New Forms Of Distribution Research Articles

360-degree Strategy for TV Broadcasters in New Media Era: TRT Case Research

Television broadcasting develops new forms of distribution with the technological developments. With the inclusion of online opportunities in distribution, new strategies gain importance and current broadcasting activities require a 360-degree strategy. Broadcasters continue to operate on multiple platforms and adopt a 360-degree strategy in order to adapt to changing conditions. This study aims to reveal the activities and broadcasting strategies of the Turkish public service broadcaster TRT in the changing conditions of the sector. The importance of the study is to determine the impact of technological developments on the broadcasting industry. The literature review section analyses the 360-degree strategy and transformation of public service broadcasters with online distribution. Based on the previous studies in the literature, the public service broadcaster TRT from Turkey was taken as a sample. The case research method was used to study the TRT sample. Categories of broadcast distribution formats were created within the framework of the defined 360-degree strategy, and TRT's broadcasting activities were examined under these categories. The most general result obtained as a result of the research is that TRT broadcasts in a wide distribution network and uses on-demand services at a high rate.

Social Media Use, Social Media Behavior, Cognitive Biases, and Political Awareness among Student Voters

Nowadays, it is very evident that social media has become part of our lives. Our country shifted from analogue to digital that created a wide space and open more resources for people to receive, gather, and acquire information whether it is politically related or for entertainment purposes. The abundance of online content and the new forms of distribution have enabled the quick propagation of both verified and unverified information, especially in social media. The study on social media use, social media behavior, cognitive biases, and political awareness among the one hundred student voters of Laguna State Polytechnic University, San Pablo City campus utilized a descriptive-correlational research design. The data were gathered through a survey using researcher-made questionnaires. The results implied that the participants perceived social media use, social media behavior, and cognitive biases in different ways, such as never-rarely-often while having a positive political awareness. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between social media use of (social media networking sites and microblogging and social networking service), social media behavior, confirmation bias, and political awareness among student voters.

Вплив новітніх концепцій державного управління в країнах ЄС на розвиток системи соціальної роботи

Розглянуто досвід та інноваційні методи управління і стандартні процедури вдержавному управлінні країн Європейського Союзу та їх вплив на ефективність надання соціальних послуг. Зроблено аналіз розповсюдження неоліберальних політичних переконань та принципів нового державного управління (далі – NPM) у європейських країнах із початку 80-х рр. ХХ ст. і до сьогодні, що суттєво вплинуло на існуючу систему соціальної роботи. Виокремлено дієві інструменти: інформатизація, дебюрократизація, децентралізація, деінституціалізація, деконцентрація (аутсорсинг), приватизація та запровадження економічних механізмів регулювання управлінських процесів і сервісне адміністрування, які можна впровадити у реформування державного управління системою соціальної роботи в українському суспільстві.

Distribution of new cars – no longer an issue for EU competition law?

Abstract Distribution cartels in the automotive sector used to be frequently dismantled and sanctioned by the European Commission and the EU Courts still some 15 years ago. In recent years, however, only a few cases have been reported at the national level of EU Member States. Is it because the distribution of new cars really ceased to be a competition problem as the European Commission declared when it removed this part of the automotive business from the specific Block Exemption Regulation for the automotive sector in 2010? The purpose of the present analysis is first to inspect the car distribution cases that emerged in the EU after the year 2000 and, second, to speculate somewhat whether new forms of distribution, brought by the digitalization of marketing and sales, cannot bring about also new risks to cartel agreements and other types of distortions of competition in car sales.

From Having Copies to Experiencing Works: the Development of an Access Right in U.S. Copyright Law

This essay addresses how current U.S. copyright law responds to new forms of distribution of copyrighted works, through the emerging right to control digital access to copyrighted works, as set out in ? 1201 of the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. When the exploitation of works shifts from having copies to directly experiencing the content of the work, the author's ability to control access becomes crucial. Indeed, in the digital environment, without an access right, it is difficult to see how authors can maintain the exclusive Right to their Writings that the Constitution authorizes Congress to secure. Even if Congress may qualify the right's exclusivity by imposing a variety of compulsory licenses, or outright exemptions, it is one thing to introduce specific and narrow gaps in coverage, quite another to design a system that pervasively fails to afford meaningful exclusivity. The latter course would be inconsistent with the constitutional design. Thus, the exclusive Right today is not only a copy-right, but an access right, and the Essay explores the implications of that claim. It does not contend that the access right will or should supplant copy-right. On the contrary, the claim is that the access right is an integral part of copyright, and therefore should be subject to exceptions and limitations analogous to those that constrain copy-right. Just as a 21st-century copyright regime that did not regulate access would be unrealistic and incomplete, so a regime that limits all availability to works to the copyright owner's terms would undermine the progress of Science that the author's exclusive Right is intended to promote. Without an appropriate fair use limitation, the access right under ? 1201 becomes more than a necessary and integral component of copyright law. It becomes instead an Uber-copyright law, rigid as to specified exceptions, and therefore freed of further inquiry into the balance of copyright owner rights and user privileges that the fair use doctrine ? and the general structure of copyright law ? require.

FINANCIAL SUPERMARKET AS A COMPLEX MODELS OF THE SYSTEM OF IMPROVING QUALITY OF FINANCIAL SERVICES

Introduction. The problems of efficient functioning of financial intermediaries in general and integrated financial intermediaries - financial supermarkets in particular, which are created as a result of integration-convergent processes in order to expand the spectrum of financial services, are today topical issues that should be in the field of scientific research. Purpose. Finding out the place of financial supermarkets among financial intermediaries operating in the financial market and the theoretical substantiation of their role in building a model of the system for improving the quality of financial services. Results. The tendencies of development of financial intermediaries in the conditions of globalization are determined and on this basis the factors, which determine the transformation of their functional purpose, are substantiated. The analysis and systematization of theoretical and practical aspects connected with the estimation of prospects of financial supermarkets in comparison with traditional methods of realization of financial services is carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of functioning of financial supermarkets and the main barriers that hinder their proliferation on the financial market of Ukraine are determined. Conclusion. Financial supermarket is a new form of distribution of financial services that meets the economic and technological requirements of the modern world. Principal features that distinguish it from other financial intermediaries give it a number of competitive advantages. However, domestic realities show the existence of a large number of barriers that impede the creation and development of financial supermarkets in Ukraine. Overcoming them will allow the expansion of the market of integrated financial intermediaries and lead to the development of new forms of functioning of financial capital.

Some contributions on the multivariate Poisson–Skellam probability distribution

ABSTRACTIn this article, we introduce a new form of distribution whose components have the Poisson or Skellam marginal distributions. This new specification allows the incorporation of relevant information on the nature of the correlations between every component. In addition, we present some properties of this distribution. Unlike the multivariate Poisson distribution, it can handle variables with positive and negative correlations. It should be noted that we are only interested in modeling covariances of order 2, which means between all pairs of variables. Some simulations are presented to illustrate the estimation methods. Finally, an application of soccer teams data will highlight the relationship between number of points per season and the goal differential by some covariates.

Author's rights in the digital age

Author's rights and copyright law have gone through quite a few changes in the 'post-print' culture of binary systems, digital formations and techno-practices. Technological development supports new concept of author's rights by promoting free internet and digital market, as well as new contemporary experience of culture that is being rooted in digital technology, mass communication and the world of multimedia and virtuality. Though computer and digital technology have served both authors and users in various ways, they have also served as a very fertile ground for sharing copyrighted content thus leading to numerous copyright infringements and conflicts with the copyright law. The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the ways in which computer and digital technology have given rise to new trends in the production (e.g. remix culture) and consumption (e.g. peer-to-peer file sharing technology) of culture, but also to determine how new forms of distribution, use and sharing of digital content changed and shaped the perception of authorship in the 21st century. In order to analyze the dynamic, nature and structure by which new digital and networking technologies are affecting the concept of authorship and author's rights and to test the consistency of previously established hypotheses, we conducted a survey amongst general public. Altogether 535 questionnaires were completed. Data was analyzed using SPSS tool and quantitative method of analysis. In the analysis special attention was given to both, the concept of authorship in the digital environment and the concept of peer-to-peer file sharing technology as not so new, but still very popular networked architecture for distributing, using and sharing digital content.Results have shown that most of the respondents use peer-to-peer file sharing technology to access, consume and/or share different cultural content (e.g. movies, music, books, etc.) while violating the rights of copyright holders. That is one of the main reasons why copyright holders and creative industry constantly find new ways to fight peer-to-peer networking technology, especially commercial file sharing, thus sometimes restraining cultural production and even technological development. This leads to conclusion that this new dynamic, decentralized and distributed networked environment grounded in digital democracy and participating culture of prosumers asks for new legal initiatives and solutions. The research shows that the basic understanding of authorship and the right's of authors and other creative workers in the context of Internet culture and digital media hasn't changed a lot, but, by reason of new available digital means of production and tools of consumption, users attitudes, habits and practices towards them have. To resolve this conflict, law needs to find new mechanisms

A New Scalar Quantization Method for Digital Image Watermarking

A new technique utilizing Scalar Quantization is designed in this paper in order to be used for Digital Image Watermarking (DIW). Efficiency of the technique is measured in terms of distortions of the original image and robustness under different kinds of attacks, with particular focus on Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Gain Attack (GA). The proposed technique performance is affirmed by comparing with state-of-the-art methods including Quantization Index Modulation (QIM), Distortion Compensated QIM (DC-QIM), and Rational Dither Modulation (RDM). Considerable improvements demonstrated by the method are due to a new form of distribution of quantized samples and a procedure that recovers a watermark after GA. In contrast to other known quantization methods, the detailed method here stipulates asymmetric distribution of quantized samples. This creates a distinctive feature and is expressed numerically by one of the proposed criteria. In addition, several realizations of quantization are considered and explained using a concept of Initial Data Loss (IDL) which helps to reduce watermarking distortions. The procedure for GA recovery exploits one of the two criteria of asymmetry. The accomplishments of the procedure are due to its simplicity, computational lightness, and sufficient precision of estimation of unknown gain factor.

Modeling The Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) With Multiple Depots With Genetic Algorithms

This paper presents the application of Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) for the distribution of goods between multiple clients (n) and multiple suppliers (m), which is based on the concept of collaboration between companies through vendor managed inventory (VMI). A review of the processes of distribution and routing of goods including the variable inventory and the IRP model with multiple warehouses are presented and it is proposed a genetic algorithm for its solution. The distribution of goods is a key process in the supply chain, since it plays a decisive role in the business logistics costs and in service level provided to customers. The current competitive environment has led companies to work together through partnerships of cooperation and collaboration processes, leading to find new forms of distribution involving multiple suppliers and multiple customers. The main results of the model and the proposed genetic algorithm, reductions in inventory costs and transportation to the problem studied are obtained.

From Analog to Digital Radio Management: The New Radio and New Media

The new technologic developments have changed traditional media in different ways. New media which has been created by the new technologic developments has created new forms of distribution. Radio is one of the media which has been affected by new media. This article expresses how the radio industry and radio management have been effected by the technological changes and how new media has effected them. The study in the first part gives a literature explanation of new media and radio management history. In the second part it examines how the demand of the audience has increased in new media and how the traditional radio listening habits have decreased. The data collection method has been supplied from the official surveys done in the last ten years for the radio listening trends. At the end of the study there is a determination of how new media has affected the traditional radio medium and gives brief information of the new forms of distribution of radio with new media.

A New QIM-Based Watermarking Method Robust to Gain Attack

We propose a new watermarking method based on quantization index modulation. A concept of initial data loss is introduced in order to increase capacity of the watermarking channel under high intensity additive white Gaussian noise. According to the concept some samples in predefined positions are ignored even though this produces errors in the initial stage of watermark embedding. The proposed method also exploits a new form of distribution of quantized samples where samples that interpret “0” and “1” have differently shaped probability density functions. Compared to well-known watermarking schemes, this provides an increase of capacity under noise attack and introduces a distinctive feature. Two criteria are proposed that express the feature numerically. The criteria are utilized by a procedure for estimation of a gain factor after possible gain attack. Several state-of-the-art quantization-based watermarking methods were used for comparison on a set of natural grayscale images. The superiority of the proposed method has been confirmed for different types of popular attacks.

Alcohol marketing and young people's drinking: what the evidence base suggests for policy

Abstract As the influence of alcohol marketing on young people remains a highly contested topic we review the recent literature to examine if the debate has moved on. The extant literature shows that while many econometric studies suggest alcohol marketing to have a minimal effect on youth alcohol consumption, more focussed consumer studies, particularly recent research employing sophisticated longitudinal designs, demonstrate clear links between alcohol advertising and drinking behaviour. Encouragingly, some of the more recent research studies assess marketing activity beyond advertising; sponsorship, new media, viral marketing, price promotions, new forms of distribution, product development and increased point of sale activity. The literature presents increasingly compelling evidence that alcohol marketing is directly impacting upon young people's drinking behaviour. The implications of this on the current policy debate surrounding alcohol marketing activities and regulation in the UK and beyond are discussed. Furthermore a research agenda for alcohol marketing for the future is offered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The impact of regulation on the low-cost carrier air transport sector

Deregulation in Europe started in 1987, paving the way for the low-cost model pioneered by Southwest Airlines in the US in a now liberalised European market, where any EU registered airline can fly on any route with any schedule, capacity or fare — subject only to slot availability. The low-cost model differentiated itself by offering low fares through radically reduced costs in every conceivable facet of the business and capitalised on new forms of distribution. Changes in regulation have allowed airports to tap into the low-cost market as well, offering lower airport charges for terminals designed to a reduced specification.

Rethinking economy

Rethinking economy requires rethinking the relationship between economics and its object. The economy is a recent product of socio-technical practice, including the practice of academic economics. Previously, the term “economy” referred to ways of managing resources and exercising power. In the mid-twentieth century, it became an object of power and knowledge. Rival metrological projects brought the economy into being. The development of the modern electricity industry illustrates the kind of work involved. It required new technical processes, new forms of distribution, addressing, and monitoring, new forms of calculation that were simultaneously electrical, chemical, economic, and social. Analyses of how the economic is embedded in social ties or in cultural meanings cannot understand these intersecting projects. The projects that form the economy involve the work of economics. Economic knowledge does not represent the economy from some place outside. It participates in making sites where its facts can survive. The case of an economic research project on property rights in Peru illustrates how this happens. Economic facts were established in a world that was organized, through specific projects, such as the property titling programs of Hernando de Soto, to enable economic knowledge to be made. There is no simple divide between a virtual world of economic theory and a real world outside it. Every economic project involves multiple arrangements of the simulated and that to which it refers.

Paying the price: the future for Europe's media sector

In the 1990s, innovation in information and communication technologies (ICT) looked set to transform traditional publishing and media through more efficient production, new forms of distribution, the entry of new players and much greater choice for consumers. The Internet offered the prospect for everyone to be a publisher or broadcaster. “New media” were the buzzwords. But with the bursting of the Internet bubble, what is the future for publishing and media? This article looks at the major trends and driving forces shaping the future of Europe's media sector, examines some scenarios, and considers their policy implications.

The European Revolutions of 1848 and the Americas

The European Revolutions of 1848 and the Americas

Urban Decline and the New Social and Ethnic Divisions in the Core Cities of the Italian Industrial Triangle

This paper examines the new social division of the city cores in the metropolitan areas of Milan, Turin and Genoa. The changing structure and location of social and ethnic groups are analysed using census data from 1981 and 1991. Special emphasis is given to the relationships between de-urbanisation and social polarisation; and between urban economic restructuring and new forms of distribution or social groups. Contrary to theories of population de-urbanisation which suggest an associated decrease in social polarisation, the analysis presented in this paper demonstrates increasing levels of social division of space.

Wartime Changes in Food Distribution

IN THIS brief paper, I shall touch upon a few of the many trends in food distribution during this war period. Let us note at the outset that no new form of food distribution is evolving as a result of this war. The First World War gave a tremendous impetus to chain stores, at that time a comparatively new form of distribution, that permanently changed the character of the food distributing machinery. No similar change is coming about during this war. If anything, the old and the tried systems have strengthened their positions. But in detail this big clumsy machinery of food distribution is undergoing many changes, and I shall try to summarize the principal trends.

Legislative Restrictions on Marketing Integration

The struggle of one type of business concern to protect itself against competitive encroachments either from new forms of business, or merely from additions to its ranks of more of the same type of competitors,1 is probably as old as man himself. For where self-interest resides, there one finds resourcefulness in the fashioning of protective weapons. And for each weapon that is removed, judicially or otherwise, from the hands of its fashioners, new ones spring forth from the fertile minds behind those hands. Even as early man devised tangible weapons to wield against encroaching competitors in the form of human or animal enemies who threatened his food supply, so the modern man eternally attempts to devise intangible weapons to wield against threats to his established form of livelihood. The man in the business of marketing goods or services today finds his livelihood threatened, among other ways, by the competition created through the evolution of those new forms of distribution achieved by the horizontal or vertical integration of previously separate products or functions. Horizontally, the threat to existing merchandising patterns takes the form of integration in one business unit, or under common ownership, of what might be designated as unrelated lines of business or merely as the marketing of many goods or services instead of one or a limited number. Through vertical integration, the old-line seller is faced with combination in one unit of either production and distribution or the various stages of the distribution process itself. To meet this competition, or the threat of it, resort is had to the legal weapon of protective legislation, though an attempt is made to disguise the real purpose in its use under the gaudy trappings of declarations that it is all done in the interest of protecting the public against practices dangerous to its health2 or practices promotive of monopoly.3 Such attack invites resistance, for the newly developing forms of dis* A.B., 1929, Goucher College; LL.B., 1932, Columbia University. Assistant Administrative Attorney, Marketing Laws Survey. 1 For a discussion of the efforts of business to protect itself against this form of competition, see Silverman, Bennett and Lechliter, Control by Licensing Over Entry into the Market, supra this issue, an example of which is the adoption by mere occupational groups (barbers and beauty culturists, and other service trades) of a professional status with concomitantly stringent requirements set up for entry therein. 2 See, infra, the discussion of legislation restricting the sale of food to food establishments, and the sale of drugs to registered pharmacists. 8 See, infra, the discussion of restrictions on the retail merchandising of appliances by public utilities, on the ownership of theaters by motion picture producers, and on the wholesaling of groceries by the meat-packing companies.