, which brought his total pay to $52.50. However, Anderson...

The Short Life of Colonel John Anderson of the US Topographical Engineers and His Impact on Early Michigan

The Michigan Historical Review 46:1 (Spring 2020): 107-119©2020 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved The Short Life of Colonel John Anderson of the US Topographical Engineers and His Impact on Early Michigan By Rusty Davis The year was 1817, and Colonel John Anderson of the US Army Corps of Topographical Engineers stood watching the soldiers of Fort Detroit build one of the many bridges needed to traverse the multiple waterways flowing into Lake Erie. Anderson had been given the job of surveying a military road linking Detroit with the rapids of the Miami River in Ohio. The creation of this important byway was a key assignment in the life of a man who, after a military career that included action in the War of 1812, became active in the early social life of his adopted city of Detroit, and who possessed indirect ties to one of that city’s landmark churches. According to Anderson’s records from his alma mater, the US Military Academy, he was born in Connecticut and appointed to the academy from Vermont.1 Further information about his family, or where in Connecticut he was born, is not recorded. He entered West Point on October 9, 1806, after spending a year at Middlebury College in Vermont. There were only five other cadets in his class. The academy’s Cullum Register lists Anderson as the 28th cadet from the beginning of West 1 There were two Colonel John Andersons in Michigan Territory during this period. Both men were active in the War of 1812 and owned property in Monroe. The other John Anderson was an Indian trader in the settlement of Frenchtown (Monroe) with a large trading house. After the war, he served in several civic positions in Monroe County, including justice of the peace and chief judge of the court of common pleas. Interestingly, that John Anderson also assisted attorney Charles Noble, hired by Julia Anderson, in the sale of property owned in Monroe by Colonel John Anderson of the US Topographical Engineers, to settle her husband’s estate. The other Anderson also owned the toll bridge that landed on the south side of the River Raisin adjacent to the property owned by Colonel John Anderson. These two men, with the same name and rank, and their various roles have often been confused because they are often both recorded as “John Anderson.” 108 The Michigan Historical Review Point in 1802. He graduated on December 9, 1807, and was appointed a second lieutenant in the Regiment of Artillerists.2 Graduating from West Point did not mean that Anderson was immediately assigned to a post, however eager the young man was. He wrote to Colonel Henry Burbeck on December 28, 1807, informing Burbeck that he had accepted the appointment as an artillerist.3 On January 31, 1808, Anderson again wrote, reminding Burbeck that he was awaiting orders. In a formal request, Anderson asked, “Pardon my freedom Sir, if it is your pleasure to order me to one of the Eastern Posts—you will confer a favor on me.”4 Burbeck responded on February 14 and he assigned Anderson to Captain Samuel T. Dyson’s company of artillery at Detroit.5 Burbeck wrote again on February 28, ordering Anderson to be ready to join his company at Detroit and advising that it was the “proper season to proceed on the proper conveyances.”6 Anderson arrived in Detroit on July 31, a full five months after Burbeck had advised him it was the “proper season to proceed.”7 From Anderson’s later letters to a friend, it appears that he was ill and therefore unable to travel; the winter season and the frozen lakes surely had an impact. On his trip to Detroit, he also took the time to visit Niagara Falls. Still, good roads in the West were nonexistent, necessitating travel by water across the Great Lakes to reach Michigan Territory. Shortly after his arrival, Anderson was appointed adjutant to the First Artillery, boasting in a letter to a college friend in Vermont that he received an additional $16 per month for this honor, which brought his total pay to $52.50. However, Anderson...

Mark your calendars for the CHLA/ABSC 2020 Conference in Niagara Falls, ON – 20/20 Vision!

Mark your calendars for the CHLA/ABSC 2020 Conference in Niagara Falls, ON – 20/20 Vision!

Saving Niagara From Itself: The Campaign to Preserve and Enhance the American Falls, 1965-1975

Abstract Between 1965 and 1975, the United States and Canada investigated whether they should preserve and enhance the American Falls, one of the two main cataracts at Niagara Falls, by physically reengineering it. This campaign had its roots in local concerns, but tapped into wider sentiments and emotions about the famous waterfall, and came to involve multiple levels of government and the International Joint Commission. Engineers looked at whether it was feasible to remove all the rock at the base of the American Falls - the talus - which led to the dewatering of the waterfall in 1969. Using a range of techniques, including public consultations, the transborder experts concluded that it was feasible to give the waterfall a facelift, and presented a range of engineered options. However, the International Joint Commission ultimately recommended that it would be best to refrain from an interventionist approach and mostly leave the American Falls alone. Employing envirotech and emotional history approaches, this paper argues that over the course of a decade the meaning of 'preservation' in the context of Niagara Falls significantly shifted because of several factors: the emerging environmental movement, the cost of removing the talus and other alterations, evidence that the public wouldn't sufficiently appreciate these changes, and worries about tourism impacts.

Exploring the Movements of Chinese Free Independent Travelers in the U.S. : A Social Network Analysis Approach

In a new age of smart tourism, free independent travelers (FITs) choose their travel routes in a more diversified and less predictable way with the aid of smart services. This paper focuses on the movements of Chinese outbound FITs in the U.S. in the year of 2018. 110 places to visit (destinations) extracted from 122 travel routes recommendations on Qyer.com, a major online travel community in China, are analyzed with social network analysis (SNA). Based on the results of SNA, employing degree centrality, eigenvector centrality, betweenness centrality, network visualization, and cluster diagram methods, some preferred cities and natural attractions outside city centers (i.e., New York City (NYC), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington D.C., and Niagara Falls) are identified. Moreover, it is found that NYC in the East and Los Angeles in the West play a major role in the movements of Chinese FITs. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on tourist destination movements and provides valuable implications for smart service development in the tourism and hospitality industry.

Negotiating Niagara Falls: US-Canada Environmental and Energy Diplomacy

Niagara Falls is one of the world’s most iconic natural features. Yet in many ways Niagara Falls is decidedly unnatural, for the United States and Canada physically manipulated this waterfall over the course of the twentieth century so that its waters could be diverted for hydropower production while still ostensibly retaining the cataract’s aesthetic beauty for tourism. While this appears contradictory, since the latter depends on ample amounts of water flowing over the Falls while the former requires water going around the Falls, experts believed that they could engineer a compromise and essentially fool the public. Following the 1950 Niagara River Diversion Treaty, the two North American nations constructed hydroelectric stations and remedial works (various engineering interventions including excavations, fills, reclamations, weirs, and dams) at Niagara Falls that allowed for the majority of the water volume to be diverted for power production. Moreover, the largest of the Niagara cataracts,...

‘Heaping Offa upon Pelion, and Olympus upon Offa’: An assessment of the role of model making in the development of relief portrayal from 1780 to 1900

Abstract. By 1800, national surveys had become a priority for regimes around Europe, keen to centralise government and secure territories during a period of significant political upheaval. Military requirements were paramount but the representation of relief remained woefully inadequate. Commanders, not content with simple rough impressions of relief, demanded effective representations from which absolute altitudes and gradients could be derived. However, innovative methods of relief depiction were unlikely to be spearheaded by new national mapping institutions, already committed to long-term mapping programmes. Conversely, for those independent cartographers and model makers, unfettered by the constraints that characterised national institutions, the pursuit of the optimum depiction of relief became a preoccupation verging on obsession. Inspired by early map and model makers, Swiss, German and Austrian cartographers embarked on a phase of developing more artistic, naturalistic means to create an illusion of the third dimension on the two-dimensional face of the map. Chromolithography had made possible the replacement of hachures by shading tones and the production of multicolour printed maps. As a result, a wide variety of maps appeared during the second half of the 19th century with hypsometric tints generating images of naturalistic and symbolic landscapes. Alternative and often competing methods of assigning colour in sequence were developed most notably in central Europe. This culminated in the publication of Schatthenplastik and Farbenplastik in 1898 in Vienna by Karl Peucker (1859–1940) a work that injected new life and debate into the pursuit of an optimum colour sequence for layered relief maps that would last well into the next century.This paper aims to assess the role of model making in initiating and fuelling a period of experimentation and development of relief portrayal. The increasing fascination with the natural wonders of the world combined with the growth of Alpine tourism kick started a period of private enterprise in which the production of relief models became a highly valued activity. Starting with the remarkable model of the Relief of Central Switzerland by Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher (1716–1802), through the exploits of Joachim Eugen Müller (1752–1833) (Figure 1) to the later models crafted by Xaver Imfeld (1853–1909), Simon Simon (1857–1925) and Fridolin Becker (1854–1922), this period witnessed a level of artistry and craftsmanship that has arguably never been surpassed.Opportunity is taken to assess the accuracy of one of the key models produced by Joachim Eugen Müller. This clearly demonstrates that early model making achieved standards of accuracy that were extraordinary for the time. Of course, such feats were not the preserve of European model makers. For example, readers of reports and newspaper articles from expeditions to the interior of the United States had thrilled at the photographs, drawings, sketches and maps of Niagara Falls, Yosemite Valley and the Grand Canyon. No sooner had John Wesley Powell completed his expedition to the Grand Canyon in 1874 and published a detailed report, than its true magnificence was brought to public attention through a model of the Grand Canyon constructed by Edwin Howell in 1875 (McCalmont, 2015).The nineteenth century was characterized by great endeavour and craftsmanship that fashioned some of the most remarkable and visually stunning maps ever published. This paper pulls together the various strands of this complex story into a coherent narrative and assesses the role of model makers in underpinning this ‘golden age’.

Proceedings from the Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists Annual Education Conference

We are pleased to present a select number of abstracts from the proceedings of the CSRT Annual Education Conference. Held in Niagara Falls, Ontario, May 9–11, 2019, this conference included topics delivered by international, national and regional individuals with expertise in various areas of respiratory therapy practice. As evidenced by the following abstracts, the work of our colleagues in 2019 highlighted current research and practice innovations led by RTs. We have made every effort to include all abstracts accepted by the Program Committee before the publication deadline; however, please note that this collection does not represent the entire program (available at www.csrt.com).The editorial board looks forward to receiving manuscripts from this conference for consideration for publication in the Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy to continue building the body of knowledge specific to our profession. Please note these abstracts have not been peer reviewed.

Diversification of tourism product in KSPN Ijen

The main tourist product is the key to attract tourists of certain destinations. Product intensification, linkage and diversification of very important for competitiveness and sustainable development. However, various features and services are ignored in the existing research. This paper attempts to examine how tourism products are available at KSPN (National Tourism Strategy Area-National Tourism Strategy Area) Ijen and their linkages with sustainable tourism. The study area includes the Ijen Nature Park and the PTPN (in Indonesia is the sub sub-ministry of forestry-Nusantara Plantation Limited Liability Company) area XII in Banyuwangi and Bondowoso Regencies. Retrieval of data in this study using survey techniques. The research respondents were tourists who came to KSPN Ijen. Determination of respondents is by accidental quota sampling technique of 100 tourists. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of a single tabulation. The results show tourism products at KSPN Ijen in the form of Panorama and events. The panoramic tourism products in question are the Ijen Crater Blue fire, views of Wurung Crater, Niagara Falls and Blawan waterfalls, as well as natural scenery from the gueshouse and homestay there. Meanwhile, tourism products in the form of events are annual activities called “Ijen Festival” organized by the government of BondowosoRegency.

ACM BCB 2019 preliminary call for paper

The 10th ACM Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics (ACM BCB) will be at Niagara Falls from 7 to 10 September 2019. Preliminary Call for Paper will be available soon on the web at: https://acm-bcb.org/