State Of Nayarit Research Articles

Geometric morphometrics in the sulcus acusticus of the sagittae otolith as tool to discriminate species of the genus Centropomus (Centropomidae: Perciformes) from the southeastern Gulf of California

Due to the limited morphological differentiation among species of the genus Centropomus and the increased overlap of their meristic characters, in this study, we examined 114 sagittae otoliths by geometric morphometrics. Otoliths belonged to four species: Centropomus robalito (Jordan and Gilbert, 1881) Centropomus medius (Gunter, 1864), Centropomus nigrescens (Gunter, 1864), and Centropomus viridis (Lockington, 1877) collected by artisanal fishing carried out in the “Marismas Nacionales Nayarit” Biosphere Reserve and the continental shelf of the state of Nayarit. According to the canonical variate analysis, all four species were discriminated (100% correct) evidencing the high taxonomic value of sagittae otolith for these taxa. In our study, the morphology of sagittae otolith of four species of the genus Centropomus is documented for the first time.

Development of the Hydropower Potential of the Grande De Santiago River (Mexico)

Organization of the construction of three hydroelectric power plants on the Grande de Santiago River is described, namely the Aguamilpa, El Cajon, and La Yesca, for supplying power to the states of Nayarit and Jalisco.

Things about Love: Alone, desolate, violated or sacrificed. Gender imaginaries that block autonomy in academic women

The underlying influences that take place in the construction of a woman’s identity have been mainstreamed by stablished norms that block women to enjoy life or their solitude; therefore nullifying their potential as an empowered and autonomous individual. The theoretical analysis of this work was conducted from an interdisciplinary perspective of social sciences and feminism. Thus, for empirical analysis, academic and scientific research women from the state of Nayarit were inteviewed, with the objective of identifying their meaning of concepts such as solitude and autonomy; finding a significant relationship between solitude and vulnerability with women´s love experience and autonomy.

Study of seismic activity at Ceboruco Volcano (Nayarit, Mexico) in the period 2012 to 2014

Ceboruco volcano is a stratovolcano located in western central Mexico within the state of Nayarit. Ceboruco volcano is one of the active volcanoes of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and lies within the Tepic-Zacoalco Rift structure. Eruptions at Ceboruco volcano have been reported over the last 1000 years with eruptions every 126 years on average, with the most recent eruption occurring in 1870. Current activity at Ceboruco volcano is primarily fumarolic emissions. Continued population and socio-economic growth around the volcano over the last 20 years, make urgent the need to study Ceboruco volcano. Previous investigations of seismicity classified the recorded earthquakes into four families using waveform and spectral features. In this paper, we present a seismicity study from March 2012 to July 2014 using four portable seismic stations within the context of the regional stress and structures near Ceboruco volcano. Of the 489 volcanic earthquakes recorded during this time period, only 33 could be located using P- and S-wave arrivals registered at least three stations. The P- and S-phase arrival times were obtained using particle motion. The epicentral distribution of these earthquakes is around the volcanic edifice along three structural lineaments with preferred ENE-WSW orientations, roughly perpendicular to Tepic-Zacoalco Rift and, following the youngest deformation pattern. Hypocentral depths locate within first 10 km, indicating the earthquakes are a result of local tectonic stresses, intrusions into the magma chamber, or both.

Well‐off small‐scale tobacco growers and farm workers in the Mexican agrarian reform (1972–1990)

AbstractIn this article, I study small‐scale growers of blonde tobacco varieties from the state of Nayarit in Mexico who had contract farming arrangements with the state‐owned company Tabamex (1972–1990). I refer to them as “well‐off small‐scale tobacco growers” given that in the 1960s, 1970s, and the 1980s, they became one of the subaltern social groups that benefited the most from the Mexican Agrarian Reform. I want to set this research apart from the ones carried out on tobacco growers in Nayarit, which have almost exclusively understood this group as agricultural producers and have perceived as secondary, and even as anecdotal, the impact of the high levels of wage labour hired in the region. I argue that in order to have a better understanding of the social relations at play, it is important to take into account that Nayarit tobacco growers have also been employers of farm workers. Hence in my analysis, I have also included the seasonal farm workers hired by these small‐scale tobacco growers because of their importance in the labour force. More specifically, I have looked into the vulnerability and invisibility of these workers both within this branch of agricultural activity and state institutions.

The Last Harvest? From the US Fentanyl Boom to the Mexican Opium Crisis

For decades, farmers in the most marginalised regions of Mexico have depended for survival on the illicit cultivation of opium poppy for the US heroin market. In 2017 they could earn up to 20,000 pesos ($950–$1,050 dollars) per kilo of opium, which channelled around 19 billion pesos ($1 billion dollars) into the country’s poorest communities, sustaining regional economies, religious ceremonies, and intra-community relations while stemming out-migration to Mexican cities and the US. With the recent upsurge in fentanyl use in the US, however, the demand for Mexican heroin has fallen sharply, meaning that farmers are now being paid around 6000 to 8000 pesos ($315–415 dollars) per kilo of raw opium. Thus the total money being paid to opium producing villages has dropped to an unprecedented low of 7 billion pesos ($370 million dollars). Drawing on fieldwork conducted in two poppy-producing regions of Mexico – one in the State of Nayarit, one in the State of Guerrero – this article shows that today, farmers cannot make a profit from opium once fertilizers and other capital inputs have been taken into account; village economies are starting to dry up; and out-migration is on the up. But this economic emergency opens the possibility of wrestling Mexico’s opium-growing regions from the control of Mexico’s Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs). This article concludes by addressing several possible solutions to what we term ‘the Mexican Opium Crisis’ – including crop substitution or opium legalization for medicinal use – and evaluates how realistic they are in the Mexican context.

La imagen inestable de Manuel Lozada. Entre la historia política y la política de la historia

<p>Manuel Lozada, jefe militar de “las fuerzas de los Pueblos Unidos del Nayarit” que entre 1858 y 1873 mantuvo una autonomía de facto sobre el territorio que se convertiría en el estado de Nayarit, ha sido representado de diversas maneras según las generaciones de historiadores, intelectuales y antropólogos que se han interesado en su estudio, ya sea como el Tigre de Álica, indio precursor del agrarismo, bandolero social mestizo y católico, líder del conservadurismo popular o como un Cristo transgresor, según la perspectiva indígena. Con base en una revisión de las obras y registros más representativos en la construcción y transmisión de su memoria —que es al mismo tiempo un recorrido por los enfoques y modelos teóricos con los que los actores del medio rural del México decimonónico han sido abordados en los últimos 150 años— destacaremos dos aspectos. El primero, que el conocimiento histórico sobre este personaje se ha desenvuelto en la articulación diversa y cambiante entre historia y política; y el segundo, que dichas representaciones ponen en evidencia modos de relación con el sector al que es asociado, que ha sido de tipo excluyente, de asimilación y paradójico. Proponemos que éstas se sostienen hasta el presente y hacen de su imagen una figura inestable.</p>

Site-specific fertilization approach increased productivity of rainfed ‘Ataúlfo’ mango

There is considerable diversity in fertilization management of ‘Ataúlfo’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, and there is no systematic information available in this regard. The aim of this research was to evaluate the medium-term effect (2010‑14) of the site-specif ic fertilization approach on fruit yield and size in ‘Ataúlfo’ mango grown under rainfed conditions (annual average summer rainfall 1300-1450 mm). Two commercial orchards at 8 × 8 m spacing, one each in San Blas and Compostela municipalities in Nayarit were chosen. Fertilization treatments were: 1) Normal dose, which considered tree nutrient demand, periods of maximum root growth, nutrients provided by the soil, leaf nutrient concentrations and fertilization eff iciency; 2) High dose (1.5 times the normal dose); 3) Control, annual application of 3 kg per tree of 17-17-17 (N, P2O5, K2O). Soil and leaf samples were taken for nutrient analysis throughout the study. Treatments were randomly applied to 20 single tree-replicates at each orchard. For cumulative yield and fruit size a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (orchards × treatments) was used. For leaf nutrient concentrations, the year and fertilization treatments effect was analyzed using 10 replicates per treatment. Means comparison was performed with the Waller-Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). The Normal dose increased yield 38% as compared to the Control, as well as fruit size. The highest total fruit yield and C22 (196-220 g) and C20 (221-250 g), as well as the highest cost-benef it, were obtained with the Normal dose. This treatment consisted of applying per year and tree, depending on the orchard, 509-608 g N, 21-206 g P, 132-582 g K, 19-234 g Mg, 6.5-18 g Fe, 6-46 g Mn, 2-6 g Zn and 3-13 g B.

Site-specific fertilization approach increased productivity of rainfed ‘Ataúlfo’ mango

There is considerable diversity in fertilization management of ‘Ataúlfo’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, and there is no systematic information available in this regard. The aim of this research was to evaluate the medium-term effect (2010‑14) of the site-specif ic fertilization approach on fruit yield and size in ‘Ataúlfo’ mango grown under rainfed conditions (annual average summer rainfall 1300-1450 mm). Two commercial orchards at 8 × 8 m spacing, one each in San Blas and Compostela municipalities in Nayarit were chosen. Fertilization treatments were: 1) Normal dose, which considered tree nutrient demand, periods of maximum root growth, nutrients provided by the soil, leaf nutrient concentrations and fertilization eff iciency; 2) High dose (1.5 times the normal dose); 3) Control, annual application of 3 kg per tree of 17-17-17 (N, P2O5, K2O). Soil and leaf samples were taken for nutrient analysis throughout the study. Treatments were randomly applied to 20 single tree-replicates at each orchard. For cumulative yield and fruit size a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (orchards × treatments) was used. For leaf nutrient concentrations, the year and fertilization treatments effect was analyzed using 10 replicates per treatment. Means comparison was performed with the Waller-Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). The Normal dose increased yield 38% as compared to the Control, as well as fruit size. The highest total fruit yield and C22 (196-220 g) and C20 (221-250 g), as well as the highest cost-benef it, were obtained with the Normal dose. This treatment consisted of applying per year and tree, depending on the orchard, 509-608 g N, 21-206 g P, 132-582 g K, 19-234 g Mg, 6.5-18 g Fe, 6-46 g Mn, 2-6 g Zn and 3-13 g B.

Distribución y enemigos naturales de la chinche de encaje del aguacate Pseudacysta perseae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) en Nayarit, México

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la distribución de la chinche de encaje Pseudacysta perseae e identificar sus enemigos naturales en huertos de aguacate del estado de Nayarit, México. Se realizaron muestreos semanales en 30 huertos comerciales con cultivares Hass, Hall y Choquette en los municipios de Xalisco, Tepic y San Blas, en el periodo de enero a julio de 2016. Los especímenes recolectados de P. perseae se trasladaron al Laboratorio de Parasitología Agrícola de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit - UAN, subsecuentemente se separaron las muestras para la obtención de parasitoides, depredadores y hongos entomopatógenos. De un total de 30 zonas muestreadas, sólo se registró la presencia de P. perseae en 20 huertos con un nivel medio de infestación de 434 huevos, 107 ninfas y 23 adultos por sitio. Se identificó un total de 175 especímenes de enemigos naturales, de ellos 61 eran parasitoides de la familia Trichogrammatidae; 58 adultos de P. perseae mostraron síntomas de infección fúngica, identificados morfológica y molecularmente como Metarhizium anisopliae y Beauveria bassiana con incidencias de 3 y 9,4 %, respectivamente. Además, se recolectaron 56 especímenes de depredadores pertenecientes a las especies Cycloneda sanguinea, Stethorus sp. y Pentilia sp.

Dynamics of coastline changes in Mexico

The goal of our work was to locate and quantify changes that occurred in 66% of the Mexican coastline, based on four land cover maps generated by the Mexican Mangrove Monitoring System (SMMM) of the National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) for the years 1970/81, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Our results showed overall dominance of erosion over accretion processes, beaches being the most affected coastal land cover. Emphasis was placed on identification and description of coastline sites in which land was either continuously lost (erosion) or gained (accretion) during the studied time periods. These sites were defined as continuous unidirectional dynamic sites and were compared with previous knowledge about the geodynamics of Mexican coasts. Continuous unidirectional dynamic sites were distributed throughout the study area and within all land cover types, but predominantly corresponded to areas covered by mangroves in the states of Campeche and Nayarit. Finally, we found an intensification of coastal erosion-accretion processes over time; coastline change rates having duplicated between the earliest (1970/81–2005) and the two more recent (2005–2010, and 2010–2015) analysed time periods, with erosion rates for each corresponding period of –3 m/yr, –7.5 m/yr, and –7.3 m/yr, and accretion rates of 2.8 m/yr, 7.3 m/yr, and 6.9 m/yr, respectively.

Memory, magic and militias: Cora Indian participation in Mexico’s wars, from the reforma to the revolution (1854-1920)

ABSTRACT Mexico’s Cora Indians have played an outsized role in national history, thanks to their skilful use of guerrilla tactics and success in forging strategic alliances with outside forces in defence of their cultural, territorial and political autonomy. Cora participation in elite struggles between Liberals and Conservatives (1850–73), and subsequently in the Mexican Revolution (1910–20), helped to shape the way that both conflicts played out in Western Mexico. Such participation also allowed Cora communities to keep hold of traditional landholdings in the face of political and economic reform, while sowing the seeds for the foundation of the Mexican state of Nayarit.

The social transformations of tourist activity on the coast of the municipality of San Blas, Nayarit

Since the creation of the New Tepic-San Blas Highway, the coast region of that municipality represents today one of the most important areas of the tourist activity of the state of Nayarit, which has led to the establishment of large investments for tourism development and for the needs demanded by the inhabitants of the region. However, positive and negative impacts have been identified that put current conditions and social, economic and environmental transformations on alert in the study area. One of the priorities of this research is to create strategies for sustainable tourism development, since this perspective allows to consider benefits for the current generation, as well as in future generations, so that sustainable tourism in its purer sense is an industry committed to making low impact on the environment and local culture, while contributing to generating income and employment for the local population and thus improving the host communities of the coastal region of San Blas, Nayarit. Therefore, strategies have been analyzed that assist in the local and regional development of the populations of the San Blas Coast, so that service providers achieve quality in their products, the inhabitants are partners in decision-making, tourist lead themselves properly and neatly, and public servants ensure the safety and common well-being of those involved.

The marketing mix in the MSEs of the municipalities of Santiago Ixcuintla, Tuxpan and Ruiz Nayarit

The growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Nayarit, as well as in the country has been increasing, however, due to the same characteristics of informal and unstructured conformation of these companies, they do not grow financially and most of them spend their time subsisting as micro businesses. That is why this analysis focuses on knowing if microentrepreneurs apply marketing strategies and if so, what kind of strategies do they implement to strengthen their businesses. The main purpose of this study are the MSEs of the municipalities of Santigo Ixcuintla, Tuxpan and Ruiz of the state of Nayarit, from which relevant information was obtained by applying surveys directly with the owners or directors of the companies, regarding the application of marketing strategies. As a result, we can observe that most entrepreneurs do not implement structured or formalized strategies, however, they develop basic strategies that meet customer satisfaction according to their market segment such as: product tests prior to their launch, the creation of brands so that their clients can identify them, pricing based on competition and development of credit strategies for their customers. They develop the most appropriate strategies according to the type of product, since they sell it directly to the final consumer and a considerable percentage consider selling to intermediaries. The implementation of promotional and advertising strategies is not clear; however, entrepreneurs express that they implement strategies that allow them to stay in the minds of consumers. This does not mean that the strategies are adequate or that they have favorable results in their entirety since they are not professionally structured.

Insects Associated with the Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Crop in Nayarit, Mexico

The objective of the study was to identify the entomofauna associated with soursop cultivated commercially in the municipalities of Compostela and San Blas in the state of Nayarit, Mexico. The entomofauna obtained from samples taken from Nov 2016 to Dec 2017 were morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. A total of 3,674 insects were collected, with 20 species being phytophagous, including the pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and an armored scale Pinnaspis sp. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). There were 12 species of predators in the families Coccinellidae (Azya orbigera [Mulsant], Chilocorus sp., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri [Mulsant], Cycloneda sanguinea L., Cycloneda sp., Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Olla v-nigrum [Mulsant], Paraneda pallidula guticollis [Mulsant], and Stethorus pinachi [Gordon & Chapin]), and Chrysopidae (Ceraeochrysa valida [Banks], Ceraeochrysa sp., and Chrysoperla externa [Hagen]), and 5 species of parasitoids of the genera Aphytis, Coccophagus, Encarsia (all Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Anagyrus, and Gyranusoidea (both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). The ladybird beetle P. pallidula guticollis was recorded for the first time in the state of Nayarit. Also, 9 phytophagous species are new records for soursop in Mexico.

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Nayarit, Mexico: Tepic and rural Nayarit

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 161 Mexicans from the state of Nayarit living in Tepic (N = 97) and rural communities (N = 64), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes found in the state of Nayarit include eight Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Nayarit are Native American (50.79 ± 5.03% by ML; 42.24% of Native American haplotypes) and European (37.04 ± 6.21% by ML; 35.72% of European haplotypes), while African genetic component is less apparent but relatively high (12.17 ± 2.50% by ML; 13.36% of African haplotypes).

Global value chain and competitiveness of the exotic vegetable of the state of Nayarit

En este artículo se analiza la competitividad de la agroindustria de hortalizas exóticas del estado de Nayarit a través de la estructura de cadena global de valor con énfasis en la gobernanza de la cadena. El objetivo es identificar la oportunidad de escalamiento en la cadena (upgrading) o de ubicarse como un eslabón menos vulnerable que le permita generar y apropiarse de un mayor porcentaje del valor generado en la cadena (Gereffi, Korzeniewicz y Korzeniewicz,1994). Este enfoque permite visualizar la forma como se articula esa agroindustria a una red regional de producción y de comercialización en Estados Unidos y Canadá. La información se obtuvo de cuestionarios y entrevistas a empresarios y funcionarios de instituciones públicas del sector agrícola. En el estudio se detectaron dos tipos de gobernanza predominantes: la cautiva y la jerárquica. Asimismo, se evidencia la importancia de la agroindustria para la región.

EVALUACIÓN DEL CARBONO ORGÁNICO EN SUELOS DE LOS MANGLARES DE NAYARIT


 
 
 Los manglares son un recurso ecológico y económico muy valioso para la reproducción de especies acuáticas y la alimentación de aves, peces, crustáceos, reptiles y mamíferos, además de un reservorio de carbono. En diez asociaciones de manglar y nueve clases de geoformas de la región de Marismas Nacionales, en el estado de Nayarit, se recolectaron un total de 254 muestras compuestas en los primeros -20 cm de suelo, en julio-agosto de 2004, en ellas se determinó el contenido de carbono orgánico (COS) en la fracción mineral, por el método del analizador. En la época de lluvias, los suelos de la clase, de geoforma Islote tuvieron el mayor contenido de COS, con 128.5 t C ha-1; mientras que a los de la Barra arcillosa les correspondió el menor con 54.6 t C ha-1; estas diferencias fueron significativas (F = 4.02, gl = 8, p = 0.0003). Respecto a la asociación de manglar, el valor más alto de COS se estimó para la combinación Laguncularia racemosa – Rhizophora mangle, con 106.7 t C ha-1 y más bajo en la de R. mangle –L. racemosa –A. germinans, con 73.7 t C ha-1; aunque no fueron significativas (F = 2.28, gl = 9, p = 0.0204). De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, los manglares de Marismas Nacionales que más contribuyeron al contenido de C en el suelo se encontraron en las geoformas de clase orilla y con predominio de L. racemosa y A. germinans.
 
 

Morphological and Climatic Variability of Teosinte (Zea spp.) and Relationships Among Taxa

Abstract—The wild species of the genus Zea comprise nine different taxa, including annual and perennial, diploid and tetraploid species, distributed from northern Mexico to Costa Rica. Due to the great variability existing among species, the aim of this work was to evaluate the morphological and climatic variability patterns and phylogenetic relationships among species, based on morphological characters. Two hundred and seventy-six populations of known species and races were included; 15 individuals per population were planted. From each individual, 19 morphological and physiological traits were measured, and at each collection site 23 climatic descriptors were obtained. Both data sets were analyzed with multivariate analysis. For the phylogenetic analysis 17 morphological variables were transformed to character states using GAP-WEIGHTING. With multivariate analyses, it was possible to determine the existence of well-defined groups. Species, and races of different subspecies, were found to be clearly delimited by geographic regions, climatic characteristics, altitudes, and distinct morphological features. The phylogenetic relationships found are congruent with those identified in similar studies based on molecular data. Morphological data on their own cannot give enough information to infer divergence times. In this context, multivariate and phylogenetic analyses with morphological data are taxonomically of great importance for identifying species and subspecies of genus Zea. At species level, the study has added elements to distinguish between Zea diploperennis from the states of Nayarit and Jalisco, between Zea perennis from Michoacán and Jalisco, and between Zea luxurians from Oaxaca and Guatemala.

Ceboruco hazard map: part II—modeling volcanic phenomena and construction of the general hazard map

Ceboruco volcano in the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is one of the eleven most active stratovolcanoes in Mexico. Due to its recent eruptive history including a large Plinian eruption ~ 1000 years ago, the AD 1870 eruption, and recurrent recent seismic activity, it seemed highly appropriate to construct a hazard map in order to be prepared for future eruptions and their associated hazards. Ceboruco volcano eruptions are predominantly effusive; however, it also has been characterized by a great variability of eruptive styles throughout its record of activity. In fact, some eruptions comprise a significant diversity of volcanic processes, including lava flows, tephra fallout, ballistic emission, pyroclastic flows and surges, and lahars. In this work, we present (1) an integrated and simplified hazard map and (2) more detailed scenario-based hazard maps showing the areas affected by the different expected volcanic phenomena attempting to account for this great diversity of eruptive processes. The maps represent the basis to identify the main hazard zones during a future eruption and the related impacts on population and infrastructure within the area of influence of Ceboruco (~ 700 km2), as well as for undertaking subsequent vulnerability and risk analyses. The maps provide a tool to develop measures of prevention and mitigation of volcanic hazards (preparedness of the population, establishment of evacuation routes and refuges, etc.), as well as for decision-making by authorities during territorial planning (urban expansion for example). The integrated simplified hazard map can also be a tool for dissemination purposes, in order to create awareness of associated hazards derived from a possible future activity of the volcano among the public in general. This is important because in the western sector of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (and specifically in the State of Nayarit) most volcanic edifices (with the exception of Colima volcano) are closed-vent volcanoes (sealed volcanic vent vs. open-vent systems) with long repose periods (up to ~ 16,000 years for example in the case of San Juan volcano 60 km to the W), a situation that consequently and unfortunately has led to a practically nonexistent volcanic risk perception.