State Of Nayarit Research Articles

Prison Subculture, Habitus and Adaptation; Tattooing in the Islas Marías, a Mexican Penal Colony

The Islas Marías are an archipelago formed by three islands and one islet, María Madre, María Magdalena, María Cleofas and the islet San Juanico, which are in the Pacific Ocean, 120 kilometers from the state of Nayarit in Mexico. Since 1905, the Islas Marías Federal Penal Colony was installed on the Isla María Madre as 9 camps around the island and one more in the center and ceased to be a penal colony in the year 2020. Life in this institution was regulated by the regulations of the institution and by the prison subculture, which governed the interaction between the inmates. In this type of institution, life took place between two perfectly established groups: the inmates (prisoners) and the staff (employees of the institution). The prison subculture, as a system regulating life among the prisoners, is explained to the extent that it is based on unformulated social agreements that are based on self-interest. These forms of belonging, built from the “we”, in turn generate mechanisms of self-support that reinforce attitudes and behaviors. I propose that the practices that structure the prison subculture can be summarized as 1) Not denouncing. 2) Do not interfere in the affairs of others. 3) Showing courage at a given time. 4) In the male sexual character, which is present in the interaction between the inmates. In the Islas Marías, practices such as tattoos were carried out, which although prohibited by the institution’s regulations, tattooing is very common in this place and is carried out in congruence with the prison subculture, being a practice that can be observed as a “habitus”, understood as a practice that has the limits of its own conditions of production and of being the result of homologous practices, not being an obligatory practice, nor instituted, that is explained from conditioning stimuli that only act under the condition of finding again the already conditioned agents.

A new species of Austinixa Heard and Manning 1997 (Decapoda: Pinnotheridae) and new records of A. felipensis (Glassell, 1935) from the Mexican Pacific

Abstract A new species of the pinnotherid crab genus Austinixa from La Cruz de Huanacaxtle, Nayarit, Mexico is described. The new species is closely related to Austinixa roblesi Palacios Theil and Felder, 2020, however these can be distinguished mainly by the shape of the male pleon and telson, gonopod and chelae. In addition, four new records of distribution of Austinixa felipensis Glassell, 1935 are added. The species is known previously from the type locality to the north of the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast of El Salvador and Nicaragua. The new collection sites are located on the eastern coast of the Gulf of California and the states of Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico.

Factors of community participation that explain the benefits of ecotourism

The sustainability of ecotourism initiatives represents a major challenge. The aim of this study is to enhance our understanding of how community participation in ecotourism management can contribute toward achieving more sustainable results by identifying key factors that make it possible to potentiate a broader range of economic, social and environmental objectives. Based on the theory of collaborative planning and the strategic focus of community tourism, our work adopted a mixed approach to compare and explain the differences between two local cooperatives on the coast of the state of Nayarit, Mexico. The results reveal statistically‑significant differences between the benefits obtained through ecotourism and identify the factors that foment active community participation by local residents that, in turn, generates positive correlations with those benefits. Findings were supported by qualitative interviews with external informants. Our conclusion is that the level of benefits obtained can be reasonably explained by a set of six key factors

Principales retos educativos de los profesores de la Unidad Académica del Norte del Estado de Nayarit durante la pandemia de COVID-19

This article presents the educational problems and challenges that the teachers of the Academic Unit of the North of the State of Nayarit (UAEN) have manifested during the current health crisis derived from the pandemic with COVID-19, with the aim of documenting the experience and propose recommendations that rethink teaching practice. For its preparation, a questionnaire adapted from the instrument applied by the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM, 2020) was used, which was applied to active teachers in the Academic Unit through a google form. In which statistical data of the personnel and the opinions of the participants are collected, related to this issue, which will allow the design of a series of actions aimed at improving the processes faced by educational institutions not only in higher education but in all the types and levels of education, but especially from the Autonomous University of Nayarit.

El síndrome de burnout en el personal docente de la Unidad Académica del Norte del Estado de Nayarit. Análisis comparativo 2018-2020

The article presents an investigation that was carried out with the teaching staff of the Academic Unit of the North of the State of Nayarit (UAEN) belonging to the Autonomous University of Nayarit (UAN), with the aim of carrying out a comparative analysis on the incidence of Burnout syndrome in the years 2018 to 2020. The information collection instrument used was the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire, which measures the following aspects: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal fulfillment. As part of the results, a 10% increase in the incidence of Burnout Syndrome in teaching staff was documented, which is attributed to the working conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, with the results it is intended to raise awareness of the The need to pay attention to the psychological aspect of teachers given the excessive load of activities that they currently have due to the need to work in a non-face-to-face mode.

Análisis socioeconómico de los productores de maíz para autoconsumo: caso de los indígenas en el Estado de Nayarit

Este artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la situación social y económica que enfrenta la población indígena del estado de Nayarit en relación con la producción de maíz para autoconsumo. La investigación se centró en la producción de maíz como elemento esencial para el acceso a la alimentación y disminución de la pobreza alimentaria presentes en esta población. Los resultados y análisis presentados son producto de un diagnóstico socioeconómico perteneciente al proyecto: “Modelo Institucional para la Producción Sostenible de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit”. Este es un estudio mixto (cuantitativo – cualitativo), con enfoque multidisciplinario. Se utilizó el método etnográfico, con herramientas de planeación participativa, con análisis de estructuras latentes y análisis de los discursos sociales de los actores participantes en las comunidades de estudio, bajo un diseño de investigación evaluativo. Se concluyó que, el maíz ha sido un elemento activo en la producción social de los pueblos originarios, porque representa las formas de relacionarse entre los pobladores y comunidades, así como el modo de organización interna para la producción, manejo de sus recursos, de las actividades familiares y de cada pueblo originario.

Caracterización climática y variabilidad de temperatura superficial de la llanura costera de Nayarit y su teleconexión con ENSO y PDO

Para entender el cambio climático se debe estudiar la variabilidad climática, esta se centra en denotar aquellos comportamientos del estado del tiempo considerados fuera de lo normal y su relación con la variación natural del planeta, como el fenómeno El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) y la Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico (PDO). El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la variabilidad climática de un fragmento de la llanura costera del estado de Nayarit, México, área predominante de cobertura manglar, l agunas y uso agropecuario. La investigación se expone en tres partes: caracterización climática, análisis de variabilidad (anual, mensual e interdecadal) y su teleconexión con índices ENSO y PDO. La variación interdecadal demostró un aumento de la temperatura mínima, disminución de la temperatura máxima y disminución de precipitación en las últimas dos décadas. Se encontró 30% de correlación con ENSO (las correlaciones más altas en los meses de verano) y 25% con PDO.

Morphological and molecular identification of the causal agents of post-harvest diseases in avocado fruit, and potential biocontrol with Meyerozyma caribbica

This study was made to identify the fungi associated with post-harvest decay in avocado fruit from Xalisco city in Nayarit state and to determine their potential biocontrol with Meyerozyma caribbica. The eight isolated fungi were identified as six Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, one Colletotrichum sp., and one Fusarium sp. through morphological characteristics and sequencing the D1/D2 region of the large-subunit rDNA gene. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by pathogenicity tests carried out on avocado fruit; obtaining different severity disease degrees. The yeasts’ potential to control avocado diseases has been poorly studied. Therefore, the use of M. caribbica against the isolated fungi was proposed, the inhibition reached was above 78%. Hence, can be considered as a potential biocontrol agent to be applied in avocado fruit in the post-harvest stage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium sp. as a causal agent of stem-end root in avocado fruit in Mexico.

DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL, POTENCIAL Y ECOFISIOGRÁFICA DE ESPECIES DE CALABAZA EN NAYARIT, MÉXICO

La calabaza (Cucurbita spp.) es un género originario de América, del cual algunas especies importantes son originarias de México, tiene arraigo cultural y es utilizada en la alimentación humana y animal, por lo que su aprovechamiento, mejoramiento y conservación son esenciales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue generar mapas de distribución actual y potencial de especies de calabaza cultivadas y silvestres, así como precisar su distribución ecofisiográfica en el estado de Nayarit, México. Se utilizaron 114 registros de sitios georreferenciados de especies domesticadas (Cucurbita moschata, C. pepo, C. argyrosperma y C. ficifolia) y silvestres (C. radicans, C. martinezii) provenientes de 66 accesiones y 48 registros de herbarios. Se emplearon 110 variables bioclimáticas, geofísicas y edáficas. Para su análisis se utilizaron herramientas de sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y procedimientos multivariados de componentes principales (CP) y de conglomerados. La distribución actual mostró que las especies de calabazas se encuentran presentes en las cuatro regiones fisiográficas del estado de Nayarit, entre alturas de 7 a 2117 msnm. La distribución potencial permitió la ubicación de sitios no registrados con probable presencia de calabazas. En la distribución ecofisiográfica, tres CP representaron el 77 % de la variabilidad total, las variables que mostraron mayor correlación con el CP1 fueron altitud (m) y temperatura (°C), con el CP2 precipitación (mm), características de suelo (textura, profundidad y pH) y velocidad del viento (km h-1) y con el CP3 precipitación de los tres meses más fríos del año. En especies de calabaza esta información permitirá ubicar áreas de probable presencia para exploraciones más dirigidas, conocer las condiciones ambientales de sus hábitats y utilizarla en futuros programas de conservación.

Influencia del niño oscilación del sur sobre el rendimiento de maíz de temporal en Nayarit

En México el fenómeno de El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) en inglés, incide sobre las condiciones meteorológicas y en consecuencia sobre el comportamiento de los cultivos en especial del maíz de temporal. Para la región productora de maíz de temporal en el estado de Nayarit, no se dispone de antecedentes que dimensionen esta influencia. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el impacto de las fases del ENSO sobre algunas variables meteorológicas durante el ciclo vegetativo del maíz y el grado de vulnerabilidad sobre el rendimiento de grano. Se utilizó una base de datos fenológica de 15 años de registros de evaluaciones de variedades comerciales de maíz. Cuantificándose la precipitación pluvial, días húmedos, evapotranspiración potencial y grados días de desarrollo durante el ciclo vegetativo del cultivo, agrupando los datos por fase del ENSO ‘El Niño’, ‘Neutro’ y ‘La Niña’. Aunado a un análisis del rendimiento y su vulnerabilidad a la variabilidad climática. Fue ampliamente identificada la influencia en la precipitación y temperatura del aire (grados día de desarrollo) las cuales son importantes para el desarrollo del maíz en temporal. En eventos ‘Niña’ la precipitación es 28.6% más alta que en fase ‘Niño’, contrario a los grados día de desarrollo, donde en fase ‘Niño’ se acumula 6.3% más que en ‘Neutro’ o ‘Niña’. Lo anterior, explica el comportamiento del rendimiento de variedades precoces en fase ‘Niño’ (superiores a 8 t ha-1) y deja en claro como la vulnerabilidad de este cultivo puede disminuir si se dispone de semilla adecuada para cada fase del ENSO.

Reproductive biology of the freshwater shrimpMacrobrachium tenellum(Smith, 1871) (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) in Mexico

AbstractWe analyzed the reproductive cycle of females of the palaemonid shrimp Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) collected in the Ameca River, between the Jalisco and Nayarit states, Mexico. We studied the seasonal occurrence of ovigerous females during the year, their relationship with abiotic factors, and the size of the first sexual maturity. The study included 7,100 specimens of M. tenellum, of which 2,791 (39.3%) were males, 3,559 (50.1%) females, and 750 undifferentiated (10.6%). The sex ratio of the total (male-female) population differed significantly from the expected 1:1 with more females. A total of 309 females carried eggs (8.7% of all collected females). Ovigerous females, which were collected in three of the four sampling sites, were found almost year-round (with the exception of March and December), and their number showed a significant positive correlation with water temperature and rainfall. The size of first maturity (TL50%) for all collected females was 55.7 mm total length (TL), ranging from 64.3 mm TL to 42.7 mm TL. The results revealed that the population of M. tenellum in the Ameca River has a continuous reproductive period associated with the rainy season and increasing water temperature.

Espacio subjetivo insular y percepción turística en Mexcaltitán, Nayarit, México

La isla de Mexcaltitán en el estado de Nayarit, es un sitio de construcción de significados sobre los orígenes de México, comúnmente nombrada Cuna de la Mexicanidad. Por su gran relevancia, en 1986 recibió una Declaratoria de Zona de Monumentos Históricos y en el 2001 fue incluida en la lista de Pueblos Mágicos, distinción que perdió en el 2009; ambos acontecimientos fortalecieron la actividad turística de la isla. Esta propuesta se aborda desde la mirada del turista, con la finalidad de conocer y comprender la concepción, percepción y los significados que le otorga a la isla esta categoría de sujetos. A través de este estudio, se pretende observar y analizar la visión que tiene el turista sobre el espacio que lo rodea, pero también cómo lo organiza mentalmente, es decir, cómo construye el sentido de su relación con el espacio urbano-arquitectónico/territorial-insular y qué aspectos de la sociedad influyen en ello. Â

Assessing the current state and restoration needs of the beaches and coastal dunes of Marismas Nacionales, Nayarit, Mexico

Around the world, population growth, land use changes and coastal infrastructure have modified coastlines. In many cases these actions have induced intense degradation and loss of the ecosystems there. Sandy beaches and coastal dunes are amongst the most threatened features. In Mexico, coastal dunes in the state of Nayarit, on the Pacific, have been affected by small scale tourism, the construction of artificial inlets and an increase in agricultural activities, even though they are part of a Biosphere Reserve. While there is a growing need for restoration or rehabilitation programs to protect these coastal dunes, such actions are almost non-existent because of financial limitations, difficulties in deciding which locations most urgently need these strategies, and the uncertainty of the results. Our goal was to evaluate the coastline of the Marismas Nacionales Biosphere Reserve, in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, examining geomorphological, ecological, and socioeconomic variables. Ninety sites were assessed, using the Re-Dune index, 41 beaches were found to be in a good state of conservation, while 43 are degraded but with the potential for success when subjected to restoration measures. Six sites were seen as highly degraded, with rehabilitation being the most viable option. By recovering the coastal dunes of Marismas Nacionales, the hurricane protection provided by them will be enhanced and sustainable social and economic development will be more likely.

Presence of Acute Chagas Disease Among Febrile Patients in the Western Coast of Mexico.

Chagas disease (ChD) is a parasitosis caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc). It is endemic to almost all Latin American countries, including the southern United States. The acute form of ChD and its actual incidence have rarely been described in Mexico, despite the extensive presence of favorable niches for its transmission. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of acute ChD in febrile patients at the central Pacific coast of Mexico. For this, we surveyed patients with persistent fever (5 to 10 days) in five hospitals at the Mexican states of Jalisco, Colima, and Nayarit in 2012. Samples were taken from a total of 485 patients to detect Tc in blood using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and direct microscopic examination. Of these subjects, 10 were positive for PCR and none for microscopic examination (2% in 12 months). We adjusted this rate by the total people at risk in the area and obtained an incidence of 7.4/100,000 habs./year. The positive cases showed no association with sex, rural settlement, or pet ownership, only with the contact with Triatominae insects (odds ratio = 9.22 and confidence interval: 1.93-44.06). The clinical picture of positive patients showed an association with the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections. Meanwhile, only one fatal case showed the typical picture of acute fatal cardiomyopathy. The pulmonary manifestations of our patients suggest possible lung pathogenicity of Tc, which merits further investigation. Our findings differ markedly from the official reports for ChD. This difference suggests an underestimation of the disease. These findings urge the Mexican health authorities to implement more vigorous actions aimed at improving medical skills in the timely diagnosis of ChD, as well as to apply efficient preventive programs.

Poverty and marginalization in Nayarit, México: four communities of the Aguamilpa hydroelectric dam

The research work that is presented, aims to carry out an analysis of the living conditions that prevail in the population, of four marginalized rural communities located in the banks of the Rio Grande de Santiago, in the State of Nayarit. In addition to analyzing the implications of social policy to reduce poverty and marginalization, phenomena closely related to social deprivation. Each approach and methodology used for its analysis, have shed light on the different studies on social deprivation that lead individuals or groups to suffer this situation. In the study that is presented, it is observed, that the construction of the PHA and the social programs implemented by the government at its different levels, have not been sufficient to solve the problems of extreme poverty in which the population of marginalized rural localities is found. In the same way, it is concluded that it is necessary to advance towards the articulation of concepts and ways of measuring poverty and marginalization, as well as, on the ways of evaluating, social policies, with the understanding that the interventions of the three orders of government, will be more effective as long as they achieve a multidimensional approach that prioritizes the human being.

Strengthening ICT competencies in Higher Secondary Education teachers to improve teaching practice in the health emergency of Covid 19

SARS-CoV-2 has brought enormous challenges and challenges to the global education system. The crisis has demonstrated the vulnerability of current educational models, their rapid and accelerated spread throughout the world has caused an unprecedented impact on the multidimensional development of the population. This brought as a possible solution the implementation and accelerated adaptation of working at a distance with approaches oriented to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), The project proposed as an objective to evaluate the knowledge and skills management of upper secondary teachers (northern part of the state of Nayarit), before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is a non-experimental descriptive transectional study with a sample of teachers from the three Preparatory Academic Units of the UAN. A non-probability convenience sampling was used using two pre-designed questionnaires through the Google Forms platform, one at the beginning and the other at the end. With this project it was detected that no teacher uses digital tools at the beginning for online classes.

PLESTIODON PARVIAURICULATUS (SQUAMATA: SCINCIDAE)

Mexico, Nayarit: Municipality of El Nayar, on Federal Road 44 (Ruiz, Nayarit-Fresnillo, Zacatecas), 2.3 km south of the Zacatecas border and 2.5 km south of the Durango border (22.381564°N, 104.348159°W; WGS84; 2244 m elevation), 30 June 2018. This specimen (Fig. 1) represents the southeasternmost record for the species and the first record from the state of Nayarit, extending the known distribution ca. 458 km SW (airline) from the closest known locality, Rancho Madroño, Sierra Surutato, Sinaloa (McDiarmid et al. 1976). The skink was found at 13:30 h, under a piece of dried out pine bark in pine-oak forest. The specimen was collected by JALB and CIW, morphologically examined for its identification through scale counts and coloration characters by CJPV and UOGV, and deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MZFZ 3540).

Valoración dasométrica y producción de biomasa en Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. establecida en plantaciones puras y mixtas

Gmelina arborea (melina) es una especie forestal muy apreciada por su rápido crecimiento, además es de multipropósito por los diversos usos de su madera. El establecimiento de melina en plantaciones puras (PP) ha propiciado la realización de estudios dasométricos y de biomasa; por ende, en México también se han implementado, como alternativa, las plantaciones mixtas (PM); aunque estas están poco documentadas. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar y comparar la altura total (H), diámetro (DAP), área basal estimada (AB), volumen (V) y biomasa de G. arborea en PP y PM de 15 años, ubicadas en el estado de Nayarit. Se consideraron tres parcelas de 1 000 m2, en las que se midieron a los individuos de la especie de interés el DAP, H, V y biomasa; asimismo, se recolectaron muestras de suelo. Los árboles de G. arborea en PM pesentó incrementos de 5.8 cm en el DAP, 0.04 m2 en AB, 12.2 % en la biomasa de hojas, 8.8 % en la de ramas, 7.7 % en fuste, 10 % en raíz y 7.6 % en la biomasa total por árbol; lo cual se corroboró con el análisis de ANOVA y la prueba de Tukey. La diferencia en densidad entre las plantaciones indicó un mayor rendimiento en biomasa para la PP (17.9 %). Mejores parámetros dasométricos y producción de biomasa, se asociaron a suelos con pH > 6 y relación C/N > 20. El óptimo rendimiento de G. arborea dependerá del arreglo forestal, el manejo y las características edáficas.

Nutritional status and masticatory function of the indigenous compared with non-indigenous people of Nayarit, Mexico

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare the nutritional statuses and masticatory function of the non-indigenous and indigenous adult people of the state of Nayarit, Mexico. DesignForty-two indigenous (Cora or Huichol ethnic group) and 100 non-indigenous people, all adults with natural dentition, participated in this cross-sectional study. They performed a free-style masticatory test consisting five trials of chewing silicon pieces for 20 cycles. Masticatory performance was determined by sieving the silicon particles, masticatory laterality was determined by calculating the asymmetry index, and the cycle duration was also recorded. Weight and body fat mass were measured using a portable digital weighing machine and height and body circumferences were recorded to calculate the body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and the waist–hip ratio. Each aspect of masticatory function and each nutritional variable were compared using T-test, analysis of variance, and Kruskal–Wallis or Mann–Whitney tests, as appropriate. ResultsBody fat percentage, BMI, and waist–hip ratio were higher (P < 0.0005) in the indigenous group compared to the non-indigenous. The indigenous group had a significantly shorter stature than the non-indigenous group. Cora group had a higher BMI and higher percentage of body fat than the Huichol group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected between the groups for any aspect of masticatory function. ConclusionsIndigenous people from the Nayarit, especially the Cora ethnic group, are more obese, have more total body fat, and more abdominal fat than non-indigenous people. Indigenous people show similar masticatory function.

Primer registro de Unguiculariopsis ravenelii (Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota) en México

Antecedentes y Objetivos: El género Unguiculariopsis de la clase Leotiomycetes dentro de Ascomycota se caracteriza por formar apotecios inconspicuos de hasta 2 mm de diámetro, con una superficie formada por pelos en forma de gancho, ascas inoperculadas, inamiloides y ascosporas globosas, subglobosas a elipsoidales, hialinas con gútulas. Son hongos fungícolas que presentan especificidad por el hospedero; en el presente estudio se tiene por objetivo reportar a Unguiculariopsis ravenelii por primera vez en México.Métodos: Los especímenes estudiados están depositados en el herbario ENCB del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México. Los materiales fueron revisados en fresco y en seco, se describieron macro morfológicamente usando un estereoscopio, fotografías tomadas in situ y micro morfológicamente con un microscopio óptico. Se identificaron con claves y literatura especializada.Resultados clave: Se presenta la descripción de Unguiculariopsis ravenelii de México, una especie que se caracteriza por ser micoparásita y por formar apotecios gregarios sobre Rhytidhysteron rufulum. Conclusiones: Esta especie se distribuye en bosque tropical caducifolio y produce sus esporomas durante la temporada de lluvias en los estados de Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sonora, Tabasco y Tamaulipas en la región Neotropical de México.