Neurobiology Of Disorders Research Articles

Hard stop: reestablishing the significance of abstinence in the treatment of late stage ultra-processed food addiction.

Addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite harmful consequences. While abstinence-based approaches have long been the cornerstone of addiction treatment, recent years have seen legitimate challenges from harm reduction clinicians, and within the food addiction realm, the eating disorder treatment practitioners. This perspective emphasizes the role of abstinence in food addiction recovery using the Koob model and its concept of hyperkatifeia despite these reservations. However, further research is essential before abstinence can be recommended. We need to 1) identify what qualifies as abstinence in relation to ultra-processed food, 2) clarify suitable situations and disease progression for optimal implementation of this approach, 3) provide clear guidelines when it is harmful, and 4) conduct clinical studies to confirm the effectiveness of this strategy for long-term recovery from late-stage food addiction.

DESAFIOS E RESPONSABILIDADES DAS EMPRESAS FRENTE AO TRANSTORNO DO DÉFICIT DE ATENÇÃO E HIPERATIVIDADE (TDAH) NO AMBIENTE DE TRABALHO

This article deals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its impact on the business environment. ADHD is a neurobiological disorder that affects attention, impulsivity and behavior. In the workplace, employees with ADHD can face difficulties related to focus, concentration, impulsivity, organization and interpersonal relationships. These challenges can affect employee performance and interaction. In this sense, it is essential that companies recognize and offer support to employees with ADHD, implementing policies and procedures that consider their specific needs. In addition, promoting a culture of inclusion and acceptance is key to making employees feel comfortable sharing their challenges.

Enhancing autism rehabilitation: the role of expert systems in supporting therapy with intelligent robotics

Autism is a complex neurobiological disorder that affects brain development and manifests itself primarily in difficulties in communication and social interactions. Autistic people may also experience a restricted set of interests and repetitive behaviors. Among the promising tools supporting autistic people, systems supporting diagnosis, planning therapy, monitoring progress, and even conducting direct interactions with autistic children are becoming increasingly important. The article describes an expert system created to support the rehabilitation of children with autism. The presented expert system, for instance, can analyze the child's speech patterns and suggest appropriate communication strategies, or it can monitor the child's behavior and propose activities to address repetitive behaviors. The system is part of a more extensive solution consisting of three main components: the patient interface, the rehabilitator's expert system, and the machine learning module. The presented environment was used during therapeutic sessions with young patients. On the one hand, it provides promising results in patient interactions; on the other hand, it supports the work of rehabilitators. It is worth noting that the main strength of the solution is the inference and suggestions proposed by the system during a session with the patient; taking into account the dynamic development of artificial intelligence systems and the fact that each subsequent session provides new data, we can count on the beneficial impact of the presented system on both the progress in the patient's rehabilitation and also the quality and effectiveness of the rehabilitator's work.

Neurobiology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

The recent worldwide surge of warfare and hostilities exposes increasingly large numbers of individuals to traumatic events, placing them at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and challenging both clinicians and service delivery systems. This overview summarizes and updates the core knowledge of the genetic, molecular, and neural circuit features of the neurobiology of PTSD and advances in evidence-based psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, and digital treatments. While the complexity of the neurobiology and the biological and clinical heterogeneity of PTSD have challenged clinicians and researchers, there is an emerging consensus concerning the underlying mechanisms and approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PTSD. This update addresses PTSD diagnosis, prevalence, course, risk factors, neurobiological mechanisms, current standard of care, and innovations in next-generation treatment and prevention strategies. It provides a comprehensive summary and concludes with areas of research for integrating advances in the neurobiology of the disorder with novel treatment and prevention targets.

Teaching Self-Care and Hygiene During Puberty for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have limitations in communication and social interactions caused by the presence of neurobiological disorders. Parents of adolescents of ASD also experience challenging times to discuss puberty, especially in their children’s sexual development, masturbation, self-care and hygiene, and other important sexuality-related topics. However, adolescents with ASD have the right to be treated with respect and to learn information about sexuality education in order to be able to take good care of themselves. The purpose of this article is to discuss puberty and how to teach self-care and hygiene in adolescents with ASD. Based on the literature studies, self-care and hygiene teaching methods that can be provided by parents and teachers, including through social narratives, visual support, social stories, and video modelling. It is expected that teachers and parents can provide appropriate learning methods for adolescents with ASD, so that they can develop daily living activities especially in caring for themselves when going through puberty.

Role of Social Support in Increasing Socialization Ability ADHD (Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) Children at Suryo Bimo Kresno Elementary School

Support from the social environment has a significant impact on the development of children with special needs(Efendi, 2017). ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurobiological disorder that is common in children and can affect their ability to learn and interact socially. The way ADHD children interact is quite different from other people in general, because they have difficulty interacting with their environment, like to daydream, tend to move actively and cannot focus on listening or paying attention when other people are talking.This field research is qualitative in nature with a case study research design using interview and observation methods. Research subjects were chosen deliberately using purposive sampling.The origins of ADHD in a child often involve a variety of complex factors, and a lack of affection can be one of them. As time goes by, the subject is able to share with his friends and has quite good social relations. In addition, the ability to store their own things shows that they are making progress in aspects of daily life that reflect a growing level of independence. The results of this research are that social support, especially from peers and teachers in inclusive schools, plays a positive role in improving the socialization of children with ADHD.

What do we know about body dysmorphic disorder - Review of current knowledge

Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder, also known as dysmorphophobia, is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by DSM-V as preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance, that are not observable or appear slight to others. BDD can cause significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of life. It is often comorbid with other psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder. Current ways of treatment include a combination of pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Aim of the study To summarize current knowledge of body dysmorphic disorder, its pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, outline possible areas for further research, and raise the awareness of the disorder. Material and methods The review was based on the PubMed database and was carried out using keywords to determine the latest publications. Summary Body dysmorphic disorder is a relatively common and severe condition that greatly diminishes patients' quality of life. While helpful diagnostic tools exist, BDD diagnosis remains relatively uncommon, posing challenges for patients to receive adequate treatment and continuing their suffering. Despite identifying several factors contributing to the disorder, much remains unknown. Many patients do not respond to standard treatment options, highlighting the need for further studies into the disorder's neurobiology, causes, and alternate treatment approaches to achieve a deeper comprehension of BDD as the number of new cases increases every year.

Functional Behavioral Assessment as an alternative teaching strategy for managing the behavior of children with Autism

The aim of this study is to investigate effective behavior management strategies for children on the autism spectrum using a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) approach. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental neurobiological disorder that is often characterized by challenging behavior, such as tantrums, aggression, or difficulties in social communication. The research focused on a single child with autism, aged 6 years 11 months, identified as DT. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative research design, which involves data collection through observation, interviews, and document analysis. The findings of this research indicate that the Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) approach can provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence the behavior of children with ASD. Behavior management strategies based on Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) consist of identifying individual needs, developing appropriate intervention programs, and ongoing monitoring.

Correlation between serum tryptophan metabolism and treatment efficacy of dapoxetine in patients with premature ejaculation: A pilot study.

Primary premature ejaculation (PPE) is a common male neurobiological disorder. Currently, there is consensus that the impairment in central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission constitutes a key pathogenic factor in PPE. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) serve as the primary pharmacological intervention; however, a comprehensive elucidation of their mechanism of action remains incomplete. Owing to significant individual variability in efficacy, SSRIs exhibit a high discontinuation rate. Hence, there is an urgent need to address the selection of SSRIs for PPE treatment. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in patients with PPE and to assess its influence on the efficacy of SSRIs. The exploratory study included a total of 16 patients with PPE and 16 control subjects who were healthy men without any sexual dysfunction. Upon enrollment in the study, all participants underwent a thorough medical history review and physical examination. Subsequently, their serum levels of TRP, its metabolites, large neutral amino acids (LNAAs), and metabolite ratios were assessed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay. After a period of 4weeks of dapoxetine treatment, all patients with PPE underwent reassessment using the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) score and intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) test. The ratio of serum TRP to other LNAAs (TRP/LNAAs) in patients with PPE was found to be significantly lower compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conversely, the ratio of kynurenine to TRP (KYN/TRP) was observed to be significantly higher in the PPE patients compared to the control group (P<0.05). Including the serum TRP/LNAAs ratio and KYN/TRP ratio in the prediction model yielded the highest prediction efficiency for PPE. There was a significant negative correlation between the ratio of TRP/LNAAs before the treatment and the IELT after 4weeks of the treatment. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation observed between the ratio of TRP/LNAAs before the treatment and the PEDT score after 4weeks of the treatment. This study demonstrates that the reduction in the TRP/LNAAs ratio and the elevation of the KYN/TRP ratio are significant characteristics associated with PPE. These findings suggest that diminished tryptophan availability in the brain and the activation of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of PPE. The TRP/LNAAs ratio has potential as a reliable indicator of central serotonin (5-HT) levels. Considering the TRP/LNAAs ratio when selecting SSRIs for the treatment of PPE may enhance the response rate of this medication.

Dyslexia, the Amsterdam Way.

The current aim is to illustrate our research on dyslexia conducted at the Developmental Psychology section of the Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, in collaboration with the nationwide IWAL institute for learning disabilities (now RID). The collaborative efforts are institutionalized in the Rudolf Berlin Center. The first series of studies aimed at furthering the understanding of dyslexia using a gamified tool based on an artificial script. Behavioral measures were augmented with diffusion modeling in one study, and indices derived from the electroencephalogram were used in others. Next, we illustrated a series of studies aiming to assess individuals who struggle with reading and spelling using similar research strategies. In one study, we used methodology derived from the machine learning literature. The third series of studies involved intervention targeting the phonics of language. These studies included a network analysis that is now rapidly gaining prominence in the psychopathology literature. Collectively, the studies demonstrate the importance of letter-speech sound mapping and word decoding in the acquisition of reading. It was demonstrated that focusing on these abilities may inform the prediction, classification, and intervention of reading difficulties and their neural underpinnings. A final section examined dyslexia, conceived as a neurobiological disorder. This analysis converged on the conclusion that recent developments in the psychopathology literature inspired by the focus on research domain criteria and network analysis might further the field by staying away from longstanding debates in the dyslexia literature (single vs. a multiple deficit, category vs. dimension, disorder vs. lack of skill).

Dyslexia Awareness Among Primary Care and School-Based Health Care Providers

Approximately 1 in 5, or 20% of people are diagnosed with dyslexia, a neurobiological disorder affecting visual and auditory processing as well as memory. Challenges associated with dyslexia include not only difficulty with reading and writing but also early recognition of symptoms by health care providers and educators. A collaborative approach will lead to early detection and intervention, which is vital to ad dressing the multifaceted learning and social implications associated with dyslexia.

A prospective, observational, multicentre study to evaluate the efficacy of brivaracetam as adjuvant therapy for epilepsy: The Bravo study.

Epilepsy is a persistent tendency to experience epileptic seizures and can lead to various neurobiological disorders, with an elevated risk of premature mortality. This study evaluates the efficacy of brivaracetam adjuvant therapy in patients with epilepsy. A prospective observational multicentre study that was conducted in Pakistan from March to September 2022, by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The population consisted of 543 individuals with a diagnosis of epilepsy for whom adjunctive brivaracetam (Brivera; manufactured by Helix Pharma Pvt Ltd., Sindh, Pakistan) was recommended by the treating physician. The research sample was drawn from various private neurology clinics of Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Peshawar. Data originating from routine patient visits, and assessments at three study time points, were recorded in the study case report form. Across 18 clinical sites, 543 individuals participated, with a mean age of 32.9 years. The most prescribed dosages were 50 mg BD, followed by 100 mg BD. Notably, brivaracetam combined with divalproex sodium was the most prevalent treatment, followed by brivaracetam with levetiracetam. At both the 14th and 90th day assessments, a significant reduction in seizure frequency was observed, with 63.1% of individuals showing a favourable response by day 90. Treatment-naive individuals exhibited higher rates of seizure freedom and response compared with treatment-resistant individuals. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of brivaracetam combination therapy in epilepsy management, with notable reductions in seizure frequency and favourable clinical responses observed, particularly in treatment-naive individuals.

The effects of chiropractic adjustment on inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot RCT.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. We hypothesized that chiropractic adjustments could improve these symptoms by enhancing prefrontal cortex function. This pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility and efficacy of 4 weeks of chiropractic adjustment on inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD. 67 children with ADHD were randomly allocated to receive either chiropractic adjustments plus usual care (Chiro+UC) or sham chiropractic plus usual care (Sham+UC). The Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Teacher Rating Scale (VADTRS), Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Teacher and Parents Rating Scale (SNAP-IV), and ADHD Rating Scale-IV were used to assess outcomes at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Feasibility measures such as recruitment, retention, blinding, safety, and adherence were recorded. Linear mixed regression models were used for data analysis. 56 participants (mean age ± SD: 10.70 ± 3.93 years) were included in the analysis. Both the Chiro+UC and Sham+UC groups showed significant improvements in total and subscale ADHD scores at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups. This pilot study demonstrated that it was feasible to examine the effects of chiropractic adjustment when added to usual care on ADHD outcomes in children. While both groups showed improvements, the lack of significant between-group differences requires caution in interpretation due to the small sample size. Further research with larger samples and longer follow-up periods is needed to conclusively evaluate the effects of chiropractic adjustments on ADHD in children.

Midline Swaddling and Traditional swaddling Position and Their Influence on Physical and Autonomic sign on Newborn Babies.

The traditional method of swaddling is done with the arms and legs straightened and wrapped tightly with the hips in an adduction position, and the newborns are mostly carried out by traditional swaddling in Indonesia. When swaddling is properly done, infants show less awakening and longer sleep, better neuromuscular development, less physiological stress, better motor organization, and better self-regulation abilities. Improper swaddling can result in conditions that are detrimental for newborns, like SIDS, DDH, which cause stress. The early exposure of the neonates to stress results to residual symptoms in behavior and neurobiological disorders. This study aims to determine the effect of midline position compared to the traditional swaddling regarding physical and autonomics stress sign. The study population consisted of 194 newborns. The midline and traditionally swaddled were observed and recorded, physical and autonomic signs at birth, 10 minutes and 2 hours were documented. This study found that there is statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of cries at 10 minute and 2 hours and so with the heart rate and respiration rate at birth (p&lt;0,05), and a significant difference in oxygen saturation at 10 minutes and 2 hours (p&lt;0,05). Additionally, midline swaddling had a larger average decrease in heart rate and respiration rate, and increase in the oxygen saturation. Therefore, this study can deduce that, midline position swaddling has less stressful effect than the traditional position. The same research elsewhere in Indonesia will be costly. Future research would suggest for larger sample that may suggest a more accurate outcome.

Interactive virtual reality training to improve socio-emotional functioning in adolescents with developmental language disorders: A feasibility study.

Methods to effectively improve socio-emotional functioning by adolescents with developmental language disorders (DLD) are scarce. Current methods to improve socio-emotional functioning in adolescents with other neurobiological disorders seem less suitable, as these methods are highly language based. This study therefore examined the feasibility of the virtual reality (VR) training for socio-emotional skills: 'InterAction'. The aims of the present study were to (1) examine whether interactive VR is a feasible training method for adolescents with DLD; (2) investigate adolescents' appreciation of the VR training; (3) examine whether the virtual reality training facilitates the participants' sense of presence during social practice situations in an interactive digital world; and (4) explore whether adolescents socio-emotional skills improved during the six-session training. A sample of nine adolescents (13-16years) with DLD reported on their presence in VR contexts and their appreciation toward the VR training. They also completed weekly self-reports on their socio-emotional functioning. Results indicated that 'InterAction' was a feasible method to practice socio-emotional functioning with adolescents with DLD. Adolescents highly appreciated the VR training. In addition, adolescents rated the sense of presence as high in the VR training. The individual trajectories showed that improvements in the trained skills varied both between and within participants. The results were also not uniform between the specific skills trained. The findings suggest that interactive virtual reality training may be a promising tool for improving socio-emotional functioning in adolescents with DLD. Future studies should examine the positive indications of this study in a larger sample.

Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: comparative analysis of executive functions between genres based on neurofeedback training

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder that presents a characteristic pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD directly affects Executive Functions (EF), responsible for regulating social behavior and cognitive skills. In the clinical context, the symptoms can present themselves in unique ways in each patient. Therefore, we can use different approaches to evaluate these symptoms. This article aims to analyze, through the evaluation of executive functions performed through psychological tests and neurofeedback, how ADHD symptoms are presented in males and females. Psychological tests Digit Span, Corsi Cubes, Verbal Fluency and Five Digit Test (FDT) were used. In addition, a neurofeedback game that adapts the Stroop test in an interactive application was applied through a Brain-Computer Interface. A tool developed was tested with 21 children, 11 with a confirmed diagnosis of ADHD and to 10 without the presence of this disorder. Through statistical analysis, we come to establish promises. The results of the neurofeedback analysis met what is expected in the literature, which demonstrate that patients with ADHD have a greater number of slow waves and less beta waves in the prefrontal cortex or, which indicate low stimulation of the central nervous system.

Development of Learning Facilities for ADHD Student Aged 6-9 Years Old at Special School in Indonesia

Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder in the form of inability to focus attention, easily distracted, impulsive, and hyperactive. Children with ADHD are usually aggressive, unable calm down, are difficult to teach, and have trouble focusing when doing an activity. With this, children with ADHD need treatment, special handling, as well as facilities and infrastructure that are suitable for children with ADHD. One special facility for ADHD that looks significant compared to other normal facilities is a study furniture designed for children with ADHD. The study furniture is important because it often interacts with children with ADHD for a long time. The good consideration of a design is the fulfillment of needs that can adapt to user conditions. To get a solution, interviews with experts were conducted, potential users that is children with ADHD aged 6-9 years, literature studies on ADHD, active seating, fidgeting, ergonomics, color, benchmarking to product existing, and analysis of user needs. The results of this design are furniture sets in the form of tables and chairs that use active seating, calm, adjustable, and safe as the concept to support the learning activities of children with ADHD in special schools. The chair design uses the concept of active seating in the form of whole body fidgeting to support hyperactive and inattention symtoms. This design utilizes digital simulation to digitize the concept and simulate it, reducing trial and error during prototype development. Furniture with adjustable height system for children aged 6-9 years with a simple and safe form for the needs of children with ADHD. This design uses muted brown color to give a clean impression and not cause distraction, combined with a muted blue color to give a calming feel from a psychological standpoint and fulfill user preferences.

THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ADHD

This article deals with the role of the family in the proper diagnosis of ADHD, from the process involved in the theme, our general objective is: To analyze and discuss the role of the family in the learning process of the person with ADHD, to discuss the educational needs experienced during their teaching-learning process. Moving on to working on the specific objectives: Identifying the family’s role in the diagnosis and necessary interventions; This study adopts the methodology of literature and documentary review on the subject, whose data are in the qualitative perspective; Arguing and confronting the data, supported by the experiences of authors who base the Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as a neurobiological disorder that has the characteristic of inattention, restlessness, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Since the subjects are both children and adults, it is independent of gender, age and academic background. Symptoms appear mainly in situations that require greater attention and the performance of repetitive tasks. This article is justified by the importance of the family for the development of potentialities and improvement of the personal and social quality of life of the person diagnosed with ADHD, starting to understand its impacts and understand it.

Specific Learning Disorders: Variation Analysis of 15 Candidate Genes in 9 Multiplex Families.

Background and Objectives: Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a complex neurobiological disorder characterized by a persistent difficult in reading (dyslexia), written expression (dysgraphia), and mathematics (dyscalculia). The hereditary and genetic component is one of the underlying causes of SLD, but the relationship between genes and the environment should be considered. Several genetic studies were performed in different populations to identify causative genes. Materials and Methods: Here, we show the analysis of 9 multiplex families with at least 2 individuals diagnosed with SLD per family, with a total of 37 persons, 21 of whom are young subjects with SLD, by means of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify possible causative mutations in a panel of 15 candidate genes: CCPG1, CYP19A1, DCDC2, DGKI, DIP2A, DYM, GCFC2, KIAA0319, MC5R, MRPL19, NEDD4L, PCNT, PRMT2, ROBO1, and S100B. Results: We detected, in eight families out nine, SNP variants in the DGKI, DIP2A, KIAA0319, and PCNT genes, even if in silico analysis did not show any causative effect on this behavioral condition. In all cases, the mutation was transmitted by one of the two parents, thus excluding the case of de novo mutation. Moreover, the parent carrying the allelic variant transmitted to the children, in six out of seven families, reports language difficulties. Conclusions: Although the present results cannot be considered conclusive due to the limited sample size, the identification of genetic variants in the above genes can provide input for further research on the same, as well as on other genes/mutations, to better understand the genetic basis of this disorder, and from this perspective, to better understand also the neuropsychological and social aspects connected to this disorder, which affects an increasing number of young people.

Paraventricular Thalamic MC3R Circuits Link Energy Homeostasis with Anxiety-Related Behavior.

The hypothalamic melanocortin system is critically involved in sensing stored energy and communicating this information throughout the brain, including to brain regions controlling motivation and emotion. This system consists of first-order agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and downstream neurons containing the melanocortin-3 (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). Although extensive work has characterized the function of downstream MC4R neurons, the identity and function of MC3R-containing neurons are poorly understood. Here, we used neuroanatomical and circuit manipulation approaches in mice to identify a novel pathway linking hypothalamic melanocortin neurons to melanocortin-3 receptor neurons located in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) in male and female mice. MC3R neurons in PVT are innervated by hypothalamic AgRP and POMC neurons and are activated by anorexigenic and aversive stimuli. Consistently, chemogenetic activation of PVT MC3R neurons increases anxiety-related behavior and reduces feeding in hungry mice, whereas inhibition of PVT MC3R neurons reduces anxiety-related behavior. These studies position PVT MC3R neurons as important cellular substrates linking energy status with neural circuitry regulating anxiety-related behavior and represent a promising potential target for diseases at the intersection of metabolism and anxiety-related behavior such as anorexia nervosa.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Animals must constantly adapt their behavior to changing internal and external challenges, and impairments in appropriately responding to these challenges are a hallmark of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we demonstrate that paraventricular thalamic neurons containing the melanocortin-3 receptor respond to energy-state-related information and external challenges to regulate anxiety-related behavior in mice. Thus, these neurons represent a potential target for understanding the neurobiology of disorders at the intersection of metabolism and psychiatry such as anorexia nervosa.