Next-generation Mobile Devices Research Articles

The Effect of Binder on the Structure and Performance of Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a reliable energy storage technology that have been used in various applications such as portable devices and power tools. However, the specific capacities of the electrode materials in the current LIB technology are approaching their theoretical limits which impedes their utilization in a variety of emerging applications such as long-range electric vehicles, next-generation mobile devices, and grid level energy storage and delivery. Therefore, alternative electrode materials with high specific capacity beyond the conventional LIB electrode materials are needed 1.Sulfur has been touted as a promising alternative cathode material in recent years. Sulfur offers superior theoretical capacity, and a high practical energy density when it is paired with a Li metal anode in so called Li-S batteries2. Non-toxicity, low cost and high natural abundance also make Sulfur environmentally and economically appealing. However, achieving the desired high energy density and long cycle life in Li-S batteries have been proven difficult because of the: (1) insulating nature of the two end products of charge and discharge; S8 and Li2S, (2) electrode degradation due to the volumetric change during cycling, and (3) dissolution of the Sulfur discharge products, Li-polysulfides (LiPSs), in the ether-based electrolyte, resulting in the “shuttling effect” that leads to capacity decay over extended cycling 3,4.In this work, new insights are presented on how the binder, its solvent, and dissolution process affect the electrode microstructure and performance. The Sulfur cathodes were prepared using commercially available Sulfur powder, carbon black and various binders and solvents. The cathode structures prepared using different binder and solvent combinations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cycling performance of the Sulfur cathodes were tested in coin cells. The results showed considerable structural and performance variations between cathodes with similar binders but different solvents, or different treatment conditions with the same solvent. In particular, when binders were minimally dissolved in N-Methylpyrrolidone a porous shell-like structure was observed around the sulfur particles that evolved to a denser sponge-shape structure upon excessive dissolution. The porous shell structure resulted in enhanced performance and cycle life. Using spectroscopic data, it is possible that enhanced cycle life might be attributable to physical trapping of the LiPSs and providing a buffer for the volumetric change during discharge. Thus, a new perspective will be presented that the binder/solvent interaction can impact the performance of sulfur cathodes by manipulating both its structural and chemical behavior. These results are expected to provide a new understanding regarding the effect of binder and its processing on the performance of Li-S batteries and help to write a new narrative regarding electrode chemistry and preparation techniques for future applications.References M. Zhao et al., ACS Cent. Sci., 6, 1095–1104 (2020).A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, S.-H. Chung, C. Zu, and Y.-S. Su, Chem. Rev., 114, 11751–11787 (2014).A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, and Y.-S. Su, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1125–1134 (2013).W. Ren, W. Ma, S. Zhang, and B. Tang, Energy Storage Mater., 23, 707–732 (2019).

P‐71: Methods for Adopting High Resolutions Mobile Displays in Alternative Applications, Products and Markets

Mobile displays are overcoming bandwidth hurdles of low cost chip‐on‐glass DDIC manufacturing. Using VESA DSC and MIPI C‐PHY achieves over 6x of additional throughput compared to traditional MIPI D‐PHY interfaces and is driving the next generation of mobile devices, VR/AR headsets and immersive automotive consoles providing higher resolution and frame rate at lower cost and power. Using FPGA/ASSP bridging devices with VESA DSC and MIPI C‐PHY support overcomes the adoption challenges of D‐PHY and eDP based SoCs along with cabling interfaces such HDMI, DP and A‐PHY will be discussed.

Effect of Sitallization Conditions on the Hardness of Transparent Sitalls in the System ZnO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2

Reliable protection of the screens of next-generation mobile devices requires the use of transparent materials which are stronger than glass. In the present work the influence of the conditions of sitallization on the structure and properties of sitalls based on the system ZnO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 was studied; it was shown that these sitalls show promise for such purposes. Optimization of the sitallization regime makes it possible to increase the microhardness of the materials to > 900 HV while preserving transparency.

Studies on inter-component communication latency based on variation number of components and packet size in SDR-SCA waveform application

The ability to use software defined radio SDR in the civilian mobile applications will open up the next generation of mobile devices to reality such as multi-standard personal wireless devices or ubiquitous wireless devices. Many challenges in commercialising SDR are still the subject of interest in the software radio research community. Four main issues that have been already addressed are performance, size, weight, and power. The investigation presents in-depth study of SDR inter-components communications in terms of total link delay related to the number of components and packet sizes in software communication architecture SCA-based systems. The study is based on the investigation of the controlled environment platform. Results indicate the total link delay did not linearly increase with the number of components and the packet sizes. The closed form expression of the delay was modelled using the logistic function in terms of the number of components and packet sizes. The model performed very well when the number of components was large.

Manufacturing Readiness of BVA™ Technology for Fine-Pitch Package-on-Package

Ever increasing performance demands in a rapidly evolving smart phone market have led to a need for higher density interconnections linking memory components with logic devices in a standard package on package (PoP) configuration. While existing solutions present a technological roadblock at 350–400μm PoP pitch, new Bond Via Array (BVA™) technology provides a cost effective and scalable alternative that can achieve 240μm and below pitch values while utilizing conventional wirebond package assembly processes and tools. BVA is a high density, ultra-fine pitch package-on-package (PoP) interconnect solution that enables more than 1000 high aspect ratio connections between memory and processor components in a standard outline PoP. This increase significantly improves PoP capability and correspondingly provides increased bandwidth for the next generation of mobile devices. Here we discuss the 1020 IO BVA demonstration test vehicle, associated manufacturing process details, reliability performance and bi-level socket hardware developed to test these wire bond based novel interconnects. Furthermore the overall high volume manufacturing (HVM) readiness state of this technology for PoP applications will be described. The 1020 IO BVA prototype features 5 rows of vertical interconnects at 0.24mm pitch within an industry standard 14 x14mm package footprint. Although BVA interconnects were primarily developed for PoP packages, they offer many benefits over traditional vertical interconnects and can be implemented in a variety of other applications.

PiCam

We presentPiCam(Pelican Imaging Camera-Array), an ultra-thin high performance monolithic camera array, that captures light fields and synthesizes high resolution images along with a range image (scene depth) through integrated parallax detection and superresolution. The camera is passive, supporting both stills and video, low light capable, and small enough to be included in the next generation of mobile devices including smartphones. Prior works [Rander et al. 1997; Yang et al. 2002; Zhang and Chen 2004; Tanida et al. 2001; Tanida et al. 2003; Duparré et al. 2004] in camera arrays have explored multiple facets of light field capture - from viewpoint synthesis, synthetic refocus, computing range images, high speed video, and micro-optical aspects of system miniaturization. However, none of these have addressed the modifications needed to achieve the strict form factor and image quality required to make array cameras practical for mobile devices. In our approach, we customize many aspects of the camera array including lenses, pixels, sensors, and software algorithms to achieve imaging performance and form factor comparable to existing mobile phone cameras.Our contributions to the post-processing of images from camera arrays include a cost function for parallax detection that integrates across multiple color channels, and a regularized image restoration (superresolution) process that takes into account all the system degradations and adapts to a range of practical imaging conditions. The registration uncertainty from the parallax detection process is integrated into a Maximum-a-Posteriori formulation that synthesizes an estimate of the high resolution image and scene depth. We conclude with some examples of our array capabilities such as postcapture (still) refocus, video refocus, view synthesis to demonstrate motion parallax, 3D range images, and briefly address future work.

An App For Heritage: DigiMacq

Mobile phones and music devices are no longer restricted to a limited set of voice call features. Today, the mobile device is capable of a huge variety of functions now that the platforms have been opened up to application developers and a business distribution model is in place. This provides an opportunity to deliver interactive multimedia experiences to a huge audience that spans several demographics. DigiMacq, a mobile heritage experience is an example of the next generation of interactives that delivers historic themes on a mobile device. The project was developed in conjunction with Parramatta City Council as part of the Lachlan Macquarie bicentennial in 2010. The content consists of stories that are based around events and people who were part of colonial Parramatta and provides sign-based clues physically located at six places around the city, corresponding to relevant heritage sites. The clues are used to unlock media content that tell a story that is connected to the place. This project sets the scene for how engineering heritage can be brought to life and to a younger audience using the next generation of mobile devices.

Three-Dimensional Media for Mobile Devices

This paper aims at providing an overview of the core technologies enabling the delivery of 3-D Media to next-generation mobile devices. To succeed in the design of the corresponding system, a profound knowledge about the human visual system and the visual cues that form the perception of depth, combined with understanding of the user requirements for designing user experience for mobile 3-D media, are required. These aspects are addressed first and related with the critical parts of the generic system within a novel user-centered research framework. Next-generation mobile devices are characterized through their portable 3-D displays, as those are considered critical for enabling a genuine 3-D experience on mobiles. Quality of 3-D content is emphasized as the most important factor for the adoption of the new technology. Quality is characterized through the most typical, 3-D-specific visual artifacts on portable 3-D displays and through subjective tests addressing the acceptance and satisfaction of different 3-D video representation, coding, and transmission methods. An emphasis is put on 3-D video broadcast over digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) in order to illustrate the importance of the joint source-channel optimization of 3-D video for its efficient compression and robust transmission over error-prone channels. The comparative results obtained identify the best coding and transmission approaches and enlighten the interaction between video quality and depth perception along with the influence of the context of media use. Finally, the paper speculates on the role and place of 3-D multimedia mobile devices in the future internet continuum involving the users in cocreation and refining of rich 3-D media content.

Head-Worn Displays: The Future Through New Eyes

As display technologies shrink in size and grow in sophistication, digital “glasses represent a next generation of mobile devices.

PhotoMap: from location and time to context-aware photo annotations

Despite the growth of geotagged multimedia data on the Web, spatial and temporal metadata are still poorly exploited by Web search engines and multimedia systems. Interpretation and inference processes can enlarge these metadata towards high quality information that are useful for annotating multimedia automatically. In this article, we propose a semi-automatic approach for annotating personal photos based on the use of OWL-DL ontologies together with the next generation of mobile devices. We present an ontology called ContextPhoto and a contextual photo annotation approach which improve the development of more efficient personal image management tools. ContextPhoto provides concepts for representing captured and inferred context information reusing Web standards that describe spatial, temporal and social networking data. In order to validate the context annotation process we propose, we have also designed and developed a mobile and Web location-based system. This new system, called PhotoMap, is an evolution of the related mobile annotation systems since it provides automatic annotation about the spatial, temporal and social contexts of a photo. We also present a demonstration of the PhotoMap application during a tourist tour in the city of Rome.

A Continuous-Grain Silicon-System LCD With Optical Input Function

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, we describe a continuous-grain silicon-system LCD with integrated optical input function for application in next-generation mobile devices. The optical input function, which may be used for touch input or fingerprint-recognition applications, is achieved by integrating image-sensor elements within each display pixel. By using a one-transistor (1T) active pixel sensor, we have successfully integrated a 30 Hz, 300 dpi VGA image sensor within an LCD panel with an aperture ratio of 40%. Power consumption and circuit area in the panel are minimized through the use of a source driver circuit which combines the functions of both display and sensor. </para>

71.3: Invited Paper: High-Pixel-Density Mobile Displays: Challenges and Solutions

High-pixel-density displays are now under development to meet the needs of next-generation mobile devices; methods to more efficiently build such displays are described. Displays based on subpixel rendering and RGBW technologies, known as PenTile Matrix™ RGBW, are shown to offer the best approach to meeting the demanding requirements of low manufacturing cost, high brightness, and low power.

Streaming processors for next-generation mobile imaging applications

Next-generation mobile devices will continue to demand high processing power for imaging applications. The expected performance is in the class of supercomputers, but delivered with limited energy and memory bandwidth for embedded systems. This article advocates a streaming computation model that leverages the deterministic access patterns in imaging applications to deliver the necessary processing throughput. A reconfigurable datapath connects a set of functional units, forming a computation pipeline to offer energy efficiency. The architecture and implementation of a stream processor are presented along with the memory subsystem to support stream data transfers. The results show speedup ranging from a factor of 2 to 28 for imaging applications, offering favorable comparison against scalar processors.

Radio access selection for multistandard terminals

The race for higher data rates in wireless systems has produced a multiplicity of radio access methods to fulfill the quality of service needs for the next generation of mobile devices. This document presents an analysis of GERAN, UTRAN, WLAN, and Bluetooth as possible methods of accessing services via a wireless device. In light of the results, meaningful combinations for radio access methods of wireless devices are elaborated.

Java use in mobile information devices: Introducing JTRON

Using Java, next-generation mobile devices can serve as highly functionally distributed systems. The JTRON specification achieves real-time performance in Java-based mobile systems.