Natural Water Research Articles

The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts - Challenges and Perspectives in Polyelectrolytes.

Polyelectrolytes offer unique properties for biological applications due to their charged nature and high water solubility. Here, the challenges in their synthesis and characterization techniques are reviewed, emphasizing that their strong interactions with the surrounding media and counterions must be considered when working with this interesting class of materials. Their potential in complexation for gene delivery, their unique stealth and anti-fouling properties, and their more specific interactions with amino acid transporters for cancer therapy are highlighted. The underlying mechanisms responsible for their biological efficacy, including the proton sponge effect for endosomal release and their interactions with cellular membranes, are addressed. For polyelectrolytes with a high level of usage, an overview is given of their historical context. This Perspective outlines the potential of polyelectrolytes for innovative applications in the field of biomedicine. Considering the physicochemical characteristics of this class of materials, this work strives to elucidate the distinctive properties and applications of polyelectrolytes.

OCCURRENCE OF ALKALINE WATERS IN THE SOUTHERN APUSENI MOUNTAINS (ROMANIA) – RESULTS OF A PRELIMINARY SURVEY

Consumption of alkaline water by the general population has increased over the past two decades, as certain customers value this type of water for its presumed ability to promote health. In spite of the commercial interest for natural alkaline water sources suitable for drinking purposes, relatively few scientific publications related to the occurrence of these waters are available. This article presents the results of a preliminary survey for alkaline water in the Southern Apuseni Mountains. This region has been selected as study area due to the presence of limestones and ophiolitic rocks, very often in contact with each other, both having the potential to bring the pH of natural waters to the alkaline range. A total of 78 sampling points, represented by streams, lakes, springs and dug wells have been investigated, and the physico-chemical common parameters were measured in the field. Alkaline water with pH above 8.0 has been found in almost 29 sampling points, out of which 7 points had a pH above 8.5. Most of the points were represented by surface running water. The prospective areas, as identified by this survey, correspond to Trascau Mts., and to the western (predominantly ophiolitic) part of the Metaliferi Mts. The data included in this paper may represent the starting point for a systematic survey and for a detailed study of the potential alkaline water resources in the study area.

Use of water bodies by the collared peccary Pecari tajacu (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) in the Maya Forest, Mexico

Water availability is a critical factor influencing the abundance and distribution of species, particularly in environments where it is scarce. This study aimed to assess the visit frequency index (VFI, a proxy for abundance) and activity patterns of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) at various natural and artificial water sources in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico. We employed camera trapping from January to December 2020, monitoring 30 water bodies: 10 artificial water troughs, 10 natural aguadas (depressions where rainwater accumulates), and 10 sartenejas (erosion-formed cavities in rocky soils that collect rainwater). Our results indicate that P. tajacu utilized sartenejas (VFI = 29.92 records/trap-days) and water troughs (VFI = 22.08 records/trap-days) more frequently than aguadas (VFI = 6.54 records/trap-days). The daily activity patterns of P. tajacu were predominantly diurnal at water troughs and aguadas, while activity at sartenejas was cathemeral. Despite being a species known for its reliance on water sources, the VFI recorded in this study was lower compared to previous studies. This decrease is likely linked to increased water availability in the region during the study period, which may have led to avoidance behavior by P. tajacu due to the presence of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) and predators such as jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor), which were more abundant at the aguadas. Considering the rapid progression of climate change and the increasing occurrence of extreme drought and rainfall events in the region, it is crucial to deepen our understanding of the relationships between water availability and the population dynamics of wildlife species. This knowledge will be essential for developing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on biodiversity.

Engineering the Local Electronic Configuration of Diatomic Iron-Nickel Site for Enhanced Nitrate and Ammonia Co-Electrolysis Activity.

Anthropogenic activities have caused a significant rise in nitrate and ammonia nitrogen levels in natural water bodies, disrupting the balance of the nitrogen cycle. The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate and the oxidation of ammonia are promising strategies for converting polyvalent nitrogen into nontoxic and harmless N2. Herein, a bifunctional electrode loaded with diatomic iron-nickel site on porous N-doped carbon (FeNi-NC) is designed and successfully applied for the co-electrolysis of nitrate and ammonia. The incorporation of the Fe atom shifts the partial density of states of Ni 3d away from the Fermi level and suppresses the 3d-2π* coupling between Ni sites and superficial N2, leading to the easy desorption of N2 intermediates. Consequently, the Faradaic efficiencies of FeNi-NC for N2 production at the cathode and anode are 90.3% and 99.4% at 1.8V, respectively, and an electricity consumption saving of 19.4% is achieved. This work provides a feasible strategy to regulate the electronic configuration of atomically dispersed catalysts for sewage treatment.

Distribution of Uranium in the Water-rock System within the Ob-Zaisan Orogen

The distribution of uranium in the water-rock system in contrast hydrogeological conditions of granitoid massifs, contact zones and different-aged sedimentary complexes of the Ob-Zaisan orogen is considered. It was revealed that the uranium content in waters varies from 6.71・10-4 to 1162.81 μg/dm3, and γ (234U/238U) values range from 1.3 to 18.0. The maximum values of 234Ue were recorded in waters sampled within the granitoids of the Ob and Barlak complexes, which are the main sources of uranium in natural waters of the studied region. It is shown that the data on waterbearing rocks confirm these facts, namely, the average uranium concentrations vary from 2.6 g/t in sedimentary rocks to 9.6 g/t in magmatic rocks. At the same time, intrusive complexes of the Kolyvan granitoid massif are the most enriched with uranium (up to 65.1 g/t).

Assessment of microplastic content in natural waters and sediments: sampling and sample preparation

Aquatic ecosystems are the primary reservoir for microplastics entering the environment. Assessing the content of microplastics in natural waters and sediments is a critical task necessary for evaluating the pollution levels of water bodies, identifying sources of pollution, and assessing potential risks to aquatic life. To date, there is no universal analytical approach for extracting microplastics from natural waters and sediments for subsequent identification. This review summarizes information on methods of microplastic sampling from natural waters and sediments and methods of sample preparation, including techniques for separating particles by size and density, as well as methods based on the chemical decomposition of samples to remove natural organic matter. Additionally, the classification of microplastics, as well as general information about the content of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and their potential toxicity, are described.

The effect of temperature on the activity of microorganisms in the area of the Bureiskiy Landslide

The manuscript presents the results of experimental studies of the adaptive potential of microorganisms that are part of the bacterioplankton of the surface and bottom water layers of the Bureiskoe Reservoir in the zone of the landslide that descended in the winter of 2018. In the summer of 2022, the structure and activity of microbial complexes from area near the landslide were studied. More than 60 strains of microorganisms of different physiological groups were isolated. On the example of 4 strains isolated from different habitats (above and below the landslide body, surface and bottom layers of water) after 30 days of freezing at a temperature of –18°C, their viability and activity in the utilization of easily available nitrogen-containing organic substances were shown. In experimental cyclic freezing-thawing, two variants of thawing were used: slow thawing in a refrigerator from –18°C to +4°C; fast defrosting over a wide temperature range from –18°C to +23°C (at room temperature). Regardless of location, all strains grew vigorously in vitro with use of a readily available peptone carbon source before and after freezing. The maximum activity on peptone was shown by strain 40 BB (below the landslide body, bottom water) in the absence of substrate change. Utilization of peptone as a source of amino acids and peptides could be accompanied by activation of the protective function against cold stress. The selected strains of microorganisms differed in their ability to transform sodium humate molecules depending on the conditions of the freeze/thaw cycles. According to the spectral characteristics, significant changes in the aliphatic and aromatic components of the humate molecule occurred with the participation of strains 45 AB and 40 BB isolated from the bottom water. These strains were more active at low thawing temperatures, which actually corresponded to the in situ temperature of the bottom water layers, which is 4–6°C. Strain 13 BS from surface water sampled below the landslide body is characterized by active transformation of the aromatic component of humic substances in a wide range of thawing temperatures (from –18 to +23°C). The results indicate that in different regions during the thawing of permafrost and the influx of specific organic substances the specific mechanisms of formation of the quality of natural waters may manifest.

ТРАДИЦИОННОТО НАРОДНО ЛЕЧИТЕЛСТВО В ТУРСКАТА КУЛТУРА

Folk healing dates back to ancient times and it is the practice of the first people faced with natural events born from the relationship between humans and nature. Traditional medicine, also known as folk medicine or folk healing, is a part of the culture of protecting and restoring people's health and includes accumulated empirical knowledge that serves to diagnose and treat various diseases. It meets to a large extent the needs of society in periods when modern medicine was not developed. The purpose of this study is to discover the main medicinal plants and animal products that our ancestors and the modern Turkish population used for medicinal purposes, as well as some beliefs related to the healing power of the natural elements water, clay/earth, wood and stone, some of which are directly related to the healing practices in Northeastern Bulgaria. At the same time, the healing properties of the herbs and animal products used by the people in the past will be presented, as well as examples of healing practices related to medicinal plants and some animal products, which continue to be applied by the Turkish population.

Species assemblages and spatial organization of phytoperiphyton on the surface of nylon halyards in the Eastern Caspian (Aktau Region, Kazakhstan)

Any objects in natural water bodies are gradually colonized by hydrobionts such as algae and microorganisms. This is how phytoperiphyton is formed. In recent decades, more and more plastic objects have ended up in seas and lakes. They are substrates potentially suitable for colonization by aquatic biota. In the coastal Kazakhstan part of the Caspian Sea, no studies have yet been carried out on the microfouling of artificial polymer substrates. At the same time, as our observations have shown, such fouling can form extensive, clearly visible phenomena on a macroscopic scale. In 2023-2024, we conducted studies of phytoperiphyton foulings on nylon halyards anchored at rocky bottom at a depth of 15 m, at two different locations at distances at least 2 nautical miles from the shore. The 8 mm diameter halyards were stretched from anchors on the bottom to floating buoys at the sea surface, where floating buoys were suspended from them. These two halyards originally served to hold instruments deployed to measure coastal currents (Zavialov et al., 2024). In the first deployment, the halyards were exposed for 8 months (September 2023 - April 2024), in the second one - 4 months (June 2024 - September 2024). In both cases, multi-species phytoperiphyton was formed, whose specific features of composition and spatial organization are described in detail in this article.

Multi-Analytical Approach for the Acid-Base, Thermal and Surface Properties Assessment of Waste Biomasses.

A multi-analytical approach was used to comprehensively characterize the acid-base, thermal, and surface properties of agri-food processing wastes (i.e., original and pre-treated bergamot, grape and olive pomaces). These biomasses, often underutilised and inadequately studied in terms of their physicochemical properties, were investigated under varying ionic strength conditions at t = 25 °C. This investigation uniquely integrates multiple advanced techniques: Brunauer-Emmett-Teller porosimetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared, and potentiometry to provide a holistic understanding of these biomasses potential for environmental remediation. The modelling of ionic strength-dependent acid-base behaviour, established using an extended Debye-Hückel-type equation, revealed the dominant role of carboxylic groups as active sites across all pomace types, although with variations in abundances across the different samples. Additionally, morphological analysis highlighted the presence of irregularly shaped particles, heterogeneous size distributions, and distinct thermal stability trends, with grape pomace exhibiting the highest mass loss. These findings underscore the significant potential of these biomasses for the remediation of cationic pollutants from natural waters. Moreover, this comprehensive characterisation not only advances the understanding of agri-food waste valorisation but also provides a robust framework for designing targeted strategies in environmental applications.

Assessing the Alignment of Brazilian Local Government Plans with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals

Government plans are crucial for strengthening democratic regimes by defining clear policies and priorities, and by serving as essential channels of communication with voters and social groups within electoral systems. The political commitment to align these plans with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda reflects an effort to integrate global priorities into local agendas. Such alignment is critical for fostering sustainable and inclusive progress. However, despite its importance, research on the intersection between government plans and the SDGs remains limited. In this study, we used natural language processing (NLP), artificial intelligence, and statistical analysis to examine the government plans of ten candidates in the 2022 gubernatorial election in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Our analysis identified key policy topics, explored patterns and trends, and assessed alignment with the 17 SDGs across the social (SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 16), environmental (SDGs 6, 13, 14, and 15), and economic (SDGs 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12) dimensions. The findings emphasize the need for government plans that are more closely aligned with sustainable development goals and that demonstrate a strong political commitment to addressing critical issues, particularly the impacts of climate change. This is especially urgent for the state of São Paulo, which faces significant challenges, including natural disasters, heat waves, flooding, water scarcity, and infrastructure deficiencies.

Preparation and research of natural water ultrafiltration membranes based on polyethersulfone

Preparation and research of natural water ultrafiltration membranes based on polyethersulfone

A Comprehensive Study of Heavy Metals in Centralized Drinking Water Sources of the Yangtze River Basin: Levels, Sources, and Probabilistic Health Risk

The water quality of centralized drinking water sources (CDWSs) in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) has received widespread public attention. Regrettably, due to the lack of large-scale and high-frequency monitoring data, the trends, sources, and risks of heavy metals (HMs) in the water of CDWSs in the YRB are still unclear. In addition, the correlation between HMs and water quality parameters in natural water has not been established, which greatly affects the efficiency of water management. Herein, we collected data for eight HMs and twelve water quality physical–chemical parameters from 114 CDWSs in 71 prefecture-level cities in the YRB region. An unprecedented spatial distribution map of HMs in the YRB region was drawn, and the response of HMs to water quality and nutrient levels was studied. Overall, the level of HM pollution was low, but the threat of chloride, nitrogen, and phosphorus still exists. The detection rates of the eight HMs ranged from 60.00% (Ti) to 99.82% (Fe), and the mean concentrations were ranked as follows: Fe (36.576 ± 36.784 μg/L) > Mn (7.362 ± 7.347 μg/L) > Ti (3.832 ± 6.344 μg/L) > Co (2.283 ± 3.423 μg/L) > Se (0.247 ± 0.116 μg/L) > Cd (0.089 ± 0.286 μg/L) > Be (0.054 ± 0.067 μg/L) > Tl (0.015 ± 0.012 μg/L). In the large geographic area, the total concentrations of the eight HMs exhibited a fluctuating decay trend over time from 2018 to 2022. Geographically, industrial and agricultural production and geological coupling factors led to significant spatial heterogeneity in HM concentrations in the following order: midstream > downstream > upstream. Importantly, this study proved that Cl−, SO42−, nitrogen, and phosphorus may drive the absorption and transfer of HMs in natural water. Fortunately, exposure to the eight HMs does not cause adverse health effects in humans.

Water sources selected for immature development of some African rainforest dwelling mosquitoes under different landscapes in Cameroon.

Little is known about the behaviors of African equatorial rain forest mosquito species and their potential role as sylvatic and bridge-vectors of various pathogens of animal and public health. In 2016 and 2017, the diversity and sources of water supporting immature development of mosquitoes in Talangaye Rainforest (South West Cameroon) before, during and after deforestation were investigated. Mosquito eggs, larvae and pupae were collected from 12 natural, seminatural, and artificial water sources and reared to adults. A total of 595 adult mosquitoes belonging to seven genera and at least 43 species were identified. Culex was the most abundant (56.3%) and was encountered in the majority in bamboo pots. Aedes and Uranotaenia species were mostly found in rock pools, while Anopheles and Hodgesia species solely prefer stream pools. In terms of mosquito abundance, rock pools were the most productive (29.91%) followed by bamboo pots (24.7%). Natural sites such as rock pools, tree holes, and stream pools recorded a greater number of species (S = 21, 14 and 12 respectively). During the rainy season, rock pools (46.23%) and bamboo pots (18.7%) were the most productive water bodies, while in the dry season, bamboo pots (35.71%) and stream pools (35.71%) harbored the most mosquitoes. The disturbed and pristine-like habitats had the greatest number of mosquitoes and breeding sites compared to palm plantation. This study provides some useful data on water sources used for immature development of forest mosquito species in Southwest Cameroon and how some species might adapt to changing landscapes, especially due to deforestation.

Synthesis and application of Schiff base as a dual-mode chemosensor for optical determination of aluminium ion content in water samples

Aluminium is highly abundant in the earth's crust and has played a pivotal role in various industries for centuries. Its versatility and abundance have led to its widespread use in everything from food packaging to construction materials. However, this extensive use has also raised concerns about its potential impact on human health and the environment. This study aimed to synthesize and apply a Schiff base molecule, N-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylidene)-o-aminoacetophenone (N-HyNA), as an optical sensor for aluminium ion (Al3+) determination. The synthesis of N-HyNA was achieved with a high yield of 85% through the reaction of 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and 2-aminoacetonephenone. N-HyNA showed a maximum absorption wavelength at 465.0 nm, and fluorescence emission at 357.0 nm with the excitation wavelength of 278.0 nm. Both absorption and fluorescence signals of N-HyNA were selectively quenched in the presence of aluminium ion. Under optimal conditions for Al3+ detection, the absorption mode of N-HyNA with DMSO as a solvent had the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005 ppm and detection range of 0.01 – 2.0 ppm, while the fluorescence mode with EtOH as a solvent had the LOD of 0.013 ppm and detection range of 0.05 – 0.40 ppm. The developed approach demonstrated good agreement in Al3+ determination with the conventional atomic absorption spectroscopic technique when using natural water samples and their standard-spiked samples with recovery ranging from 84.0 – 114.0 %. Additionally, analytical characterization was conducted to investigate the quenching mechanism between Al3+ and N-HyNA, and a computational study was performed to elucidate the binding position of Al3+ in the N-HyNA complex. This developed chemosensor offered a simple and fast, yet accurate and selective detection of Al3+ in water samples.

Advancements in Solid-Liquid Nanogenerators: A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects.

In recent years, the advent of the smart era has confronted a novel "energy crisis"-the challenge of distributed energy provision, necessitating an imperative for clean energy development. Encompassing 71% of the Earth's surface, water stands as the predominant conduit for energy transfer on our planet, effectively harnessing a fraction thereof to fulfill global energy demands. Modern hydropower technology primarily harnesses concentrated low-entropy water energy. However, the majority of natural water energy is widely dispersed in the environment as high-entropy distributed water energy, encompassing raindrop energy, stream energy, wave energy, evaporation energy, and other small-scale forms of water energy. While these energies are readily available, their collection poses significant challenges. Consequently, researchers initiated investigations into high-entropy water energy harvesting technology based on the electrodynamic effect, triboelectric effect, water volt effect, and other related phenomena. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of high-entropy water energy harvesting technologies, encompassing their underlying mechanisms, optimization strategies, and diverse applications. The current bottlenecks of these technologies are comprehensively analyzed, and their future development direction is prospectively discussed, thereby providing valuable guidance for future research on high-entropy water energy collection technology.

The Effects of Anthropogenic Loads on Vegetation Cover and Natural Water Quality in the Ugii Lake Basin, Mongolia

The Ugii Lake Basin, located in central Mongolia, has many natural parks with unique formations and is part of the International Ramsar Wetland Protection Agreement. To establish the "New Kharkhorum" city, it was necessary to plan and evaluate changes to the regional geological environment, including the Ugii Lake Basin. We aimed to assess changes in the vegetation cover, soil, and surface water of the Ugii Lake Basin. Field research, geochemical analysis of soil and surface water, and remote sensing image interpretation methods were used in this study. We interpreted Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data from 2000 to 2022 to investigate changes in vegetation cover. On the basis of this classification, soil and natural water samples were chosen for onsite observations at four locations. As a result, the boundaries of the Ugii Lake Basin have been defined; they are 1017 km long and cover an area of 14,300 km2. Six normalized difference vegetation index categories were identified while the vegetation cover quality in the Ugii Lake Basin was assessed. The pH values of the surface water exceeded the standard by 0.05–0.21 in the area with a high anthropogenic load, whereas the other factors (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na++K+, SO42-, Fe, CI-, CO32-, HCO3-, NO2-, NO3-, and physiochemical parameters) did not exceed the Mongolian National Standard. The pH values in natural water were relatively high near the lake, indicating human activity in the Ugii Lake Basin. Consequently, this should be considered when designing integrated measures to address climate change and anthropogenic impacts in the Ugii Lake Basin.

Synthesis, Structural and Optical Characterizations, and Antibacterial Properties of (NiO)₀.₆(Ag₂O)₀.₄ Nanoparticles in Natural Water

Ensuring access to pristine water is essential for secure domestic and agricultural purposes. Harmful pathogens, especially bacteria, lurking in natural water sources pose a direct threat to human health. Recent breakthrough indicates that nanoparticles (NPs) serve as effective agents for water treatment, harnessing their significant antibacterial properties to purify and safeguard water resources. The current research focused on the synthesis and characterizations of binary (NiO)0.6 (Ag2O)0.4 NPs of varying sizes. Their antimicrobial efficacy was also investigated against total coliform and Escherichia coli in natural surface water samples under both indoor daylight and direct solar radiation conditions. These NPs were synthesized by a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly thermal treatment method utilizing variable amounts of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent. The characterizations verified that decreasing the PVP concentrations from 0.02 to 0.01 g/mL led to an increase in the size of the generated NPs from 20.8 to 25.0 nm. The band gap energy increased with greater PVP concentrations. In indoor daylight, all synthesized NPs revealed a comparable significant antibacterial activity against total coliform and Escherichia coli. Solar radiation enhanced the antibacterial properties, confirming the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized NPs. Under solar radiation, antibacterial efficacy was very high for all particle sizes. Complete inactivation of total coliform and Escherichia coli was achieved after 2 hours of contact time with NPs. This research demonstrates the potential of synthesized NPs for addressing critical water treatment challenges and highlights the importance of ongoing research in this field to safeguard public health and foster sustainable development.

Comparison of adsorption capacity of 4-Nonylphenol on conventional and biodegradable microplastics aged under natural water.

This study investigated the adsorption of 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) on aged microplastics (MPs) composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate)/polylactic acid (PBAT/PLA). Morphological analysis revealed wear, wrinkles, and increased surface roughness in both aged MPs, with X-ray diffraction showing slight increases in crystallinity. Infrared spectroscopy showed an increase in the carbonyl index from 2.78 to 4.37 for PBAT/PLA and 0.51 to 2.32 for PET after aging. The natural water from the San Pedro River in Chile Atacama region (5.91 mS·cm-1 conductivity, 3.25 PSU salinity, 2955mg·L-1 total dissolved solids, 435mg·L-1 CaCO3 hardness) was used as the environmental medium and compared with a 0.01mol·L-1 CaCl2 as a model solution. Kinetic modeling showed a decrease in 4-NP percentage removal from 90.0% (2277μg∙g-1 adsorption capacity) to 50.2% (1268μg∙g-1) for PET and from 86.8% (2087μg∙g-1) to 70.3% (1955μg∙g-1) for PBAT/PLA when comparing the model solution to natural water, with 30 and 84h equilibrium times, respectively. Isotherm data showed that 4-NP/PET fits BET n-layer and Temkin models, while 4-NP-PBAT/PLA fits the Toth and Hill models The ionic composition of natural water induces cation attraction to polarized MPs surfaces, intensifying competition for adsorption sites. This involves ion and molecular cooperation, 4-NP reorientation, external diffusion effects, and surface oxidation variations, which are attributed to explaining the bilayer (PET) and monolayer (PBAT/PLA) formation. This work contributes to understanding MP pollution and the importance of considering the bioplastics life cycle, since their waste presents significant potential to resist external factors for transporting contaminants.

Studies on remediation of neutral red using water insoluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers in aqueous solution

The increasing global contamination of dyes in natural waters has highlighted the need for versatile and effective cleanup methods. In this study, water-insoluble β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers, including CA/β-CD, MA/β-CD, and TA/β-CD, were synthesized by cross-linking β-cyclodextrin with three different organic acids: citric acid (CA), tartaric acid (TA), and malic acid (MA). This synthesis aimed to create polymers with distinct properties by incorporating these acids into the β-Cyclodextrin framework. The resulting polymers were characterized using various advanced analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry. The synthesized polymers were then used to adsorb neutral red dye from aqueous solutions. The study explored various conditions for adsorption, including pH, adsorbent mass, dye concentration, temperature, and contact time, as well as adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Among the polymers, CA/β-CD, with its higher content of carboxyl groups, showed the highest efficiency in adsorbing neutral red dye under all tested conditions. The CA/β-CD adsorbent achieved 92% removal efficiency, with the dye being attracted to the negatively charged carboxyl ions through electrostatic forces, effectively removing it from water. These findings suggest that water-insoluble cyclodextrin-based polymers could be cost-effective adsorbents for removing dye from aqueous solutions.