Negative Patterns Research Articles

The role of atmospheric rivers and associated circulation patterns in the Arctic warming in boreal winter

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) serve a narrow, filamentary channels responsible for intense moisture and heat transport, which are vital for the Arctic sea ice loss and surface air warming, particularly in winter. In this study, ERA5 reanalysis data from 1979 to 2020 are used to investigate the evolution of ARs in the Arctic and the corresponding atmospheric circulation patterns in winter. Our findings indicate that atmospheric circulation is a key factor that facilitates the transport and dispersion of ARs. Cyclonic circulation anomalies provide the dynamical support for ARs in the early development stages, while anticyclonic anomalies are essential for maintaining the thermal and moisture conditions of ARs, particularly after their intrusions into the Arctic region. The cooperation between cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies plays a critical role in the infiltration and dispersion of ARs, governed by distinct circulation modes for regional intrusions. A positive Arctic Oscillation‐like pattern manifests as a cyclonic system over the Arctic, increasing the likelihood of AR intrusion into Baffin Bay. Conversely, a negative pattern induces a more intense anticyclonic system over the Arctic, thereby raising the frequency of ARs in the Bering Strait. The Pacific‐North American pattern not only directly affects ARs entering the Arctic via the Pacific but also has downstream impacts on ARs intruding the Arctic through Baffin Bay.

Elevation-dependent pattern of net CO2 uptake across China

The elevation gradient has long been known to be vital in shaping the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, but little is known about the elevation-dependent pattern of net CO2 uptake, denoted by net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Here, by analyzing data from 203 eddy covariance sites across China, we report a negative linear elevation-dependent pattern of NEP, collectively shaped by varying hydrothermal factors, nutrient supply, and ecosystem types. Furthermore, the NEP shows a higher temperature sensitivity in high-elevation environments (3000–5000 m) compared with the lower-elevation environments (<3000 m). Model ensemble and satellite-based observations consistently reveal more rapid relative changes in NEP in high-elevation environments during the last four decades. Machine learning also predicts a stronger relative increase in high-elevation environments, whereas less change is expected at lower elevations. We therefore conclude a varying elevation-dependent pattern of the NEP of terrestrial ecosystems in China, although there is significant uncertainty involved.

Representations of 5G in the Chinese and British press: a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis

This study employs a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis to demystify the dominant patterns of representations around 5G in the Chinese and British press. Keyword analyses identify four thematic categories around the representation of 5G: the nature of 5G, social actors in 5G discourse, actions around 5G and timing in 5G discourse. Findings suggest that the Chinese press tends to use positive evaluative expressions to depict 5G as a trustworthy and beneficial issue and stress China’s strong support for 5G development. In contrast, the British press prefers to frame 5G as a product of geopolitical rivalry and an issue with scientific uncertainties and controversies by repeatedly employing negative language patterns related to 5G risks and conspiracy theories. Besides, a subtle but varying “self versus other” schema is constructed by the two presses. The Chinese press is inclined to use positive predication strategies to construct a positive self-representation, whereas the British press tends to adopt negative predication strategies to portray China as an outgroup and meanwhile use scapegoating strategies to profile Britain as a positive self by using recurrent patterns denoting the pressure exerted on Britain by the United States. Such differences could result from their journalistic ideologies and values and the contrasting socio-political contexts where the two presses are situated.

Comparison of the Capacity of Several Machine Learning Tools to Assist Immunofluorescence-Based Detection of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies.

The success of artificial intelligence and machine learning is an incentive to develop new algorithms to increase the rapidity and reliability of medical diagnosis. Here we compared different strategies aimed at processing microscope images used to detect anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, an important vasculitis marker: (i) basic classifier methods (logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors and decision tree) were used to process custom-made indices derived from immunofluorescence images yielded by 137 sera. (ii) These methods were combined with dimensional reduction to analyze 1733 individual cell images. (iii) More complex models based on neural networks were used to analyze the same dataset. The efficiency of discriminating between positive and negative samples and different fluorescence patterns was quantified with Rand-type accuracy index, kappa index and ROC curve. It is concluded that basic models trained on a limited dataset allowed for positive/negative discrimination with an efficiency comparable to that obtained by conventional analysis performed by humans (0.84 kappa score). More extensive datasets and more sophisticated models may be required for efficient discrimination between fluorescence patterns generated by different auto-antibody species.

Ultra-high-frequency ECG volumetric and negative derivative epicardial ventricular electrical activation pattern

From precordial ECG leads, the conventional determination of the negative derivative of the QRS complex (ND-ECG) assesses epicardial activation. Recently we showed that ultra-high-frequency electrocardiography (UHF-ECG) determines the activation of a larger volume of the ventricular wall. We aimed to combine these two methods to investigate the potential of volumetric and epicardial ventricular activation assessment and thereby determine the transmural activation sequence. We retrospectively analyzed 390 ECG records divided into three groups-healthy subjects with normal ECG, left bundle branch block (LBBB), and right bundle branch block (RBBB) patients. Then we created UHF-ECG and ND-ECG-derived depolarization maps and computed interventricular electrical dyssynchrony. Characteristic spatio-temporal differences were found between the volumetric UHF-ECG activation patterns and epicardial ND-ECG in the Normal, LBBB, and RBBB groups, despite the overall high correlations between both methods. Interventricular electrical dyssynchrony values assessed by the ND-ECG were consistently larger than values computed by the UHF-ECG method. Noninvasively obtained UHF-ECG and ND-ECG analyses describe different ventricular dyssynchrony and the general course of ventricular depolarization. Combining both methods based on standard 12-lead ECG electrode positions allows for a more detailed analysis of volumetric and epicardial ventricular electrical activation, including the assessment of the depolarization wave direction propagation in ventricles.

Investigation of the relationship between childhood traumas, psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation skills in adults

Objectives: This paper looked into the relation between childhood traumas, resilience, cognitive flexibility, and adult emotion regulation skills in adults. Methods: The sample, which is based on the relational screening model, includes 395 participants (female: 202, male: 193). Sociodemographic Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were applied to the participants to obtain the research data. Data collection was carried out online (google forms) through convenient sampling. The t-test was used to compare the study's quantitative data, and Pearson Correlation analysis was utilized to test the relationship between the scales. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was used for predictive analysis and finally PROCESS was used for mediator role analysis. Results: The investigation's findings revealed that there is a statistically significant difference between the scores of the two groups compared. Findings showed that there is a moderately positive correlation between acceptance and CTQ scores, a weak positive correlation between acceptance and emotional abuse scores, a weak positive correlation with physical abuse scores, a weak positive correlation with physical neglect scores, a weak positive correlation with emotional neglect scores and weak positive correlation with sexual abuse scores. A weak and negative correlation exists between Putting into Perspective and the CTQ, an even weaker and negative correlation exists between Putting into Perspective and the Emotional Neglect and Sexual Abuse scores. Rumination scores have a weak and negative relationship with emotional abuse scores. Conclusions: In order to prevent them from serving as the foundation for difficulties with adult mental health, it is crucial to understand the relationship between traumatic childhood events and psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive emotion regulation techniques. In order to assist people, analyze their thoughts and feelings, be aware of negative coping mechanisms, rigid, inflexible cognitive styles, and negative thinking patterns, clinical psychology practices will benefit from research on these characteristics.

First Characterization of Tissue Oxygen Saturation Recovery Patterns in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients Undergoing Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and the Association With Clinical Outcomes

This study aimed to delineate the recovery patterns of regional oxygen saturation (SrO2) in pediatric cardiac surgery patients subjected to remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), utilizing near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for quantification. It also sought to establish the correlation between these perfusion patterns and postoperative clinical outcomes. A prospective longitudinal observational study. The study was conducted at Fundación Valle Del Lili, a high-complexity service provider institution in Fundación Valle Del Lili. Pediatric patients (younger than 18 years of age) scheduled for elective cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass between August 2022 and July 2023. RIPC was performed after anesthetic induction, involving cycles of ischemia and reperfusion on a lower limb. Monitoring included SrO2 using NIRS. The study identified 4 distinct patterns of SrO2 during RIPC. Findings demonstrated a significant association between the negative SrO2 pattern and increased postoperative adverse events, including extended hospital stays and higher mortality, while a positive pattern was associated with better outcomes. Specific patterns of SrO2 response to RIPC may serve as important indicators for risk stratification in congenital heart surgery. This study illustrated the potential of NIRS in detecting hypoxic states and predicting postoperative outcomes, emphasizing the need for standardized clinical interpretation of RIPC patterns.

Density-dependent facilitation and inhibition between submerged and free-floating plants

This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that free-floating plants may facilitate the growth of submerged plants under hypertrophic conditions and intermediate plant density. The effects of Lemna presence on the growth of two submerged plants (Elodea nuttallii and Ceratophyllum demersum) over a nitrogen gradient were experimentally investigated. This was complemented with analysing the presence of C. demersum and E. nuttallii in Hungary and in Germany in relation to the density of free-floating plants. Results showed a negative exponential pattern between underwater light intensity and Lemna cover. Ceratophyllum and Elodea relative growth rate decreased with increasing nitrogen concentrations and additional low Lemna density stimulated Ceratophyllum and suppressed Elodea. Elodea decreased linearly with Lemna density while Ceratophyllum showed a unimodal response. Total algal biomass (epiphytic and planktonic) was higher in Ceratophyllum than in Elodea treatments and decreased rapidly with increasing Lemna density. The field studies showed a positive relationship between Ceratophyllum and a negative one between Elodea and free-floating plant cover. This study clearly showed that free-floating plants can have either facilitating or inhibiting impact on the growth of submerged plants depending on cover density and macrophyte species. The facilitating effect on Ceratophyllum is most likely due to suppressing epiphytic algal growth.

Biological and growth parameters of Plotosus lineatus in the Mediterranean Sea.

This study examined the age distribution and growth characteristics of the striped eel catfish (Plotosus lineatus), which is an invasive alien species in the eastern Mediterranean. A total of 1,011 samples were collected from Iskenderun Bay (Turkey), with lengths ranging from 5.1 to 16.8 cm, predominantly comprising females (1:1.92). Age 3 represented the majority in the population (52.03%). The value of the scaling exponent "b" of the length-weight relationship was less than "3" for both sexes (females: 2.28; males: 2.26; combined: 2.27). The results for the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were observed for the combined sexes as, L∞ = 24.9934 cm, k = 0.1718 year-1, and t₀ = -1.7707 years. The striped eel catfish populations in Iskenderun Bay exhibited negative allometric growth patterns and were predominantly composed of adult individuals. This study presents the dataset on the length-weight correlations, age-growth characteristics, and von Bertalanffy growth parameters of Plotosus lineatus in the Mediterranean Sea, thereby significantly contributing to comprehending the stock dynamics. It is anticipated that this study will make a significant contribution to the management of P. lineatus stocks, given its invasive nature.

Augmented human thermal discomfort in urban centers of the Arabian Peninsula

Anthropogenic climate change has amplified human thermal discomfort in urban environments. Despite the considerable risks posed to public health, there is a lack of comprehensive research, evaluating the spatiotemporal changes in human thermal discomfort and its characteristics in hot-hyper arid regions, such as the Arabian Peninsula (AP). The current study analyzes spatiotemporal changes in human thermal discomfort categories and their characteristics in AP, using the newly developed high-resolution gridded ERA5-HEAT (Human thErmAl comforT) dataset for the period 1979–2022. In addition, the study assesses the interplay between the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices for the study period. The results reveal a significant increase in human thermal discomfort and its characteristics, with higher spatial variability in the AP region. The major urban centers in the southwestern, central, and southeastern parts of AP have experienced significant increases in human thermal discomfort (0.4–0.8 °C), with higher frequency and intensity of thermal stress during the study period. The temporal distribution demonstrates a linear increase in UTCI indices and their frequencies and intensities, particularly from 1998 onward, signifying a transition towards a hotter climate characterized by frequent, intense, and prolonged heat stress conditions. Moreover, the UTCI and ENSO indices exhibit a dipole pattern of correlation with a positive (negative) pattern in the southwestern (eastern parts) of AP. The study’s findings suggest that policymakers and urban planners need to prioritize public health and well-being in AP’s urban areas, especially for vulnerable groups, by implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, and carefully designing future cities to mitigate the effects of heat stress.

فلسفةُ الرفضِ وأبعادُها الدَّلاليَّةُ في شعرِ فوزي كريم

يُعدُّ فوزي كريم شاعِرًا وكاتبًا ورسَّامًا من الجيل الستينيِّ، غادرَ العراق مرتينِ، كانتِ الثانية إلى منفاهُ الأخير، لندن، صدرتْ مجموعتهُ الشعرية عن دارِ المدى، وبعدَ اِستقرائها، وجدتُ فيها تكرُّرًا لرفضهِ واقعَ وطنهِ تغييبًا لذاتِ الإنسانِ ومُكوِّنهِ الوجوديِّ، لذا آثرَ الهجرةَ، التي لَمْ تكن أقلَّ وطأةً من موطنهِ، إذْ الضياعُ الذَّاتي، والنفس المُتآكِلَةُ شوقًا إلى الأهلِ والأصدقاءِ وأماكنِ الصبا والشباب.&#x0D; وددْتُ تقسيم البحثِ على أساليبَ الرفضِ والألفاظِ، إلاَّ أنَّ التمازُج بين الاثنينِ دفعني إلى اختيارِ مسلكِ الدَّلالةِ، مقسمةً إيَّاها على : رفضِ واقع الوطن ، ورفضِ واقع الغربة .

Unveiling the Depths Within: Profound Journey of Inner Exploration and Emotional Vulnerability in Ajay K. Pandey’s Novels Everything I Never Told You and a Girl to Remember

Inner exploration, also known as self-discovery, is a transforming journey that allows an individual to understand their emotions, thoughts, and desires. During inner exploration, an individual delves deep into their thoughts, emotions, and beliefs, thereby uncovering hidden aspects about themselves and gaining a profound sense of self-awareness. Furthermore, inner exploration helps an individual to identify and release their limited feelings and negative patterns of thinking, which may be holding them back from attaining their full potential. It allows one to challenge the narratives they have constructed about themselves and the world, unfolding new possibilities and perspectives. By focusing on one’s fears and insecurities, an individual can confront and overcome them, thereby making provisions for personal growth and transformation. This paper focuses on the life journeys of two protagonists Anuj and Neel from the novels Everything I Never Told You and A Girl to Remember, respectively, and explores how tremendous changes in their mind set helped them realise the ways towards inner exploration. Although the two stories move forward in different directions altogether, they seem to meet at a common point where the protagonists from both stories eventually experienced inner awakening even after they took diametrically different routes. Anuj is attempting to solve the riddle of his life, whereas Neel is not even aware that transformation is awaiting him. The present paper also attempts to explore the role of various female characters in bringing about the transformation and guiding the protagonists in their inner journey of finding the ultimate truth of their lives.

Self-processing characteristics from first-person and third-person perspectives in individuals with social anxiety disorder: insights into negative bias.

As one of the most common psychological problems, social anxiety disorder (SAD) has lots of negative effects on the physical and mental development of individuals, such as decreasing the quality of interpersonal relationships, and even causing depression, suicidal ideation, etc., as well as leads individuals to generate mental illness stigma. The mental illness stigma that individuals perceive affects not only how they perceive themselves (first-person perspective) but also how they perceive others' appraisals of them (third-person perspective), which further exacerbates their anxiety symptoms. The study aims to explore the self-processing characteristics of individuals with social anxiety disorder from the first-person perspective and the third-person perspective. This study adopted the self-referential paradigm to conduct the recognition memory test on individuals with social anxiety disorder (30 participants in experiment 1) and individuals without social anxiety disorder (31 participants in experiment 2) in the two experiments. In experiment 1, the recognition rate of individuals with social anxiety disorder under the self-appraisals condition was significantly higher than that under the condition of appraisals on mothers; in the three conditions of self-appraisals, appraisals on mothers and mothers' reflected appraisals, the recognition rate of negative trait adjectives was significantly higher than that of positive trait adjectives. In experiment 2, there was no significant difference in recognition rate of individuals without social anxiety disorder under the three conditions, and the recognition rate of positive trait adjectives was significantly higher than that of negative trait adjectives under the three conditions. Individuals with social anxiety disorder have a negative bias in self-processing and are more likely to focus on self-information, which is different from the self-positive bias of individuals without social anxiety disorder. This study can be beneficial to know the self-cognitive characteristics of individuals with social anxiety disorder, help them get rid of negative cognitive patterns, and remove the mental illness stigma.

Daily life affective dynamics as transdiagnostic predictors of mental health symptoms: An ecological momentary assessment study

BackgroundAffective dynamics have been identified as a correlate of a broad span of mental health issues, making them key candidate transdiagnostic factors. However, there remains a lack of knowledge about which aspects of affective dynamics – especially as they manifest in the course of daily life – relate to a general risk for mental health issues versus specific symptoms. MethodsWe leverage an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study design with four measures per day over a two-week period to explore how negative affect levels, inertia, lability, and reactivity to provocation and stress in the course of daily life relate to mental health symptoms in young adults (n = 256) in the domains of anxiety, depression, psychosis-like symptoms, behaviour problems, suicidality, and substance use. ResultsDynamic structural equation modelling (DSEM) suggested that negative affect levels in daily life were associated with depression, anxiety, indirect and proactive aggression, psychosis, anxiety, and self-injury; negative affective lability was associated with depression, physical aggression, reactive aggression, suicidal ideation, and ADHD symptoms; negative affective inertia was associated with depression, anxiety, physical aggression, and cannabis use; and emotional reactivity to provocation was related to physical aggression. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design, the limited span of mental health issues included, and the convenience nature and small size of the sample are limitations. ConclusionsFindings suggest that a subset of mental health symptoms have shared negative affective dynamics patterns. Longitudinal research is needed to rigorously examine the directionality of the effects underlying the association between affective dynamics and mental health issues.

Kelimpahan Dan Pola Pertumbuhan Kerang Bulu (Anadara antiquata) di Perairan Gunung Riting Kabupaten Belitung

Gunung Riting waters are located in Belitung Regency which has high water biota resource potential. One biota that has a high economic value is the feather shell (Anadara antiquata). Feather shells generally live in muddy waters in shallow waters with a high turbidity levels and are one of the important commodities that are very potentially developed. The purpose of this study was to find out the abundance, growth patterns and water quality in the waters of gunung which is the habitat of feather shells. The study was conducted from December 2019 to January 2020 at 3 sampling stations, sampling using the transect method. The results of the study obtained that the highest number of feather shells found in the waters of gunung riting obtained at Station 2 is 506 feather shells with an abundance of 33.73 individuals/m2, the pattern of growth of feather shells in the waters of gunung riting has an negative allometric growth pattern where long growth is more dominant than weight growth and the water quality obtained is able to support the growth and abundance of feather shells in the waters of gunung riting.

Pain interference among adult dual combustible and electronic tobacco users in terms of perceived barriers for quitting.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has become increasingly common among combustible cigarette users, and dual use may represent a more severe type of nicotine addiction. Experiencing pain is one prevalent domain that may be important to understand quit processes and behavior among dual users. Although most past research on pain and nicotine/tobacco has focused on combustible cigarette use, initial work on e-cigarette users has found that greater pain severity is associated with higher levels of dependence and negative thinking patterns about e-cigarette use. Yet, there has been no effort to explore the experience of pain among dual users in terms of perceived barriers for quitting combustibles or e-cigarettes. The present study sought to examine pain interference among dual combustible and e-cigarette users in terms of perceived barriers for quitting among 138 (45.9% female; Mage = 35.96 years, SD = 7.16) adult dual users (i.e., users of both combustible cigarette and e-cigarettes). Hierarchical linear regression models indicated that pain interference was significantly associated with both perceived barriers for cessation of combustible cigarettes and perceived barriers for cessation of e-cigarettes. Overall, the present investigation served as an initial evaluation of the role of pain interference in terms of perceived barriers for quitting combustible and e-cigarettes among adult daily dual users. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Leader of the East Java Province Community Empowerment Agency Performance: Participatory Budgeting, Leadership Style, and Work Motivation Factors

The budget is a key element in planning and controlling. This is because the budget is a form of leadership plan that is outlined in the composition of estimated costs needed to make the plan that has been made a success. Apart from that, the budget is also a program arrangement to achieve the organization's long-term plans. Following the background and problems above, this research aims to find empirical evidence that the implementation of participatory budgeting, leadership style, and motivation influence leadership performance to achieve organizational goals. This research was conducted at one of the government agencies in Surabaya, namely the East Java Province Community Empowerment Agency (BAPEMAS), with a sample of 16 people. The sampling technique uses total sampling or census. The analysis used multiple linear regression to answer the problem formulation, research objectives, and hypotheses. The results of this research conclude that the variables participative budgeting and leadership style have a positive relationship pattern with leaders' performance. In contrast, work motivation has a negative relationship pattern with leader performance. However, all three are proven to have a viable model for influencing leadership performance. This is proven by the results of the F-test and the coefficient of determination (R2), namely the magnitude of the influence of participatory budgeting, leadership style, and work motivation on leadership performance, which is 51.9%. In comparison, the remaining 48.1% is influenced by other factors not discussed in this research. Based on the results of the F-test and the value of the coefficient of determination mentioned above, it can be concluded that the hypothesis, which states: "It is suspected that participatory budgeting, leadership style, and work motivation influence leadership performance," has been tested as true.

Comprehensive assessment of the psychological well-being of school going adolescent girls in Chandigarh, India

Background: Adolescence, a crucial stage in human development, involves significant physical and psychological changes. Unfortunately, these transformations often go unnoticed, leading to an increase in psychological issues among adolescents. Objective of the study was to have a comprehensive assessment of the reasons due to which the adolescents are suffering from high psychological distress in school-going adolescent girls in Chandigarh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chandigarh schools included 168 adolescent females aged 13 to 19. The data collection utilized a multi-stage random sampling approach. Results: The research revealed that academic pressure 147 (87.5%), financial concerns of the family 77 (45.8%), difficulties in communication with family and peers 86 (51.2%) and the negative thinking pattern (83.4%, n=140) are affecting the adolescent girls' mental well-being. The study revealed that a significant number of participants frequently experienced emotions such as nervousness, guilt, social anxiety, insecurity, discrimination, and difficulty concentrating. Additionally, a substantial portion of the group reported instances of sleeplessness 92 (54.8%) and feelings of loneliness 136 (81%). Participants also indicated engaging in coping mechanisms like over thinking, procrastination, and overeating when facing stress. Alarmingly, some individuals turned to smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug abuse as stress-relief strategies, raising concerns for the community. Conclusions: The study highlighted the fact that supportive environment at home and in schools, with open communication and counseling to address these issues. Work should be done to reduce the stigma associated with mental health issue and encourage open conversations about mental health to help adolescents feel more comfortable seeking support.

SN-RNSP: Mining self-adaptive nonoverlapping repetitive negative sequential patterns in transaction sequences

Negative sequential patterns (NSP) focus on non-occurring events and play a role that cannot be replaced by positive sequential patterns (PSP). Considering the repetitive occurrence of sequential patterns in a sequence, repetitive NSP (RNSP) mining captures frequent NSP across different sequences from a database. Those patterns benefit many tasks of transaction services, e.g., fraud detection and medical diagnosis. However, limited studies focusing on mining RNSP are proposed, e.g., e-RNSP and ONP-Miner, and they are devised under strict constraints and are inefficient in practice. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Self-adaptive Nonoverlapping RNSP mining method SN-RNSP to mine nonoverlapping RNSP with the self-adaptive gap between successive elements from transaction sequences, which requires that each element cannot be reused at the same position in occurrences, and the gap value does not need to be specified in advance. First, this paper develops a method that maintains occurrences of pattern candidates via the bitmap structure to capture all repetitive PSP (RPSP), which utilizes the bitmap-based operation to calculate support efficiently. Second, SN-RNSP leverages bitmaps to record the locations of RPSP and RNSP in the database and query the repetition times of corresponding RPSP for the support calculation of RNSP. Conducted on real-world and synthetic datasets, extensive experiments demonstrate that SN-RNSP can discover more patterns with better mining performance than the state-of-the-art RNSP mining algorithms in transaction sequence databases.

Putting PhD students front and center: an empirical analysis using the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model.

A doctorate is associated with numerous challenges for many PhD students, including financial insecurities, little support from supervisors, and time pressure. The present study explores well-being of PhD students via the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model as well as the potential protective factor resilience. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,275 PhD students from Germany. Data was collected at two measurement points over a six-week follow-up period. As hypothesized, overcommitment was found to mediate the relationship between ERI and perceived stress while no mediation effect was found for work engagement. Resilience strengthened the relationship between ERI and overcommitment, especially for an increasing unfavorable ERI, and counterintuitively did not act as a protective factor. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, providing a deeper understanding on the ERI model and the negative coping pattern overcommitment in the context of PhD students.