Network-based Mobility Research Articles

NETWORK MOBILITY SUPPORTED PROXY MOBILE IPV6

Proxy Mobile IPV6 (PMIPV6) is a network-based mobility management protocol, designed to keep track of individual mobile node’ movement. So a mobile node can easily roam in PMIPV6 network without changing it’s IP address. Network Mobility-Basic Support Protocol (NEMO-BSP), based on MIPV6, is the protocol designed for mobility management of NEMO in MPIV6 network. But NEMO-BSP cannot be directly used in PMIPV6 due to differences in the underlying protocols. To make PMIPV6 as a complete mobility management protocol, functionality of PMIPV6 should be enhanced to support network mobility in PMIPV6. This work enhances functionality of PMIPV6 and NEMO-BSP protocols and proposes a new architecture called NEMO supported PMIPV6 that supports movement of mobile nodes as well as network mobility in PMIPV6 network.

Route Optimization via RSSI APPs in Indoor Proxy Mobile IPv6 Test-bed

Traditionally IP mobility support mechanisms, Mobile IPv4 or Mobile IPv6 are based on the host-based solution to keep on going sessions despite the movement. The current trend is towards networks-based solutions where mobility support is based on network operation. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a network-based mobility management protocol. The development is aimed to guarantee and support mobility for IP devices or called as Mobile Node (MN) without the MN involving in any IP layer mobility related to signaling as stated in RFC5213. PMIPv6 in RFC5213 address the needed to enable Localized Routing (LR) but it not specify a complete procedure to establish Route Optimization (RO). Data packets belong to MN need to travel to Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) via bidirectional tunnel between Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and LMA. This result to long end to end delay. This un-optimized route result in increasing signaling data delay, huge handover latency, large transport cost and many more. Therefore, it important to optimized the data path so that the data destined to MN will be traverse using the shorter path or directly change traffic tunnel between MAG. As for this, the aims of this study are to reduce the handover latency and optimized data route by the illustration of development the PMIPv6 test-bed with implementation of RO via RSSI APPs. Several experiment will be discuss to see the performance of RO algorithm via RSSI APPs with non-optimized RO.

Cost-effective approach inter-LMA domain management and distributed mobility control scheme in proxy mobile IPv6 networks

The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is designed to provide network-based mobility management support to a mobile node (MN) without any involvement of the MN in mobility related signaling; hence, the proxy mobility entity performs all related signaling on behalf of the MN. The new principal functional entities of PMIPv6 are the local mobility anchor (LMA) and the mobile access gateway (MAG). In PMIPv6, all the data traffic sent from the MN gets routed to the LMA through a tunnel between the LMA and the MAG, but it still has a single point of failure (SPOF) and a bottleneck state of traffic. To solve these problems, various approaches directed towards PMIPv6 performance improvements, such as route optimization, have been proposed. However, these approaches add additional signaling to support the MN׳s mobility, which incurs extra network overhead and still provides difficulty when applied to multiple-LMA networks. In this paper, we propose an improved route optimization in PMIPv6-based multiple-LMA networks. All LMAs were connected to the proxy internetworking gateway (PIG), which performs inter-domain distributed mobility control. Each MAG keeps the information of all LMAs in the PMIPv6 domain, so it is possible to perform fast route optimization. Therefore, this method supported route optimization without any additional signaling because the LMA receives the state information of route optimization from the PIG.

Analytical Approach of New Random-walk Based Mobility Management Scheme in IP-based Mobile Networks

In next-generation wireless networks, provisioning of IP-based network architecture and seamless transmission services are very important issues for mobile nodes. For this reason, a mobility management mechanism to support global roaming is highly regarded. These technologies bring a broader life by using a global roaming account through the connection of multiple devices or technology to mobile users; they also provide real-time multimedia services. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of fast handover for hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), and fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) using the fluid-flow model and random-walk model. As a result, the location update cost of the PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6 is better than that of HMIPv6 and F-HMIPv6. These results suggest that the network-based mobility management technology is superior to the hierarchical mobility management technology in the mobility environment.

Buffering in proxy mobile IPv6: implementation and analysis

Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol that improves performance in terms of handover latency, signaling cost, and packet loss compared to host-based mobility management protocols. However, still packet loss occurs during the handover of the mobile node (MN). Several attempts have been made to improve the reliability of PMIPv6 service by proposing schemes in which packets are buffered in network entities during the handover of the MN to prevent packet loss, and performance improvement has been demonstrated via simulations. So far, there have been no implementations of buffering functions in the literature. This paper addresses design of buffering function and its implementation to prevent packet loss, and demonstrates the results. We have implemented a PMIPv6 testbed based on open source resources. We discuss the functional and performance enhancements, comparing PMIPv6 with the buffering implemented and standard PMIPv6. We also propose an improved buffering function where the packet forwarding rate of the buffer is adjusted. The results through the testbed show that the buffering function in PMIPv6 effectively prevents packet loss during the handover of the MN. We have found out that we can manage the amount of packets in the buffer without further increment by adjusting the packet forwarding rate of the buffer as well.

An Enhanced Group Mobility Protocol for 6LoWPAN-Based Wireless Body Area Networks

The IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) has attracted lots of attention recently because it can be used for the communications of Internet of things. In this paper, the concept of group-based network roaming in proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) domain is considered in the 6LoWPAN-based wireless body area networks. PMIPv6 is a standard to manage the network-based mobility in all-IP wireless network. However, it does not perform well in group-based body area networks. To further reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost, an enhanced group mobility scheme is proposed in this paper to reduce the number of control messages, including router solicitation and router advertisement messages as opposed to the group-based PMIPv6 protocol. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed handoff scheme can reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost. The packet loss ratio and the overhead can also be reduced.

A Network-based Secure Mobility Control Protocol in Locator/Identifier Separation Networks

A Network-based Secure Mobility Control Protocol in Locator/Identifier Separation Networks

Centralized, Distributed or Replicated IP Mobility?

This letter studies a network-based IPv6 mobility model based on Proxy Mobile IP, called Multiple Local Mobility Anchors. It replicates the Local Mobility Anchors of Proxy Mobile IP through access routers and gateways of the network. The Local Mobility Anchors maintain the binding between the well-known IPv6 address of the mobile node and its current access router, in order to achieve an optimized routing path to data sessions that require mobility support. Multiple Local Mobility Anchors approach is compared with Proxy Mobile IP and Distributed Mobility Anchoring through analytical models. The outcome demonstrates that it significantly improves the data cost at the expense of a slight increase in the signaling cost.

Cost-Effective and Fast Handoff Scheme in Proxy Mobile IPv6 Networks with Multicasting Support

With recent advancements in wireless communication technologies, mobile multicasting is becoming important, in an effort to use network resources more efficiently. In the past, when various mobile IP-based multicast techniques were proposed, the focus was on the costs needed for network delivery to provide multicast services, as well as on minimizing the multicast handover delay. However, it is fundamentally difficult to resolve the problems of handover delay and tunnel convergence for techniques using MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6), a host-based mobility management protocol. To resolve these problems, the network-based mobility management protocol PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6) was standardized. Although performance is improved in PMIPv6 over MIPv6, it still suffers from problems of handover delay and tunnel convergence. To overcome these limitations, a technique called LFH (Low-cost and Fast Handoff) is proposed in this paper, for fast and low-cost mobility management with multicasting support in PMIPv6 networks. To reduce the interactions between the complex multicast routing protocol and multicast messages, a simplified proxy method called MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) is implemented and modified. Furthermore, a TCR (Tunnel Combination and Reconstruction) algorithm was used in the multicast handover procedure within the LMA (Local Mobility Anchor) domain, as well as in the multicast handover procedure between domains, in order to overcome the problem of tunnel convergence. It was found that, compared to other types of multicast techniques, LFH reduces multicast delay, and requires lower cost.

Multiple Virtual Interfaces for Multi-homing Hosts to Support Inter-technology Handover in PMIPv6 Network

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a network-based mobility management protocol, supports multi-homing, inter-technology handover, and flow mobility, with the help of a host's virtual interface (VI). Several single virtual interface (SVI) schemes have been proposed to support these functions. In the SVI schemes, the link-layer identifier (LL-ID) should be swapped while the host is processing neighbor discovery (ND) after inter-technology handover or flow mobility. That is, a host must replace the LL-ID of a VI contained in a neighbor advertisement with the LL-ID of a physical interface (PI) related to a real connection. Such LL-ID swapping cannot be executed under secure neighbor discovery, and it causes ND processing delay and high overhead to check all outgoing packets. In this paper, we propose a multiple virtual interfaces scheme to solve the problem related to the LL-ID swapping, and to provide good support to the inter-technology handover. In the proposed scheme, there are the same numbers of VIs as the PIs between the data link layer and the network layer of a host. Since each VI maintains its own neighbor cache, the proposed scheme does not require LL-ID swapping, so that it can keep the standard ND process. We explain the basic operation of PMIPv6 inter-technology handover under the proposed scheme and, through NS-3 simulation, evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of ND process delay and inter-technology handover latency.

On providing mobility management in WOBANs: integration with PMIPv6 and MIH

The Wireless-Optical Broadband Access Network (WOBAN) is a promising access architecture that combines the high performance of optical networks with the ubiquity and convenience of wireless technologies. This article proposes a network-based mobility framework that is specially tailored for WOBANs. The proposed architecture is based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 and IEEE 802.21 mobility management protocols, but it also defines a number of optimizations that enable the seamless handover of mobile nodes. In particular, the hierarchical architecture together with the broadcast-and-select nature of the optical part of the WOBAN are leveraged to: optimize the mobility of users with respect to the overall network resources, both at the wireless access and optical distribution parts, remove the overhead of IP-in-IP tunneling between the PMIPv6 entities, and perform an efficient bicasting during the handover process to minimize packet loss.

A Novel Prefix-Aggregation Based Distributed Management Scheme for PMIPv6

As a promising network-based mobility management protocol, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) can provide the mobility support for the Mobile Node (MN) without any involvement of MN in mobility signaling. However, PMIPv6 supports the mobility management via centralized anchors, which leads to many obvious shortcomings, such as sub-optimal routing, scalability and single point of failure issue. Besides, it remains an open issue how to deal with the inter-domain handover for PMIPv6 while keeping optimal routing and low signaling costs as well as supporting multicast efficiently. In this paper, we propose a novel Prefix-Aggregation based Distributed Management Scheme for PMIPv6 (PA-DMSP), in which all the Local Mobility Anchors (LMAs) distributed in the extended home network are connected to each other via the global tunnel and announce their aggregated prefix to the Internet. By using the IP anycast routing, the signaling messages and data packets destined to any IP address that belongs to the aggregated prefix can be transmitted to the topologically closest LMA, which indicates that the optimized routing can always be achieved. Besides, the distributed LMA management scheme enables the inter-domain handover and eliminates the scalability and single point of failure issue. Moreover, PA-DMSP also proposes the multicast source mobility and receiver mobility support schemes. Our analysis verifies the better performance of PA-DMSP in terms of the signaling costs when compared with other baseline schemes. In addition, PA-DMSP can significantly improve the scalability in terms of reducing the number of LMA's routing entries.

Time-Efficient Handover Using Enhanced Route Optimization in Global PMIPv6

With the development of the wireless internet, there are more and more mobile terminals. Without mobility management protocol, mobile terminals could not communicate with others terminals when they are away from their home network. Mobile IPv6 was proposed which is host-based mobility management protocol. But it has several drawbacks, such as wireless link resource waste, load or consumption of power in mobile terminal is large. To overcome the weakness of host-based mobility management protocol, network-based mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is standardized by the internet engineering task force network-based localized mobility management working group, and it is starting to attract considerable attentions. Although several proposals have been made for handover and Route Optimization (RO) in PMIPv6, they still need too many communications, do not consider about seamless-handover and RO without out-of-sequence problem simultaneously. In this paper we proposed a time-efficient handover mechanism in PMIPv6 by using the improved RO. We use the characteristic of anycast to achieve the time efficiency. By the mathematical analysis we prove that the proposed protocol has shorter latency and supports faster mobility of the mobile terminals.

Mobile multicast source support in PMIPv6 networks

With the widespread use of multimedia contents via mobile nodes (MNs), IP mobile multicast becomes more important for wireless, mobile, and ubiquitous multimedia applications. Until now, many research efforts have been made to provide IP multicast for the MNs. However, the existing mobile multicast schemes mostly focus on the mobility of receivers based on the host-based mobility solution that requires the MN to participate in the mobility management. Recent work has shown that service connectivity for mobile multicast sources is still a problem and attracts very little concern. With the development of the network-based mobility support protocol, mobile multicast source support schemes in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks are needed urgently. In this paper, we propose a base solution (BS) and also a direct multicast routing scheme (DMRS) for mobile multicast source support in PMIPv6 networks. In the BS, the multicast listener discover (MLD) proxy function is adopted to transmit multicast data through the PMIPv6 tunnel. The DMRS can provide locally optimized traffic flows and avoid inefficient routing present in the BS. We evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed schemes with the Mobile IP bidirectional tunneling (MIP-BT) and Mobile IP remote subscription (MIP-RS) schemes by theoretical analysis and also implement the proposed schemes on the test-bed. The numerical results show that the BS and DMRS outperform the MIP-BT and MIP-RS in terms of signaling cost. Meanwhile, the experimental results verify the feasibility and validity of our proposed schemes. Furthermore, we study the optimal PMIPv6 domain size to reduce the total signaling cost for the proposed schemes.

Performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain scheme vs. IPv6 mobility protocols

The population of mobile users seeking connectivity to the Internet has been growing over the years, spurred by the capabilities of handsets and the increasing rich Internet content and services. Mobility management to enable efficient Internet access for users on the move is thus gaining significance. IETF has standardized several protocols such as Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, and Proxy Mobile IPv6 to provide mobility management on the IP network. With future Internet design initiatives gaining momentum, it is important that these initiatives consider mobility management as an integral part of the design. In this article, we introduce the concept of Virtual Mobility Domain and describe the main features and key strengths of Virtual Mobility Domain that are designed to provide mobility management in a newly proposed tiered Internet architecture. Instead of IP addressing, the proposed Virtual Mobility Domain uses a tiered-addressing scheme to identify a mobile node with a single address regardless of its location. The tiered addressing provides a dynamic address length which brings less signaling overhead and scalable management. We also propose a collaborative network-based mobility management mechanism to provide low-latency handoffs and less processing-overhead on the mobile node compared to the IPv6-based protocols. The proposed mobility scheme unifies inter and intra-domain mobility management by introducing common anchor cloud concept which provides a distributed management and seamless mobility experience. We present comparative qualitative and quantitative performance analysis of Virtual Mobility Domain and aforementioned IPv6-based mobility protocols for Intra-AS roaming support. We examine handoff latency and signaling overhead performance of each protocol based on numerical results retrieved from analytical models and OPNET modeler based simulations. The results from a comparative performance study show the potential for more efficient mobility management under the proposed Internet architecture.

An Extension of Proxy Mobile IPv6 for Reducing Handover Latency and Packet Loss using Transient Binding

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a protocol for building a common and access technology independent of mobile core networks, accommodating various access technologies such as WiMAX, 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WLAN based access architectures. Transient Binding is a mechanism applicable to the mobile node's inter-MAG handover while using a single interface or different interfaces. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (or PMIPv6, or PMIP) is a network-based mobility management protocol This paper proposes an improvement of Proxy Mobile Ipv6 in the aspect of reducing packet loss and hand over latency. Proxy Mobile IPv6 also implements additional features not present in IPv4. This paper proposes an improvement in the Proxy Mobile IPv6.The extension of Proxy Mobile IPv6 with transient binding will support multihoming and optimizes the handover. Here the handover problem in multihoming is reduced by transient binding by using modified Local Mobility Anchor (m-LMA) with its updated Binding Cache Entry (u-BCE). Also this mechanism efficiently supports the uplink and downlink packets between mobile nodes, so it avoids superfluous packet forwarding delay and packet loss.

IP Flow Mobility Trigger Mechanism in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

With the Multi Access Packet Data Network Connectivity and IP flow mobility introduced by 3GPP, mobile devices with multiple wireless interfaces can connect to multiple access networks simultaneously, meanwhile allowing dynamic allocation of different IP flows to different access systems corresponding to their requirements. In order to enable IP flow mobility, an effective IP flow mobility trigger mechanism is indispensible. However, among the existing technical standard and current literatures in IP flow mobility, almost no research involves the trigger mechanism and decision algorithm. This paper proposes a mechanism for network-based IP flow mobility, which includes a trigger process and a network selection decision algorithm based on each IP flow. Simulation results validate the flexibility and efficiency of our proposed mechanism, which can achieve a better network load balancing as well as a higher user satisfaction.

A seamless flow mobility management architecture for vehicular communication networks

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are self-organizing, self-healing networks which provide wireless communication among vehicular and roadside devices. Applications in such networks can take advantage of the use of simultaneous connections, thereby maximizing the throughput and lowering latency. In order to take advantage of all radio interfaces of the vehicle and to provide good quality of service for vehicular applications, we developed a seamless flow mobility management architecture based on vehicular network application classes with network-based mobility management. Our goal is to minimize the time of flow connection exchange in order to comply with the minimum requirements of vehicular application classes, as well as to maximize their throughput. Network simulator (NS-3) simulations were performed to analyse the behaviour of our architecture by comparing it with other three scenarios. As a result of this work, we observed that the proposed architecture presented a low handover time, with lower packet loss and lower delay.

Comparative Handover Performance Analysis of IPv6 Mobility Management Protocols

IPv6 mobility management is one of the most challenging research topics for enabling mobility service in the forthcoming mobile wireless ecosystems. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been working for developing efficient IPv6 mobility management protocols. As a result, Mobile IPv6 and its extensions such as Fast Mobile IPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 have been developed as host-based mobility management protocols. While the host-based mobility management protocols were being enhanced, the network-based mobility management protocols such as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) have been standardized. In this paper, we analyze and compare existing IPv6 mobility management protocols including the recently standardized PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6. We identify each IPv6 mobility management protocol's characteristics and performance indicators by examining handover operations. Then, we analyze the performance of the IPv6 mobility management protocols in terms of handover latency, handover blocking probability, and packet loss. Through the conducted numerical results, we summarize considerations for handover performance.

MULTICAST-SUPPORTED FAST HANDOVER FOR Proxy Mobile IPv6

Proxy Mobile IPv6 is a network-based mobility management protocol which is attractive as it does not require the participation of mobile nodes in mobility-related signaling. Unlike the host based approaches like Mobile IPv6, in PMIPv6 the Mobility Access Gateway (MAG) is responsible for tracking the movements of Mobile Node (MN) and to initiate the handover process. In this study, a novel method of multicasting the data packets to both the previous and the new MAGs by Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) during the handover process is proposed. The experimental results show that the handover delay is greatly reduced when compared to the existing approaches and the packet loss during the handover process is reduced.