Natural Science Approach Research Articles

Is it possible to overcome the paradoxes of the modern conceptualization of the Universe?

The article comprehends the natural science approach to the interpretation of the Universe. At the same time, the author relies on the material of studies of the Universe and galaxies conducted by the Russian philosopher Vadim Kazyutinsky, who shows that natural science studies of the Universe are paradoxical and more like a humanitarian discourse. Hannah Arendt's assessment of these studies is no less paradoxical, she argues that the natural science approach has led to the fact that the universe is inaccessible in practice and even unthinkable. In turn, the author argues that cosmology should be classified as a scientific discipline of the humanities type, which does not exclude the presence of various physical and other natural sciences in it. The object of cosmology (similar to the objects of biology, cultural studies, and sociology) cannot be described in one scientific discipline, it is multilevel, and at each level there are different patterns that must be described by different cosmological theories. Implementing this methodology, the author proposes a scheme of three successive terrestrial Universes - "cosmic" (physical), "vital" (biological) and "social". Within the framework of the latter, a person appeared and a culture developed. Each subsequent terrestrial universe included the previous one as its component or substrate. Another understanding of the Universe is proposed, based on the following provisions: a person must re-establish himself in his understanding of the Universe, recognize its presence (conditionality) in his actions; agree that the development of the social universe has acquired a catastrophic character; begin to think through the established sociality in order to understand what needs to be changed. According to the author, the universe resembles a matryoshka doll, including the cosmic, physical, biological, social and noospheric Universes (the latter is just beginning to take shape). At the same time, there are two multidirectional processes in the social universe: one works for man and culture, the other process, due to the diverse orientation that takes place in all Universes, in fact, acts against man and culture. Two important features of the noospheric Universe will have to be the attitude towards salvation and real changes aimed at realizing this attitude.

Certain Methodological Aspects of Constitutional Control Models Construction

The author of the article analyzes doctrinal approaches to the formation of models of constitutional control, identifies the main criteria and principles for the formation of such models, which makes it possible to make legal modeling more accurate. The possibility of applying natural science approaches to constitutional and legal modeling is considered, as well as the models of constitutional control are classified into traditional and other models that allow to more accurately determine the place of a particular model of constitutional control in the system. The principles that can be applied in the study of models of constitutional control are analyzed, in particular, the principle of exhaustive completeness of the study and the principle of mutual exclusion. The first principle assumes rigor in defining the modeling criteria and, accordingly, the scope of the study, the second principle implies that the criteria underlying one model cannot characterize another. The implementation of modeling in relation to constitutional control is most effective in the presence of a wide range of criteria, which makes it possible to reflect the unique characteristics inherent in various control systems.The goals and objectives of the research were the search for criteria for the formation of models of constitutional control, ways to transform the list of modeling criteria from a traditional closed list into a flexible one capable of reflecting the existing features of individual systems of constitutional control, the study of the doctrinal foundations of model formation, including on the basis of natural science knowledge and modeling methodology.During the research, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative legal and formal legal methods, modeling methods, classification, etc. were applied.

SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE DIDACTICS SUBJECT AS THE SCIENCE OF TEACHING AND EDUCATION

The proposed article is devoted to the problem of a scientific approach to the definition of the subject of didactics as an independent science of learning and education. The authors conducted a critical analysis from the standpoint of the natural science approach to learning, determined the methodological basis of didactics as a science that is dual in nature, i.e. epistemology and sociology. In this article, based on a materialistic understanding of the essence of learning, the substantiation of the materiality of learning as a process that can be investigated using scientific methods is given. If we assume that learning is an immaterial process, then we cannot investigate it using scientific methods. Therefore, we proceed from the fact that learning is a material process that obeys the laws of nature. We also proceed from the fact that there is no special spiritual entity that would be behind the learning. All the so-called spiritual or cognitive processes are material phenomena that obey the laws of nature. It is this approach that makes it possible to bring didactics into the category of an independent science.

Empathy in Phenomenological Psychology and Psychotherapy

This study aims to focuses on the problem of access to other minds within phenomenological psychotherapy. The problem is that the Other is at the same time a phenomenon that is constituted by my consciousness and a transcendental subject located in objective reality. The author begins with the materials of the 1925 summer course of lectures given by Husserl in Freiburg, which set out the essence of the “new psychology” project. The new psychology should become an alternative to the natural-scientific approach, and should refer to direct individual experience. Therefore, it has intentional life as an object, refusing excessive theorizing about the psychological phenomena. The psychologist reveals the universal pre-experimental structures of consciousness through intuition, working with a priori forms. Empathy (German: Einfüllung) plays an important role in the work of a psychologist and psychotherapist. Husserl developed his concept of empathy through a rethinking of the theory of empathy by T. Lipps and understood it not as a mirror process, but as a projecting assimilation. Functional commonality allows you to create a bridge between the perceiving subject and the one who is perceived. Husserl’s concept of empathy became the basis for developing a number of productive therapeutic approaches. At the end of the article, two examples of such approaches are given: the phenomenological psychiatry of K. Jaspers and the method of subverbal communication of E. Gendelin.

Improving the Efficiency of the Organization Based on the Automation Criterion

The modern development of information technologies involves their introduction into the technological processes of enterprises and organizations. At the same time, the head of an enterprise or organization is faced with a stream of problems arising in the work of the system he manages, must make timely decisions to identify the flow of problems arising in the system, identify them and neutralize them as soon as possible, for this he needs to have an analytical dynamic solution model. The published literature currently considers models based on the analysis. Consideration of the model on the basis of a natural-scientific approach will allow you to build a model adequate to the situation under consideration, which will bring results. In this study, an analytical dynamic decision model for a decision maker (LPR) has been developed. Formed on the basis of the synthesis process, the transformation of a management decision into a solution model. The solution model will depend on the basic components of the system under consideration for the occurrence of a flow of problems, identification of a flow of problems and neutralization of a flow of problems. The resulting synthesis indicator of the implementation of the management solution allows you to identify the flow of problems in the managed system and neutralize it, as well as to obtain characteristics about the operation of the managed system. By setting the required indicator of the effectiveness of the implementation of a management decision and solving the inverse problem, the manager can obtain the necessary characteristics of the system to guarantee the achievement of the goal of the activity. As a result, the manager receives the automation criterion and, with the help of the resources available to him, adjusts the work of the organization to the required level of the indicator. The automation criterion obtained in the work will be the rule by which the automation of the enterprise takes place, which will allow solving important tasks for the LPR and timely counteract emerging problems in the management system.

Научные подходы к изучению генезиса идей замещающего семейного воспитания в России ХХ века

The article considers substitute parenting in Russia in the XX century, perceived as a pedagogical formative impact on a child in a foster family, from the perspective of rationalist, natural science, modernization, anthro-pological, axiological and synergetic scientific approaches. These approaches allow solving different problems and opening new angles of the phenomenon under study, which makes it possible to represent substitute par-enting in a concise and multifaceted way. The present study proves the necessity of complex application of these approaches, as it allows to comprehend the theoretical and practical features of substitute parenting, to analyze the historical experience of pedagogical support for orphans in Russia in the XX century and, based on the results of the study, improves the quality of organization of substitute parenting at the present stage.

ИСТОКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ МУЗЫКОТЕРАПИИ

Music in the context of therapy poses a question to researchers: what is the scientific basis of music therapy? The scientific works of outstanding representatives of Russian medicine of the XIX - early XX centuries, including experimental research, laid the platform for music therapy as a scientific discipline based on a natural-scientific approach. The first series of experiments on the effects of music on humans was carried out by Professor I.M. Dogel of Kazan Imperial University and initiated further research by I.R. Tarkhanov and I.N. Spirtov in St. Petersburg. These studies were conducted under the supervision of Academician V.M. Bekhterev.

Historical exposomics: a manifesto

AbstractThe exposome complements information captured in the genome by covering all external influences and internal (biological) responses of a human being from conception onwards. Such a paradigm goes beyond a single scientific discipline and instead requires a truly interdisciplinary approach. The concept of “historical exposomics” could help bridge the gap between “nature” and “nurture” using both natural and social archives to capture the influence of humans on earth (the Anthropocene) in an interdisciplinary manner. The LuxTIME project served as a test bed for an interdisciplinary exploration of the historical exposome, focusing on the Belval area located in the Minett region in southern Luxembourg. This area evolved from a source of mineral water to steel production through to the current campus for research and development. This article explores the various possibilities of natural and social archives that were considered in creating the historical exposome of Belval and reflects upon possibilities and limitations of the current approaches in assessing the exposome using purely a natural science approach. Issues surrounding significance, visualization, and availability of material suitable to form natural archives are discussed in a critical manner. The “Minett Stories” are presented as a way of creating new historical narratives to support exposome research. New research perspectives on the history of the Anthropocene were opened by investigating the causal relationships between factual evidence and narrative evidence stemming from historical sources. The concept of historical exposome presented here may thus offer a useful conceptual framework for studying the Anthropocene in a truly interdisciplinary fashion.

Историческая память и нарратив: экологические контексты (размышления над книгой)

The article reflects on I.O. Shchedrina’s book Historical Memory and Nar­rative: Ecological Contexts. This monograph falls within the current trend of turning ecology into a universal interdisciplinary methodological principle. Significant for a modern person environment, its Umwelt, is understood by the author as a complex configuration of symbolic worlds and narratives. One of the most important tasks of ecology today, without solving which it is impossible to overcome the ecological crisis, is the formation of ecological consciousness. I.O. Shchedrina justifies the importance of nature saving not with the help of the usual rational natural-scientific approach, but through the emotional, personal, humanitarian sphere – through human memory, self-awareness, narrative, psychological context. In her analysis I.O. Shchedrina re­lies on a wide range of concepts and authors: from psychological interpreta­tions of self-consciousness (L.S. Vygotsky, R. Burns, St. Klein, J. Kihlstrom, V.V. Stolin and others) to the problem of historical and autobiographical narra­tive studies (D. Dennett, G. Genette, F. Lejeune). In I.O. Shchedrina’s concep­tion one can see development and reinterpretation of the ideas of N.F. Reymers and D.S. Likhachev about the ecology of the spirit and the ecology of culture, although these authors are not directly mentioned. By including the concepts of narrative and historical memory into the ecological discourse, I.O. Shched­rina makes a significant contribution to the development of the most important trend of post-non-classical science – the humanitarization of natural-scientific knowledge.

Mathematical modeling of preemptive management by the stages complex of administrative production

In line with the fundamental reform of the Russia administrative legislation, this article discusses the synthesis of a geoinformation system for preventive management of the full cycle of production on affairs about administrative offenses. According to the Anokhin - Sudakov's theory of functional systems, the tasks of forming a structural image and synthesizing a mathematical model to manage the administrative process stages, as well as the tasks of substantiating the mathematical criterion and its structural and functional implementation to prevent violations of a reasonable time in production on affairs about administrative offenses, were set. According to the law of management object integrity preservation, it is obtained that the opposing side of the administrative conflict counteracts by the joint use of protective (geoinformation), target (enforcement) and providing (geolocation) management subsystems, each of which generates a different contribution to efficiency at the next stage of the administrative process. To create a mathematical model for making a managerial decision, adequately formalized for each stage of the administrative process, a natural-scientific approach to the synthesis of management in conditions of limited resources was used. An analytical dependence is determined, that integrates the functioning regularities of law enforcement, geoinformation and geolocation components of the management system at the stage of administrative practice. When concretizing it, the possibility of representing administrative production by Poisson transitions of the affairs flow about administrative offenses between the states of the administrative process stages in a continuous Markov chain is used. Through modeling a Markov chain by the Kolmogorov - Chapman's equations system the criterion of preemptive management existence of the administrative process stages complex is revealed, allowing under proper efficiency of administrative production to optimize the intensity of identification and neutralization of threats to ensure a reasonable time in the target, protective or providing subsystems of management. The structure and functionality of probabilistic transitions of the affairs flow about administrative offenses, including management procedures, in a Markov chain of administrative production are established by their network modelling based on accumulated observations of administrative statistics. Numerical studies of a synthesized model of preemptive management of administrative production have clarified the effects of disruption of transition processes between states of administrative practice on its efficiency.

The Provenance Study of the Raw Materials of the Ancient Terracotta Found near the Crimean Bridge: Natural-Science Approach

The Provenance Study of the Raw Materials of the Ancient Terracotta Found near the Crimean Bridge: Natural-Science Approach

Ecological scenario of the plague microbe <i>Yersinia pestis</i> speciation underlying adequate molecular evolutionary model

It is known that the psychrophilic pseudotuberculosis microbe serotype 1 (Y. pseudotuberculosis 0:1b) causing Far East scarlet-like fever (FESLF) an intestinal infection found in a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates inhabiting cold regions in the Northern and Central Asia as well as Far East is direct ancestor of the plague causative agent Yersinia pestis. However, the mechanism of Y. pestis speciation remains poorly elucidated. Numerous Y. pestis phylogenies created by using molecular genetic (MG) technologies are largely contradictory, being not in line with reliable data obtained by natural science approaches (e.g., ecology, epizootology, biogeography, and paleontology), which disagree with current evolutionary doctrine (synthetic theory of evolution). The MG approach provides no definitive answer to the questions of where, when, how, and under what circumstances the species Y. pestis arose. One of the reasons for such situation might be due to inadequacy of using the molecular evolutionary model for Y. pestis phylogenetics. Knowledge of the life cycles for the ancestral pseudotuberculosis and derivative plague microbes as well as related unique environmental features allows to create a reliable ecological model for the plague microbe evolution to be further used for assessing patterns of molecular variability and building proper molecular model that might be accepted for MG-reconstruction of plague microbe history. According to the ecological model, the species Y. pestis was formed in a tritopic manner (almost) simultaneously from FESLF clones (populations) in the three geographical populations of the Mongolian marmot-tarbagan (Marmota sibirica) and the flea Oropsylla silantiewi parasitizing on it. The inducer of speciation was coupled to the last maximum (Sartan) cooling in Central Asia occurred 2215 thousand years ago. Soil cooling and deep freezing resulted in altered behavior of the marmot flea larvae with emergence of facultative hematophagy, which, in turn, led to a unique traumatic (compared to routine alimentary) infection route of sleeping marmots with FESLF and, as a result, a unique way of Y. pestis speciation. The molecular model should predict a Y. pestis peripatric tritope speciation, existing numerous parallelisms in intraspecific variability associated with tritope speciation, and the quantum principle of speciation in the highly variable heterothermic (heteroimmune) stressful marmot-flea (Marmota sibirica Oropsylla silantiewi) host-vector environment involving stress-induced mutagenesis. Such molecular model of evolution may be useful for improving molecular methodology of phylogenetic constructions for a wide range of parasitic microorganisms.

Benefit, View, and Alternative of Social Forestry Program in Two Reference Groups, Pemalang Regency

Social forestry program expected to give space for people in forest management, improve livelihood, and conserve the environment at once to decrease poverty rate on people who live around the forest. This article aims to describe the benefit of community member which is complemented by deepening of view and alternative of social forestry program in Kelompok Tani Hutan Gunung Gajah Lestari (KTH GGL) and Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan Rawa Sakti (LMDH RS). Qualitative approach in case study form is used which interview 49 informants include managements and members that accompanied by focus group discussion as data triangulation which processed by Nvivo application and Microsoft Excel. The result shows social forestry program has viewed giving benefit although it felt not optimal by the members in both groups. However, rough calculation on utilization of forest areas tends possibly to contribute around Rp.1,5-3 million rupiah/planting period. The utilization of forest areas is revival means or additional income where social-economic context is needed to be understood on identify commodity alternative that can be developed in the further time. The rest is the need for natural science approach which can answer the confusion of community to find alternatives commodity which more give revenue.

Ancient plastid genomes solve the tree species mystery of the imperial wood “Nanmu” in the Forbidden City, the largest existing wooden palace complex in the world

Societal Impact StatementCombining natural and social science approaches to conduct archeological research on wooden cultural relics is important for exploring major aspects of ancient civilizations. The Forbidden City in Beijing, China, is the largest existing wooden palace complex in the world. We examined ancient DNA of imperial wood “Nanmu” specimens taken from representative structural components of the Forbidden City, in order to provide a new perspective on the long‐standing dispute about its species. This allowed us to accurately identify and properly restore these wooden artifacts and improved our understanding of the past interactions between plant distribution, forest resources, and human activities.Summary Exploring the life styles and production methods of past generations using plant resources can help us to improve our understanding of human civilization. Nanmu, known for its high wood quality, was exclusively used for imperial palace construction in the 15th–19th centuries in China, yet its species has been a subject of long‐standing debate. Here, we revisit this unresolved problem, using morphology and ancient DNA (aDNA) to analyze 21 centuries‐old Nanmu specimens sampled from representative palaces of the Forbidden City. Cytochemical staining demonstrated that endogenous aDNA sporadically occurs in the wood ray parenchyma cells of Nanmu specimens. High‐quality plastid genomes were retrieved from archeological woods for the first time via an aDNA capture method, with 90%–100% coverage (137,663–152,805 bp) and sequence depths of 27.05‐ to 1409.94‐fold. Utilizing these ancient genomes, our results demonstrate that Phoebe zhennan and Phoebe hui are most likely the main species of Nanmu in the Forbidden City. This finding diverges from the prevailing view that Nanmu encompasses woods from the whole genus Phoebe and even its close relative Machilus. It also shows that stringent criteria were used when selecting construction materials for the Forbidden City. By combining morphological traits with aDNA analyses, we provide a new solution for identifying the species of timber used for ancient architecture, and we increase our understanding of the way in which forest resources were recognized and utilized by our ancestors despite the lack of a plant taxonomic framework in ancient times.

A. P. Ogurtsov about the humanitarian-anthropological turn

The article discusses the concept of the humanitarian-anthropological turn formulated by the famous Russian philosopher Alexander Pavlovich Ogurtsov. He analyzes Dilthey's views, showing that he is not only the initiator of humanitarian discourse, but, in fact, is developing a new direction of philosophy alternative to the natural science approach. The author analyzes the situation that necessitated the development of this direction, as well as the concepts of "life", "history", "understanding", "expression" and "experience", which Dilthey puts at the basis of his philosophical system. He shows that the essential feature of these concepts is a double modality. On the one hand, history (respectively, life, understanding, expression, experience) is “singular”, that is, it changes not according to some law, but due to random circumstances, on the other hand, life changes quite lawfully, under the influence of the mechanisms of culture, language , economics, relationships between people, technology. Dilthey's interest in a holistic analysis of life is explained. The author shows that within the framework of humanitarian and anthropological study, the integrity of life is determined by a number of factors: the problem that the researcher solves, the narratives and texts available to him, the methodology of humanitarian knowledge. In other humanitarian studies, these factors will change, and therefore the integrity of life will also change. It turns out that the integrity of life, over which Dilthey struggled, is not independent of the researcher, his personality and life, it is constituted in the very process of humanitarian knowledge, partly as a singular, partly natural phenomenon.

A.P. Ogurtsov on the humanitarian and anthropological turn

The author discusses the concept of the humanitarian-anthropological turn formulated by the famous Russian philosopher Alexander Pavlovich Ogurtsov. He analyzes the views of V. Dilthey, showing that he is not only the initiator of the humanitarian discourse, but also, in fact, develops a new humanitarian and spiritually oriented direction of philosophy alternative to the natural science approach. The author analyzes the situation that necessitated the development of this direction, as well as the concepts of "life", "history", "understanding", "expression" and "experience", which Dilthey puts at the foundation of his philosophical system. He shows that the essential feature of the listed concepts is a double modality and discursivity. On the one hand, history (respectively, life, understanding, expression, experience) is "singular", that is, it does not change according to some law, but due to random circumstances, on the other hand, life changes quite lawfully, under the influence of the mechanisms of culture, language, economics, human relationships, technology. Dilthey's interest in the holistic analysis of life is explained. The author shows that within the framework of humanitarian and anthropological study, the integrity of life is determined by a number of factors: the problem that the researcher solves, the narratives and texts available to him, the methodology of humanitarian cognition. In other humanitarian studies, these factors will change, therefore, the integrity of life will also change. It turns out that the integrity of life, over which Dilthey struggled, is not independent of the researcher, his personality and life, it is constituted in the very process of humanitarian cognition, partly as a singular, partly a natural phenomenon.

«A lot of quotes, a lot of grief, but little scientific» A few comments on the discussion (questions to the authors of the review and article) «The crisis of natural science and humanitarian approaches in psychiatry»

The discourse is based on a review (article) by I.M.Zislin on an article by N.G. Neznanov et al. (Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 2019;1: 8-15). Based on the methodology and philosophy of science, the key words of the review are discussed. The subject of psychiatry as a medical (clinical) science is analyzed — the same for all its sections, taking into account the principle of demarcation. The humanitarian approach is reduced to the humanitarian (axiological, pragmatic) paradigm of psychiatry, in particular, the crisis of psychology. The importance of including spirituality in the biopsychosocial model (BPS model), mainly through psychotherapy, is pointed out.

Exploring pastoralists\u2019 perceptions of desertification tipping points in Namibia\u2019s communal drylands: An ethnographic case study from Okakarara constituency

Most studies and conceptualizations of tipping points in environmental and climatic systems have been conducted using natural science perspectives and approaches. Socio-scientific contributions—including Anthropology—are scarce. This has resulted in a limited understanding of the socio-cultural dimensions of tipping point phenomena at the local level. This paper contributes to ongoing discussion and provides an ethnographic study of local perceptions of desertification tipping points (DTPs) amongst Ovaherero pastoralists in Namibia’s semi-arid Okakarara constituency. Following a qualitative approach, this study shows that experienced farmers are aware of these phenomena and have accumulated extensive knowledge enabling them to identify and anticipate DTPs in different, complementary ways. The paper discusses how DTPs are managed in a communally farmed setting and presents the challenges that livestock farmers face in practical prevention of DTPs.

The experience of paradigmatic generalization of philosophical, religious and mystical foundations of humanitarian and natural-scientific approaches in psychological science

The experience of paradigmatic generalization of philosophical, religious and mystical foundations of humanitarian and natural-scientific approaches in psychological science

'n Onwaarskynlike onderneming: 'n Ondersoek na die kritiek op fundamentele pedagogiek

Hierdie artikel begin met 'n kort skets van my professionele oorgang as natuurwetenskaplike na dié van 'n fenomenologiese navorser in Opvoedkunde, aanvanklik in Opvoedkundige Sielkunde, soos geïnspireer deur die fenomenologiese navorsing deur die Fakulteit Opvoedkunde by die Universiteit van Pretoria. Ek was geïnteresseerd toe ek 'n verwoestende kritiek oor hierdie studies gelees het, wat geensins ooreengestem het met my eie begrip van die vakgebied nie. Dit het my gelei om die redes vir hierdie teenstrydighede te ondersoek, wat dan die hoofargument van hierdie artikel is. Die fenomenologiese metode wat in Pretoria gebruik word, word aanvanklik kortliks uiteengesit, veral die belangrikheid van die fenomenologiese reduksie (bracketing) om hierdie vraag te probeer beantwoord. Hierna bied ek my begrip van die fundamentele pedagogiek aan en die aspekte daarvan wat ek verdedig. Dan beskou ek in detail enkele bewerings van Suransky-Dekker (1998) oor die verband tussen Langeveld se pedagogiek en fundamentele pedagogiek in die konteks van apartheidsonderwys. Ten slotte oorweeg ek 'n paar van haar spesifieke aansprake oor fundamentele pedagogiek noukeurig om die moontlikheid aan te toon dat die verskil in die begrip of interpretasie van die betekenis van fundamentele pedagogiek moontlik kan verband hou met die feit dat fenomenologiese reduksie (bracketing) van krag is, al dan nie.