Negative Judgments Research Articles

How chemists handle not-knowing in reasoning about a novel problem

The most obvious feature of expertise in chemistry is content knowledge, which defines the primary objectives of instruction. Research in chemistry education, and STEM education more broadly, has also devoted attention to students’ developing scientific practices of reasoning, investigation, and learning. In this study, we set out to investigate how expert chemists reason about an unfamiliar question. We conducted semi-structured, think-aloud interviews with fourteen chemists, all of whom found the problem novel. In this article, we focus on how the chemists handled the situation of not-knowing. We analyzed the moments when they said “I don’t know” (IDK), taking that as a clear, systematic marker of their not-knowing. The results elucidate two general dimensions of the chemists’ reasoning and experience. First, their identifying what they do not know served substantive roles in their reasoning, including to mark that they needed to search for insight or information, or to mark a boundary to the problem space. Second, IDK statements served to help the chemists manage what they experienced socially and emotionally, such as to hedge or distance themselves from ideas they considered, or to forestall their own—or the interviewer's—negative judgments. We discuss both aspects of our findings, and we consider possible implications for instruction and for further research.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Language Used in Dove’s Advertisements

The study investigates the use of language in the ‘Real Beauty’ advertising campaign initiated by the care brand Dove from 2006 to 2020 through the lens of Fairclough’s (1989) three-dimensional critical discourse analysis and Wodak’s (2001) historical-discourse analysis. By unfolding the textual elements used in five video advertisements, it aims to examine how the advertiser Dove constructs the beauty image of women through discursive strategies used in the text and investigate the possible ideologies underlying the discourse. The findings indicate that the textual resources used in Dove’s advertisements experienced a discursive construction to reveal the essence of feminism and further explore the connection between female’s negative self-evaluation and social judgment. It concludes that although the changing traits of Dove’s advertisements may not escape from the accusation of legitimating the commercialism, they indeed attempted to empower women with the autonomy to control the vision of beauty and provide solutions to unite women of all ages and with all colors.

„Tak trudno być matką umarłego”. Tadeusz Konopnicki w korespondencji i twórczości swojej matki

The article seeks to reconstruct the portrait of Maria Konopnicka’s first-born son, Tadeusz that emerges from the poet’s letters. According to the author, owing to his gentle nature and predisposition for ill health, out of her six children, he was his mother’s favourite. Tadeusz’s premature death was Konopnicka’s greatest loss. She expressed her despair in the lyric Tu się droga załamała [Here the road has broken], and her premonitions in the novella Dym [Smoke], written a year earlier. Konopnicka’s troubled single motherhood was repeatedly subjected to negative judgement that stemmed from anachronistic worldview. However, it would be worthwhile to look at the poet’s uneasy situation without criticism but with compassion, trying to understand her constant worry about her sons’ and daughters’ moral standing.

Attitude of Physical Therapy Students Towards Fat People

Weight management is becoming more widely recognized as a part of physiotherapists' scope of practice in order to enhance patient outcomes by reducing joint load or alleviating chronic pain, for example. Interactions with patients about weight, on the other hand, might lead to a patient's perception of a negative judgment from health professionals, which can lead to poorer health outcomes. The current study aimed to evaluate the attitude of physical therapy students towards fat people. A cross-sectional study design was used, 377 questionnaires were filled out by undergraduate DPT students from different universities in Karachi. The sample size was 377.According to the data majority of the participants had a positive attitude towards fat people while a few participants had weight-based stereotypes. This impression should be recognized by physical therapy students since it may lead to lower patient outcomes and avoidance of physiotherapy consultations.

Updating memories of unwanted emotions during human sleep

Post-learning sleep contributes to memory consolidation. Yet it remains contentious whether sleep affords opportunities to modify or update emotional memories, particularly when people would prefer to forget those memories. Here, we attempted to update memories during sleep, using spoken positive words paired with cues to recent memories of aversive events. Affective updating using positive words during human non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, compared with using neutral words instead, reduced negative affective judgments in post-sleep tests, suggesting that the recalled events were perceived as less aversive. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analyses showed that positive words modulated theta and spindle/sigma activity; specifically, to the extent that theta power was larger for the positive words than for the memory cues that followed, participants judged the memory cues less negatively. Moreover, to the extent that sigma power was larger for the positive words than for the memory cues that followed, participants forgot more episodic details about aversive events. Notably, when the onset of individual positive words coincided with the up-phase of slow oscillations (a state characterized by increased cortical excitability during NREM sleep), affective updating was more successful. In sum, we altered the affective content of memories via the strategic pairing of positive words and memory cues during sleep, linked with EEG theta power increases and theslow oscillation up-phase. These findings suggest novel possibilities for modifying unwanted memories during sleep, which would not require people to consciously confront memories that they prefer to avoid.

A mixed methods investigation of reasons underlying fear of positive evaluation.

Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) is a hallmark feature of social anxiety disorder (SAD). There is also evidence that people with SAD fear receiving positive evaluation and that fear of positive evaluation (FPE) is distinct from FNE. However, researchers have speculated that concerns related to negative evaluation may actually underlie FPE. This study sought to advance our understanding of FPE by employing both quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the reasons underlying participants' endorsement of FPE on the Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale and the extent to which these reasons reflect FNE versus FPE in a sample of individuals with SAD (n = 47) and a nonclinical comparison group (n = 49). Results indicated that responses to the FPES items primarily reflected an underlying FNE. Consistent with contemporary cognitive-behavioural theories of SAD, fear of proximal or eventual negative judgement emerged as the most common reason for participants' responses on the FPES. However, participants reported other reasons that did not reflect FNE, such as fear of hurting people's feelings and uncertainty associated with positive evaluation. All of the reasons underlying participants' ratings on the FPES were reported by both the SAD group and the nonclinical comparison group; however, individuals with SAD endorsed each of the reasons to a greater extent. These findings suggest that the FPES does not exclusively assess FPE as intended; however, the emergence and endorsement of reasons other than FNE suggest that FPE exists as a distinct construct.

ПОХОРОНЫ РОМАНА Н. КОНОНОВА ЛИТЕРАТУРНОЙ КРИТИКОЙ (К ВОПРОСУ О РЕЦЕПЦИИ «ПОХОРОН КУЗНЕЧИКА»)

The article is devoted to the problem of production of the book value, faith in its value, carried out by literary critique as an Institute of the literary field. The material is the critical reception of Nikolai Kononov’s novel “The Funeral of a grasshopper”. Published in 2000, the novel gets the small Apollon Grigoriev’s Award (not the big one) and is included in a short list of The Russian Booker Prize, but does not win. The aim of the research is to study the role of critique in the fate of the Kononov’s novel. According to the author of article, literary critique has generated interest in the work of the writer, and has “buried” it. The methodological basis of the work is the position of receptive aesthetics and sociology of literature. The author studies pragmatic strategies of both positive and negative critique of the novel: giving the book the status of exclusive (in terms of content, poetics, produced effect) or banal text. The author concludes that the positive critique devoted to the novel is wordy, metalogical (the criticism is infected by Kononov’s style), often turns into a retelling. Negative critical judgment, the accusations of lack of originality and the banality of the idea, also contributed to the novel’s “funeral” and undermined the symbolic value of the text.

MISOGYNISTIC IN DIGITAL MEDIA : HATE SPEECH NARRATIVES TOWARDS BEAUTY INFLUENCERS

Huge numbers of social media users in Indonesia creates a phenomenon of beauty influencers. Selebgram or Instagram celebrities, starts to become a trend when artists wearing veils become a fashion icon for certain groups of communities. The influencers try to expose new identities which were considered old fashioned. However, this beauty influencer phenomenon also initiates hate speech trends. Nature of social media allows people to comment, spread information, and give opinions freely and anonymously, and even create the tendency to write misogynistic narratives. This research is a descriptive textual study using a narrative approach. Narrative in this connection refers to status updates on Instagram, narratives are understood as “small stories” that capture the whole variety of narrative activities that are not represented in the big or canonical narratives. The results of this study indicate that hate speech against female celebrities means that they receive negative judgments and comments from netizens by using religious statements and social norms of society. They provide comments by giving bad labels and giving judgments for their behavior

A distinctive cytomorphological feature of interstitial pneumonia–related lung adenocarcinoma: The potential issues and solutions in practical diagnosis

The cytological features of interstitial pneumonia (IP)-related lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) have not been clearly described. This study aimed to describe its cytomorphological features, uncover potential problems in practical cytological diagnosis, and provide possible solutions. Bronchial brushing cytology samples from 40 IP-related LADC cases (the IP group) and 110 control cases (LADC unrelated to IP; the non-IP group) were analyzed. All patients underwent surgery after brushing cytology, and their histopathological subtypes were determined. The authors reviewed the cytological features and focused particularly on cytoplasmic mucin production. In the IP group, neoplastic cells with cytoplasmic mucin were detected at a significantly higher frequency (44.4% [8 of 18] vs. 6.3% [4 of 64]), and most of them were invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas (IMAs). Twenty-two of the 40 LADC cases in the IP group failed to be judged as "malignant/positive" (thus, they were judged to be "equivocal and/or negative"). The frequency of equivocal and/or negative judgments was 55.0% (22 of 40) in the IP group and 41.8% (46 of 110) in the non-IP group. The cytological diagnosis of IMA was difficult because it showed only slight nuclear atypia. Therefore, the authors examined the immunocytochemical expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), a diagnostic marker for IMA. As a result, four of the six cases that were judged to be equivocal in the IP group showed positive signals and could be retrospectively judged as malignant/positive. The cytological diagnosis of IP-related LADC may be more difficult because of the larger proportion of IMA. Immunocytochemistry for HNF4α can be used to improve diagnostic confidence in IP-related LADC.

Exploring EFL Students’ Speaking Anxiety in Microsoft Teams Classroom Discussion Learning

This case study reported on how students experienced speaking anxiety in online EFL classrooms. The data was obtained through observation, questionnaires on a google form, and interviews. The data analysis technique used was thematic analysis. The participants consisted of second-year students from one vocational school in Indonesia determined as many as 14 (fourteen) students, 4 representative students were chosen using FLCAS for the Interview, and 14 students for the FLCAS Questionnaire. The questionnaire sheet obtained feedback on students' types of speaking anxiety are (a) test anxiety, (b) fear of negative judgment, and (c) communicative apprehension. Data analysis showed that speaking anxiety can be influenced by several factors including fear speak in front of peers, fear of negative feedback, and fear of failure. In addition, the analysis discovered that (1) preparation, (2) relaxation, (3) positive thinking, (4) peer thinking, (5) positive outlook, and (6) using useful tools were strategies used by students to overcome speaking anxiety.

RHETORICAL DISPLAY AND PRODUCTIVE DISSONANCE IN QUINTILIAN'S QUOTATIONS OF POETRY

Among Latin rhetorical treatises and imperial writers on technical subjects, the Institutio Oratoria stands out for the sheer number of quotations of poetry that Quintilian incorporates into his discussion. Whereas Cicero's De Inuentione has 13 quotations of poetry and the Rhetorica ad Herennium 16, the index locorum in Russell's Loeb edition of the Institutio records 320 quotations from Greek and Latin poets. Despite the distinctive scale of Quintilian's engagement with poetry, scholars have not taken much interest in it, perhaps under the influence of the persistent belief that in the imperial period ‘the introduction of poetry into orations as an ornament of style’ was ‘often a useless affectation’ or that such quotations constitute mere ‘window dressing’. Early twentieth-century treatments such as that of Cole, who evaluated Quintilian's citations of poets for their ‘textual accuracy’, and Odgers, who used the relative infrequency of Quintilian's quotation of Greek literature to establish the limits of Quintilian's knowledge of Greek, set a tone of dismissiveness in relation to any question of how and why Quintilian quotes poetry as he does: Cole and Odgers attribute any ‘discrepancies’ between Quintilian's quotations and those found in the manuscripts of the poets he quoted to a (presumed) tendency to quote from memory that made him ‘rather liable to errors’. Later critics have extrapolated from their findings to attribute to Quintilian the ‘grave deficiency’ of ‘know[ing] little directly of the major Greek writers’ and to diagnose ‘intellectual stagnation’ in his engagement with Latin literature. These negative judgements are, of course, in line with the traditional assessment of Quintilian as ‘neither a great writer nor a great thinker’, one who is ‘more often belittled than understood’.

Predictive Factors of Listeners’ Attitudes Related to Dysphonic Voices in Native Brazilian Portuguese

To verify whether there are differences in the judgments of listeners' attitudes as a function of the presence, severity, and type of vocal deviation, and to identify the predictive factors of listeners' attitudes toward dysphonic voices in Brazilian Portuguese speakers. A sample of CAPE-V sentences was used from 44 subjects of both genders. The samples presented different severities of vocal deviation (general grade - GG) (healthy, mild, moderate, and severe) and different degrees of roughness (GR), breathiness (GB), and strain (GS), characterized by a perceptual-auditory judgment performed by speech therapists. The samples were presented to 152 listeners of both genders who performed the judgment of 12 attitudes inserted in a semantic differential scale previously validated for this study. Here, we used a Logistic Regression Model. There was no association between listener's gender and the judgment of attitudes. Subjects with vocal quality deviation were judged more negatively in relation to vocally healthy individuals. We observed that higher the GG, higher the negative judgment of listeners in relation to the speakers. Listeners judged breathy and strained voices as more negative. In the general model for female and male voices, the increase in GB and GG reduced the chance of a voice being evaluated positively by 16 and 20%, respectively. For female voices, GB and GS reduced the chance of a female voice being evaluated positively by 36 and 19%, respectively. GG reduces the chance of a male voice being evaluated positively by 46%, while GR increases the chance of a male voice being judged positively by 62 %. There is an association between the presence, severity, and type of vocal deviation and listeners' attitudes. We identified a predictive model of listeners' attitudes related to dysphonic voices among Brazilian Portuguese speakers. In general, GG and GB were predictors of negative attitudes toward listeners. GB and GS were predictors of negative attitudes toward female voices. The GG is a predictor of negative attitudes toward male voices, while the GR increases the chance of positive judgments.

Omission and commission errors underlying AI failures.

In this article we investigate origins of several cases of failure of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems employing machine learning and deep learning. We focus on omission and commission errors in (a) the inputs to the AI system, (b) the processing logic, and (c) the outputs from the AI system. Our framework yields a set of 28 factors that can be used for reconstructing the path of AI failures and for determining corrective action. Our research helps identify emerging themes of inquiry necessary for developing more robust AI-ML systems. We are hopeful that our work will help strengthen the use of machine-learning AI by enhancing the rates of true positive and true negative judgements from AI systems, and by lowering the probabilities of false positive and false negative judgements.

Jurors’ judgements of an autistic defendant are influenced by awareness of autism, knowledge of psychological conditions and trait-empathy

Purpose This study aims to investigate whether awareness of an ASD diagnostic label, knowledge of psychological conditions, and trait-empathy influence mock-jurors’ judgements of an autistic defendant. Some autistic adults have an increased risk of acting illegally and standing trial as a defendant because of their behavioural and cognitive characteristics. In court, they may display behaviours stereotypically perceived by jurors as indicators of guilt (e.g. averted gaze), potentially resulting in negative judgements. However, if autistic defendants disclose their condition, this may positively influence jurors’ judgements by offering an alternative explanation for their behaviour. This effect may be stronger in jurors who are highly knowledgeable about psychological conditions and empathic. Design/methodology/approach Non-autistic participants (N = 328; M age = 28.21) read a scenario about a defendant’s crime and courtroom behaviour before judging their character and reporting how empathic they felt towards the defendant. Participants were then informed that the defendant was autistic and provided with information about autism before re-evaluating the defendant. Participants’ empathy and knowledge of psychological conditions, including autism, were measured. Findings Participants judged the defendant to be more honest and less blameworthy post-label. Trait empathy was positively associated with honesty ratings and higher levels of self-reported empathy. Overall knowledge was negatively associated with ratings for defendant blameworthiness and likeability. Overall, the findings suggest that autistic defendants may benefit from disclosing their diagnosis as this may result in more favourable juror judgements. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to consider how jurors’ overall knowledge of psychological conditions and trait-empathy may influence judgements of an autistic defendant.

Sources of Second Language Speaking Anxiety: An Investigation into the Lecturers’ Perspective

‘Anxiety’ experienced in speaking English as a second language has been a topic of much interest in the field of language learning as it is debilitating and it creates an impact on the achievement of the language learners in an adverse manner. This nervousness or anxiety seems to be inducing when the students are asked to speak in the second language in the class. Presumably, speaking has become a complete fallout in acquiring the language. Thus, it was of paramount importance to embark in a research on this circumstance with the aim of investigating the perspectives of the lecturers in order to integrate students into an English speaking environment with greater ease and to increase the students’ enjoyment when learning and communicating in English. To accomplish the objectives of this study, a total of 40 academics from the Faculty of Social Sciences & Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka were selected. The data gathered were analyzed through a mixed approach which consisted of both qualitative and quantitative data analyzing methods using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. A total of 40 academics participated in the study. The majority of the participants were females (92.5%), aged between 31- 40 years (52.5%) with 3-5 years of working experience (47.5%). The responses revealed some intriguing findings and three categories of possible sources for second language speaking anxiety were explored as psychological, methodological and social. It was distinct through the lecturers’ perspectives, that psychological causes of speaking fears could stem from the lack of self-confidence, low esteem, fear of failing the subject, fear of negative evaluation, the need to be perfect & accurate and previous negative experiences. It was also apparent that the instructional methods employed in the classroom such as anxiety-ridden classrooms, monotonous teaching style, competition within the classroom, boring topics and activities evaluations and grades as well as social causes such as public embarrassment, negative judgement from teachers and students, unhealthy relationship with peers and isolation will contribute to second language speaking anxiety. Hence, this study can be taken as a reference for the lecturers in determining the possible sources of second language speaking anxiety. Thereby, to decide on the effective strategies that can be employed in order to alleviate the speaking anxiety of the students. The findings also pave the path for the lecturers to realize their own reactions that can possibly enhance or lessen the speaking anxiety of the students.

제주지역 성인의 정신적 습관 성향과 영향 요인 분석

This study identifies the types of negative mental habits caused by negative habit tendencies, and to presents basic data for establishing healthy mental habits in adults by analyzing the characteristics of adults. The research questions to achieve the research purpose of this study are as follows. What are about adults' negative mental habits? How does the general characteristics of adults affect the types of negative mental habits? The main results of this study are as follows. First, adults' negative mental habits tendencies consist of helplessness and anxiety, egocentric perception tendencies, self-avoidance, and negative judgment tendencies. Second, with the influence of external control and the influence of internal control, the number of stress-related factors had an influence on negative mental habits tendencies of adults. In addition, negative mental habits tendencies were more likely to appear in the younger group, which is the group with less socioeconomic resources, and the group with poor physical health. The results of this study have important implications as data to improve the negative mental habit tendencies of adults.

Does a pandemic context attenuate people's negative perception and meta-perception of solitude?

Solitude-the state of being alone without social interactions-is a common experience in everyday life. Despite that spending time alone can be enjoyable and functional, solitude is often stigmatised: People who engage in solitary activities are perceived negatively (negative perceptions of solitude) and anticipate a negative judgement from others (negative meta-perceptions of solitude). Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a backdrop, we examined whether a pandemic context, in which solitary behaviours were easily attributable to external reasons, would reduce people's negative perceptions and meta-perceptions of solitude. Across three preregistered experiments (total N= 767) conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that the presence (vs. absence) of a pandemic context attenuated both the negative meta-perceptions and the negative perceptions of solitude. Yet, people believed that the pandemic context produced a stronger shift away from the stigmatisation of solitude than it actually did. These findings revealed the limits of contextual cues in mitigating the negative perceptions of being alone-even when these cues were explicit and readily available. The current research sheds light on the potential challenges of destigmatising solitude.

Citizens’ evaluations of electoral pledge fulfilment in Finland: Individual pledges and overall government performance

This study addresses citizens' evaluations of government parties' electoral pledge fulfilment at two levels, distinguishing between the fulfilment of individual pledges and the overall extent to which the government parties have fulfilled their pledges. At the level of individual pledges, those identifying with a party are more likely than non-identifiers to offer both positive and negative judgements on pledge fulfilment, but no clear differences are evident between government and opposition party identifiers. When it comes to evaluations of overall pledge fulfilment, government party identifiers tend to provide above-average performance ratings, whereas those identifying with an opposition party tend to give relatively negative ratings. Respondents who indicate that they do not identify with any party and have little interest in politics tend to choose the ‘can't say’ alternative when faced with questions about the fulfilment of individual pledges. This study draws on survey data from the 2019 Finnish National Election Study.

A brief mindfulness intervention reduces the tendency to endorse negative Black stereotypes

AbstractStress has been implicated in causing people to be more reliant on the use of stereotypes. Mindfulness has been shown to reduce stress, in addition to its promise as a method to reduce negative judgments of members from historically disadvantaged groups. The current study examined the possibility that a brief mindfulness meditation could reduce the reliance on negative Black stereotypes. Endorsement of White stereotypes was also examined. Furthermore, we investigated whether mindfulness could buffer against the tendency of stress to increase reliance on these stereotypes. Participants totaled 160 and were recruited from Mturk and a large Midwestern university. They listened to either a 10‐min mindfulness or control audio tape, then completed either a stressful task or control task before answering questions to gauge reliance on stereotypes. Results indicated that the mindfulness condition significantly reduced the tendency to rely on Black stereotypes in comparison with the control condition. Participants in the stress condition increased reliance on these stereotypes, but mindfulness did not buffer against this effect. Interestingly, mindfulness did not affect the tendency to endorse negative stereotypes about Whites, which tended to be higher than negative Black stereotypes. These results suggest that mindfulness may be particularly effective in reducing the reliance on negative Black stereotypes in neutral conditions, but perhaps not under stressful conditions. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Development of ETStig, a measure for stigma in essential tremor

IntroductionPeople with essential tremor commonly experience psychological difficulties that are not addressed. The effect of stigma, i.e., negative judgement by others because of a perceived difference in this case shaky movement, is a heretofore unstudied element. This project was undertaken to develop and field test a new measure for stigma associated with essential tremor. MethodsUnder guidance from a patient panel and an expert panel of neurologists and psychologists, the essential tremor stigma construct was delineated, and survey items were written to quantify three dimensions of interest: cumulative experience of stigma; related psychological distress; and resulting behavioral dysfunction. After pilot testing and revision, the essential tremor stigma measure underwent field testing by 198 essential tremor patients at two academic neurology clinics. ResultsThe experience, distress and dysfunction scales were shown to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Retained items demonstrated acceptable correlations and response properties. The validity of the distress scale was supported by concurrence with an existing stigma scale for neurologic disease, while a patient's openness to psychologic referral was predicted by higher scores on the dysfunction scale. ConclusionThis new measure is introduced to study the phenomenon of stigma associated with essential tremor. It may prove useful in assessing potential treatments for the psychological distress and maladaptive behavior that result from this stigma.