Neutral Strategy Research Articles

Strategies of Gender Neutralization In Brazilian Portuguese

No português brasileiro, pode-se assumir que as desinências -o e -a representam as regras gerais de marcação de gênero para masculino e feminino, respectivamente. Porém, tem-se notado a emergência de novas estratégias de marcação gramatical de gênero, entre as quais se observam estratégias desinenciais, como -x (‘alunx’), -@ (‘professor@s’) e -e (‘todes’), e formas pronominais como ‘elu’, ‘ilu’ e ‘ile’, a fim de não se especificar, na estrutura linguística, uma distinção binária de gênero social. O uso dessas estratégias decorre do fato de que há pessoas que não se sentem representadas pelo masculino ou pelo feminino; decorre também da percepção de que as formas de masculino, no português, são comumente empregadas com referência genérica, o que marca como ‘diferentes’ todas as manifestações de gênero não-masculinas, entre as quais se encontram as femininas e as não-binárias. Entretanto, o emprego dessas estratégias de neutralização (ou não especificação) de gênero esbarra em algumas restrições apresentadas pelo sistema linguístico. Portanto, neste ensaio teórico, descrevemos, em linhas gerais, o tratamento do gênero gramatical nos estudos linguísticos e algumas estratégias de não especificação de gênero na gramática do português; identificamos algumas restrições ao seu emprego do ponto de vista estrutural da língua; e visamos a compreender as questões sociais que levam à implementação dos novos usos linguísticos. Entendemos que, como linguistas, precisamos descrever a língua tal como efetivamente é usada e, por meio da reflexão sobre as estratégias de neutralização de gênero, contribuir para os diálogos acerca de um tema tão polêmico e necessário.

Capturing dynamics of post-earnings-announcement drift using a genetic algorithm-optimized XGBoost

Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift (PEAD) is a stock market phenomenon when a stock’s cumulative abnormal return has a tendency to drift in the direction of an earnings surprise in the near term following an earnings announcement. Although it is one of the most studied stock market anomalies, the current literature is often limited in explaining this phenomenon by a small number of factors using simpler regression methods. In this paper, we use a machine learning based approach instead, and aim to capture the PEAD dynamics using data from a large group of stocks and a wide range of both fundamental and technical factors. Our model is built around the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and uses a long list of engineered input features based on quarterly financial announcement data from 1,106 companies in the Russell 1000 index between 1997 and 2018. We perform numerous experiments on PEAD predictions and analysis and have the following contributions to the literature. First, we show how Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift can be analysed using machine learning methods and demonstrate such methods’ prowess in credibly forecasting the drift direction. It is the first time PEAD dynamics are studied using XGBoost. We show that the drift direction is driven by different factors for stocks from different industrial sectors and in different quarters and XGBoost is effective in understanding the changing dynamics. Second, we show that an XGBoost well optimised by a Genetic Algorithm can help allocate out-of-sample stocks to form portfolios with higher positive returns to long and portfolios with lower negative returns to short, a finding that could be adopted in the process of developing market neutral strategies. Third, we show how theoretical event-driven stock strategies have to grapple with ever-changing market prices in reality, reducing their effectiveness. We present a tactic to remedy the difficulty of buying into a moving market when trading on PEAD signals.

Controlling Neutral Plane of Flexible Substrates by Asymmetric Impregnation of Glass Fabric for Protecting Brittle Films on Foldable Electronics

Neutral plane strategies have been studied to reduce the tensile strain of brittle films in foldable electronics under bending. However, those strategies depend on the dimensions of components in devices, implying that they could be limited to application to various designs of devices. Herein, the glass fabric's position in a glass fabric–reinforced siloxane hybrid substrate is shifted to control the neutral plane of the substrate. Due to the stiffness difference between the glass fabric and epoxy siloxane hybrid matrix, the neutral plane of the substrate is affected by the position of the glass fabric. Therefore, the glass fabric is asymmetrically impregnated to be located at the substrate surface so as to shift the neutral plane of the substrate toward the surface. The effectiveness of the newly developed substrate is proved by comparison with a conventional colorless polyimide substrate. The neutral plane position and maximum tensile strain of the substrates are investigated by analytical calculation, digital image correlation analysis, bending test, and finite element method simulation. The results clearly show that the newly developed substrate–based structure can reduce the maximum tensile strain under bending. Consequently, the cracking of the brittle hard coating is effectively prevented.

Noncanonical antibody strategy for broad and potent neutralization of influenza virus.

Noncanonical antibody strategy for broad and potent neutralization of influenza virus.

Translating business cultures: anglicisms in German discourse

The paper explores assimilation strategies employed to integrate anglicisms into German written business discourse. The study was carried out on the textual level, which gives valuable insight into the rules and norms governing business communication and thus contributes to a better understanding of written conventions deemed appropriate within business discourse communities. The authors hold the view that assimilation problem can be treated as translation problem. In accordance with this view anglicisms were evaluated in respect to the strategies of foreignisation and neutralization understood as different degrees of assimilation. The results show that neutralizing strategy aimed at mixing borrowed and native language units outweighs quantitatively the foreignising strategy, which indicates the overall trend towards a balanced approach to the incorporation of anglicisms. The authors conclude that assimilation strategies applied to anglicisms should be consistent with the purposes and objectives of professional communication. Thus developing adequate assimilation strategies ensures optimal transmission of ideas and improves text coherence.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЗБАЛАНСОВАНОСТІ РИНКУ МОРСЬКОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ

The emergence of new international transport corridors changes the directions of traditional transportation of goods on the routes of East – West, the magnitude of the average costs,the delivery time and its cost. Therefore, there are constantly new principles for the integration of transport routes based on traditional and new transport corridors.The nature of the development of maritime transport is predetermined by a number of complex objective factors. First of all, the development of world production, foreign trade and the nature of international economic unions and contracts has a special influence on the dynamics of ship-turnover of maritime transport.Transportation should maintain the balance in proportion to the growth of social production and the international division of labor. The placement of transport systems has historically affected both the nature of the territorial development of productive forces and the production specialization of the regions.Therefore, there are three segments of transport services for the forms of transportation and pricing.The dynamism of the structural parameters of the global maritime market predetermines the tasks of holding and expanding the position of shipping companies and trading ports. International economic relations are formed and transformed on the basis of the increasing role of foreign trade relations.Macroeconomic interests in neutral political strategies determine the choice of technologies and management of cash flows. This process predetermines the mutual interest of the growth of commodity exchange operations. When prioritizing political goals, attention is focused on the priority of one party and the use of sanctions relative to the other. These features are predetermined by the requirements for the development of maritime transport, and cause the formation of various risks. As a result, it is formed periodically in the system of global maritime market processes of violation of the balance of the disclosure of the fleet and the growth rates of cargo flows. Therefore, in the System of Marine Transport remains a problem of solving the relevance of managerial and innovative strategies.

Who Profits From Trading Options?

We use account-level transaction data to examine trading styles and profitability in a leading derivatives market. We find that retail investors in particular favor a consistent trading strategy: approximately 70% of retail investors predominantly hold simple one-sided positions in only one class of options, while institutional investors are more likely to use multiple strategies with a range of complexity. Accordingly, we use trading style complexity as an ex ante measure of trading skills to demonstrate its significant effect on investment performance. We find that retail investors using simple strategies are losing to the rest of the market. For both retail and institutional investors, volatility trading earns the highest return, and risk neutral strategies deliver the highest Sharpe ratio. We conclude that these style effects are persistent and cannot be explained by systematic risk exposure or known behavioral biases.

«ДЕТСКИЕ» ЭРГОНИМЫ РОСТОВА-НА-ДОНУ: СТРАТЕГИИ НОМИНАЦИИ

The nomination of objects of various functional profiles is an active process of a person’s linguistic activity, the intensity of which increases in conditions of tough economic competition, since the name of the object is an important factor in promoting the market. The names of business associations of people, commercial enterprises, cultural objects, sports establishments, catering and service establishments are used by onomastics specialists as ergonyms. Considering «children» ergonyms, we, following M.E. Ruth, find the implementation of three types of strategy for the nomination of objects – objectified, subjectified and neutralization strategies, which in different ways determine the behavior of the subject of the nomination in relation to the properties of the object. In accordance with the indicated strategies, nominative units of three types are conditionally allocated: a) units of objective nomination; b) units of subjective nomination; c) units of a neutral nomination, as well as units that occupy a borderline position in a variety of objective (in relation to the subject to the nomination object) names. In units of the first type, the subject of the nomination seeks to identify as objectively the identifying feature of the object as possible and uses the minimum set of traditional linguistic models of nomination. The type of names of neutral (according to the “object-subject” ratio) character is widely represented. The greatest linguistic interest is aroused by the type of onyms in which the strategy of subjectivization is implemented, represented in the framework of «children» ergonymy in three varieties according to the role of the subject of the nomination.

Mechanisms of Typhoid Toxin Neutralization by Antibodies Targeting Receptor-Binding and Nuclease Subunits

Nearly all clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, are antibiotic-resistant. All S. Typhi isolates secrete an A2B5 exotoxin called typhoid toxin to benefit the pathogen during infection. Here, we demonstrate that antibiotic-resistant S. Typhi secretes typhoid toxin continuously during infection regardless of antibiotic treatment. Typhoid toxin neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) generated in this study target receptor-binding PltB or nuclease CdtB. All nAbs neutralize typhoid toxin in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by using typhoid toxin secreted by antibiotic-resistant S. Typhi during human cell infection and lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge to mice. Cryo-EM analyses explain the mechanisms of how two nAbs, TyTx4 and TyTx11, are more productive; TyTx4 binds to all PltB subunits available per holotoxin, while TyTx11 makes CdtB inactive through CdtB catalytic-site conformational change. The identified toxin neutralizing epitopes are conserved across all S. Typhi clinical isolates, offering critical insights into typhoid toxin neutralizing strategies.

Targeting IL-1β in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis.

The role of inflammation in atherosclerosis has been recognized several decades ago and existing treatments provide benefits in part through non-specific anti-inflammatory actions. Compared with other cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is associated with acute and chronic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory therapy with canakinumab targeting the IL-1β innate immunity pathway could significantly reduce the rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo. The results of CANTOS suggested an important role of IL-1β in atherosclerosis. However, there are numerous mechanisms that are to be clarified. We herein discussed the important immunomodulatory effect IL-1β exerts on atherosclerosis and the potential mechanisms underlying it. We also reviewed bench-to-bedside clinical translation of IL-1β neutralizing strategies associated with the use of IL-1β blockade in patients with atherosclerosis.

Actively Using Passive Sectors to Generate Alpha Using the VIX

A significant amount of academic research has documented momentum within and across broad sectors of the stock market as a means of generating alpha over a passive benchmark. However, few studies approach sector allocation from a mean reversion perspective using the Chicago Board of Exchange (CBOE) Volatility Index (VIX) as the trigger. We find that positioning into defensive sectors during periods of low volatility for the stock market, and into cyclical sectors during periods of high volatility produces significant long-term alpha. Using this framework, we back-test a dollar neutral strategy documenting return differentials, and create a modified S&P 500 Index that over-weights and underweights cyclical and defensive sectors systematically based on VIX levels. Absolute and relative returns for a sector allocation strategy that uses VIX levels significantly outperforms a passive buy and hold approach by using mean reversion to generate alpha. We postulate that the approach likely works because of behavioral biases related to loss aversion and the disposition effect creating mispricing that are repeatable and exploitable during periods of extreme market stress.

Strategie zvládání stresu vyučujícími v základních školách

The paper is focused on the coping strategies used by elementary school teachers to handle stress. The aim is to find out what the prevalence of positive, negative and neutral coping strategies is and if they correlate with burnout syndrome. The typology of coping strategies was developed by Janke and Erdmann (2003) and use in the measurement SVF78. The positive coping changes the source of stress, while the negative coping helps just to overcome negative emotions without any change of stressor; the neutral coping can work in both ways. The study consists of survey, including SVF78 and Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (n = 2394), and of interviews (n = 59). The analysis shows that teachers report preference of positive coping over negative coping. The most frequent strategy was Substitutional satisfaction (37%), other three positive coping strategies were used by one quarter teachers. The burnout syndrome correlates with coping, especially negative coping. The correlation between burnout syndrome and positive coping was weaker but still statistically significant.

Complete Prevention of Contact Electrification by Molecular Engineering

Summary Electrostatic charges are easily generated on surfaces during contact electrification. Although these invisible charges have emerged as a new dimension in mediating the functions of surfaces, such as energy conversion, liquid transport, reactivity, and adsorbability, the accumulation of charges on surfaces can also pose many undesirable consequences. Despite notable progress, existing approaches in engineering antistatic surfaces suffer from limitations such as the need to modify bulk materials or for delicate control of patterning on surfaces that rely on the neutralization of generated charges. Herein, we report a general toolbox for designing antistatic coatings by leveraging on chemically heterogeneous components with electron-donating and electron-accepting functions, i.e., N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trimethoxysilane, to molecularly engineer the surface potential to achieve an electrostatic homogeneity and completely prevent charge generation. Our approach is general, which allows the facile fabrication of antistatic coatings on various materials, even flexible and curved, with good re-writability and transparency.

Electrical Safety Considerations of Neutral Blocker Placements for Mitigating DC

The dc in a power network might be caused by geomagnetic disturbances that result from either a geomagnetic storm or a high-altitude nuclear detonation. The augmenting trend of inverter-based resources is also acting as a source of small dc injection into the power systems. As the resultant, dc could lead toward a possible power system failure, a myriad of neutral blocking devices (NBDs) have been proposed, where, these devices are installed between the neutral and ground of wye-grounded transformers. However, the electrical safety assessment of these devices is critical prior to adding them to the grid as they might raise serious concerns both for the power equipment and the power system maintenance staff. This work is the first effort toward hazard identification and quantitative risk assessment associated with NBDs. It proposes a risk management framework for augmented electrical safety pertinent to these devices. Later, it analyzes the proposed neutral blocking strategies and highlights the associated risks to the operational safety of these installations, particularly concerning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attacks, cyber threats, and equipment malfunction. Finally, an ideal NBD operational design is proposed incorporating a variety of risk reduction measure to avoid any hazardous situation arising from such installations. This work could provide a guideline for the electric utilities and academic researchers to consider these safety implications prior to proposing or installing these devices.

Multi-asset pair-trading strategy: A statistical learning approach

Pair trading is a widely used market neutral strategy and also a statistical arbitrage method that allows investors to take a position in two assets with similar trends in their historical data in order to gain low-risk profits. Combining both “diversification” and “pair trading”, this study proposes a statistical learning method to explore the most promising pair among multiple pair assets for each trading time. We incorporate estimated volatility into tolerance limits as a predictive function for finding buying and selling signals in order to capitalize on market inefficiencies. One-step-ahead volatility prediction follows either the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method or the GARCH model. The study selects five artificial intelligence (AI) stocks in the U.S. equities market to target profitability through the proposed strategy with a rolling window training approach over two annual testing periods from April 2017 to March 2019. We recommend that conservative investors use p-content at 95%, which is less adventurous and can generate positive excess profits. The idea behind this strategy is to help investments be more diversified and also more profitable.

Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor

The SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus uses its highly glycosylated trimeric Spike protein to bind to the cell surface receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) glycoprotein and facilitate host cell entry. We utilized glycomics-informed glycoproteomics to characterize site-specific microheterogeneity of glycosylation for a recombinant trimer Spike mimetic immunogen and for a soluble version of human ACE2. We combined this information with bioinformatics analyses of natural variants and with existing 3D structures of both glycoproteins to generate molecular dynamics simulations of each glycoprotein both alone and interacting with one another. Our results highlight roles for glycans in sterically masking polypeptide epitopes and directly modulating Spike-ACE2 interactions. Furthermore, our results illustrate the impact of viral evolution and divergence on Spike glycosylation, as well as the influence of natural variants on ACE2 receptor glycosylation. Taken together, these data can facilitate immunogen design to achieve antibody neutralization and inform therapeutic strategies to inhibit viral infection.

Error handling in the classroom: an experimental study of teachers’ strategies to foster positive error climate

The present research investigated the possibility to foster positive classroom climate, achievement emotions, and adaptive beliefs about errors by manipulating teachers’ error handling strategies. Through a pre-post experimental design, teachers’ error handling strategies were manipulated during a fictitious lesson in the primary school context. The experimenter, who was presented as an external teacher, carried out the lesson using positive and supportive error handling strategies (experimental condition) or neutral error handling strategies (control condition). The aim was to test differences in pupils’ perceived error climate, achievement-related emotions, and error beliefs comparing the two conditions. A total of 108 fifth-grade primary school pupils took part in the research. The main results revealed that dealing with pupils’ errors using a constructive and encouraging strategy that supports them in learning from their errors (positive error handling) increased, compared with a neutral error handling, their perception of being in a trustful and supportive learning climate. This study represents the first experimental attempt in which error-related teaching strategies have been directly manipulated to identify their causal impact on primary school pupils’ perceived error climate.

Risk-adjusted Returns from Statistical Arbitrage Opportunities in Indian Stock Futures Market

Statistical arbitrage is a trading strategy that employs time series methods to identify relative mispricing between securities based on the expected values of these assets. The Pairs Trading, one of the techniques of statistical arbitrage, is a market neutral trading strategy. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the profitability and risks of pairs trading strategy for various stocks. The daily future prices of stocks traded and listed on NSE over 2011–2017 are used on rolling basis to compute the performance based on the selection of pairs through minimizing the sum of squared deviation (distance method) and the selection based on cointegration tests (cointegration method) for identifying stocks suited for pairs trading strategies. The pairs trading strategy is performed in two stages: the formation period and the trading period. The strategy is created by long position in one stock and short position in other stock of the pair identified. To examine the risk of pairs trading and the drivers of returns, the portfolio returns are risk-adjusted using Fama and French (J Financ Econ 33:3–56, 1993) three factor asset pricing model. The study reveals that pairs trading in related stocks is significantly profitable with average annualized profitability of up to 34% including transaction costs. The evidence of pairs trading profits in stock futures supports the view that these profits reflect compensation to arbitrageurs for enforcing the law of one price in similarly related markets to ensure market efficiency. Indian financial markets are maturing and are attracting sizable retail and institutional investments. Advanced applications like the one presented in this study are of significance for the investors and investment consultants so that they can benefit from such trading strategies.

Implementation of Five-Level DPWM on Parallel Three-Level Inverters to Reduce Common-Mode Voltage and AC Current Ripples

Conventional reduced common-mode voltage discontinuous pulsewidth modulation method for a three-level inverter can reduce the common-mode voltage and switching transitions compared with continuous modulation. However, it suffers from poor output current quality and cannot provide additional performance enhancements when applied directly on parallel three-level inverters. Based on the interactions between the parallel inverters, this article reveals that dual parallel three-level inverters could be analyzed and controlled as a single five-level inverter. Based on this idea, a novel five-level discontinuous modulation method is therefore proposed to further reduce the common-mode voltage of the system by half, in addition to dramatically improving the output current quality compared with conventional three-level method. The specific implementation process is explained in detail, and a unique switching sequence design is developed considering keeping zero average circulating current, which is crucial to the proper function of parallel operation. Furthermore, a neutral point voltage balancing strategy through alternatively applying charging and discharging switching sequences is proposed for the five-level modulation process, which can effectively restore the neutral point balance in case imbalance occurs. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method are verified by both simulation and experimental results.

Personal Therapy and Self-Care in the Making of Psychologists

Psychologists are skilled in assessing, researching, and treating patients’ distress, but frequently experience difficulty in applying these talents to themselves. The authors offer 13 research-supported and theoretically neutral self-care strategies catered to psychologists and those in training: valuing the person of the psychologist, refocusing on the rewards, recognizing the hazards, minding the body, nurturing relationships, setting boundaries, restructuring cognitions, sustaining healthy escapes, maintaining mindfulness, creating a flourishing environment, cultivating spirituality and mission, fostering creativity and growth, and profiting from personal therapy. The latter deserves special emphasis in the making of health care psychologists. These strategies are recommended both during training and throughout the career span. Recommendations are offered for enhancing and publicizing systems of self-care throughout the profession.