Natural Rewards Research Articles

A bias towards natural rewards away from gambling cues in gamblers undergoing active treatment

BackgroundDisorders of substance and behavioral addiction are believed to be associated with a myopic bias towards the incentive salience of addiction-related cues away from general rewards in the environment. In non-treatment seeking gambling disorder patients, neural activity to anticipation of monetary rewards is enhanced relative to erotic rewards. Here we focus on the balance between anticipation of reward types in active treatment gamblers relative to healthy volunteers. MethodsFifty-three (25 gambling disorder males, 28 age-matched male healthy volunteers) were scanned with fMRI performing a Monetary Incentive Delay task with monetary and erotic outcomes. ResultsDuring reward anticipation, gambling disorder was associated with greater left orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatal activity to erotic relative to monetary reward anticipation compared to healthy volunteers. Lower impulsivity correlated with greater activity in the dorsal striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to erotic anticipation in gambling disorder subjects. In the outcome phase, gambling disorder subjects showed greater activity in the ventral striatum, ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex to both reward types relative to healthy volunteers. ConclusionsThese findings contrast directly with previous findings in non-treatment seeking gambling disorder. Our observations highlight the role of treatment state in active treatment gambling disorder, emphasizing a potential influence of treatment status, gambling abstinence or cognitive behavioral therapy on increasing the salience of general rewards beyond that of gambling-related cues. These findings support a potential therapeutic role for targeting the salience of non-gambling related rewards and potential biomarkers for treatment efficacy.

Input-specific modulation of murine nucleus accumbens differentially regulates hedonic feeding

Hedonic feeding is driven by the “pleasure” derived from consuming palatable food and occurs in the absence of metabolic need. It plays a critical role in the excessive feeding that underlies obesity. Compared to other pathological motivated behaviors, little is known about the neural circuit mechanisms mediating excessive hedonic feeding. Here, we show that modulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior paraventricular thalamus (aPVT) excitatory inputs to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key node of reward circuitry, has opposing effects on high fat intake in mice. Prolonged high fat intake leads to input- and cell type-specific changes in synaptic strength. Modifying synaptic strength via plasticity protocols, either in an input-specific optogenetic or non-specific electrical manner, causes sustained changes in high fat intake. These results demonstrate that input-specific NAc circuit adaptations occur with repeated exposure to a potent natural reward and suggest that neuromodulatory interventions may be therapeutically useful for individuals with pathologic hedonic feeding.

항공서비스 전공 대학생의 셀프리더십과 자기효능감이 취업준비행동에 미치는 영향 연구 : 자기효능감의 매개효과를 중심으로

As the number of airline service majors in domestic universities increases, related research is also increasing. However, prior research on self-leadership of college student majoring in airline services is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of self-leadership on self-efficacy and employment preparation behaviour of college student majoring in airline services. This study found that self-leadership affected self-efficacy of sub factors of constructive thought pattern strategies, natural reward strategies and behavioral-focused strategies in sequence. Self-leadership affected employment preparation behavior and self-efficacy also affected employment preparation behavior. Mediating effect of self-efficacy between self-leadership and employment preparation behavior was verified. To conclude, this researcher suggests the students guided to develop self-leadership and self-efficacy to intensify employment preparation behavior to accomplish their goal to be an airline cabin crew.

Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-leadership

Procrastination has been recognized as the quintessence of self-regulatory failure. Self-leadership strategies operate within the broader theoretical context of self-regulation and represent a complementary set of strategies designed to improve the self-regulation process. This study is the first to investigate the association between self-leadership with academic procrastination in a sample of 533 Chinese college students. We included the three primary self-leadership strategies in multiple regression models as well as various demographic variables, self-efficacy, trait anxiety, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. All the three primary self-leadership strategies of behavior-focused strategies, natural reward strategies, and constructive thought pattern strategies significantly predicted the students' academic procrastination, in addition to increased neuroticism and lower conscientiousness. Further, the multivariate regression showed that the self-leadership sub-strategies of self-reward, self-goal setting, self-talk, task-based natural rewards, and task-relation-based observation significantly predicted the students' academic procrastination. The findings of this study suggest that practicing relative self-leadership strategies may reduce students' procrastination.

Consolidating the Circuit Model for Addiction.

Addiction is a disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and consumption observed in 20-30% of users. An addicted individual will favor drug reward over natural rewards, despite major negative consequences. Mechanistic research on rodents modeling core components of the disease has identified altered synaptic transmission as the functional substrate of pathological behavior. While the initial version of a circuit model for addiction focused on early drug adaptive behaviors observed in all individuals, it fell short of accounting for the stochastic nature of the transition to compulsion. The model builds on the initial pharmacological effect common to all addictive drugs-an increase in dopamine levels in the mesolimbic system. Here, we consolidate this early model by integrating circuits underlying compulsion and negative reinforcement. We discuss the genetic and epigenetic correlates of individual vulnerability. Many recent data converge on a gain-of-function explanation for circuit remodeling, revealing blueprints for novel addiction therapies.

Response inhibition in problematic social network sites use: an ERP study

Given the current literature debate on whether or not Problematic Social Network Sites Use (PSNSU) can be considered a behavioral addiction, the present study was designed to test whether, similarly to addictive behaviors, PSNSU is characterized by a deficit in inhibitory control in emotional and addiction-related contexts. Twenty-two problematic Facebook users and 23 nonproblematic users were recruited based on their score on the Problematic Facebook Use Scale. The event-related potentials were recorded during an emotional Go/Nogo Task, including Facebook-related, unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral pictures. The amplitudes of the Nogo-N2 and the Nogo-P3 were computed as measures of the detection of response conflict and response inhibition, respectively. Reaction times and accuracy also were measured. The results showed that problematic users were less accurate on both Go and Nogo trials than nonproblematic users, irrespective of picture content. For problematic users only, the Nogo-P3 amplitude was lower to Facebook-related, pleasant, and neutral than to unpleasant stimuli, suggesting less efficient inhibition with natural and Facebook-related rewards. Of note, all participants were slower to respond to Facebook-related and pleasant Go trials compared with unpleasant and neutral pictures. Consistently, the Nogo-N2 amplitude was larger to Facebook-related than all other picture contents in both groups. Overall, the findings suggest that PSNSU is associated with reduced inhibitory control. These results should be considered in the debate about the neural correlates of PSNSU, suggesting more similarities than differences between PSNSU and addictive behaviors.

Mindfulness: Principles and Application to Decrease Opiate Use in Primary Care With an Osteopathic Component

Mindfulness is a focused approach toward accepting one’s thoughts without judgment or perseveration, with ancient Indo-Sino-Tibetan philosophical origins. Many variations exist; however, they typically include focused attention where one concentrates on a specific sensation such as breathing and open monitoring where one concentrates on consciousness itself. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are specific, organized, targeted methods to teach mindfulness with specific goals. 
 MBIs have shown benefit in pain patients. MBIs teach the individual the concept of pain coping, encouraging cognitive flexibility and attempting to discourage the fear or alarm reaction of pain, instead focusing on the quality of life and functionality. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) showed a 30% significant improvement in pain intensity and pain coping at six months in patients with chronic low back pain, compared to opiates and NSAIDs, which showed no benefit. 
 MBIs have also shown benefit in addiction, as they help the individual relearn to control cravings, habit modification and attempt to restore the natural reward system while improving regulation of emotions. Applications to opiate use disorder are significant as patients learn to enjoy the lifestyle of recovery and learn to believe they can improve. Additionally, other comorbid conditions are known to improve with MBIs and mindfulness-based principles support the holistic principle of mind, spirit and body consistent with osteopathic medicine.

Long-Term Shaping of Corticostriatal Synaptic Activity by Acute Fasting.

Food restriction is a robust nongenic, nonsurgical and nonpharmacologic intervention known to improve health and extend lifespan in various species. Food is considered the most essential and frequently consumed natural reward, and current observations have demonstrated homeostatic responses and neuroadaptations to sustained intermittent or chronic deprivation. Results obtained to date indicate that food deprivation affects glutamatergic synapses, favoring the insertion of GluA2-lacking α-Ammino-3-idrossi-5-Metil-4-idrossazol-Propionic Acid receptors (AMPARs) in postsynaptic membranes. Despite an increasing number of studies pointing towards specific changes in response to dietary restrictions in brain regions, such as the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus, none have investigated the long-term effects of such practice in the dorsal striatum. This basal ganglia nucleus is involved in habit formation and in eating behavior, especially that based on dopaminergic control of motivation for food in both humans and animals. Here, we explored whether we could retrieve long-term signs of changes in AMPARs subunit composition in dorsal striatal neurons of mice acutely deprived for 12 hours/day for two consecutive days by analyzing glutamatergic neurotransmission and the principal forms of dopamine and glutamate-dependent synaptic plasticity. Overall, our data show that a moderate food deprivation in experimental animals is a salient event mirrored by a series of neuroadaptations and suggest that dietary restriction may be determinant in shaping striatal synaptic plasticity in the physiological state.

Circuit selectivity in drug versus natural reward seeking behaviors.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is characterized, in part by behavior biased toward drug use and away from natural sources of reward (e.g., social interaction, food, sex). The neurobiological underpinnings of SUDs reveal distinct brain regions where neuronal activity is necessary for the manifestation of SUD-characteristic behaviors. Studies that specifically examine how these regions are involved in behaviors motivated by drug versus natural reward allow determinations of which regions are necessary for regulating seeking of both reward types, and appraisals of novel SUD therapies for off-target effects on behaviors motivated by natural reward. Here, we evaluate studies directly comparing regulatory roles for specific brain regions in drug versus natural reward. While it is clear that many regions drive behaviors motivated by all reward types, based on the literature reviewed we propose a set of interconnected regions that become necessary for behaviors motivated by drug, but not natural rewards. The circuitry is selectively necessary for drug seeking includes an Action/Reward subcircuit, comprising nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area, a Prefrontal subcircuit comprising prelimbic, infralimbic, and insular cortices, a Stress subcircuit comprising the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and a Diencephalon circuit including lateral hypothalamus. Evidence was mixed for nucleus accumbens shell, insular cortex, and ventral pallidum. Studies for all other brain nuclei reviewed supported a necessary role in regulating both drug and natural reward seeking. Finally, we discuss emerging strategies to further disambiguate the necessity of brain regions in drug- versus natural reward-associated behaviors.

Alcohol and sweet reward are encoded by distinct meta-ensembles

Cue-reward associations form distinct memories that can drive appetitive behaviors and cravings for both drugs and natural rewards. It is still unclear how such memories are encoded in the brain's reward system. We trained rats to concurrently self-administer either alcohol or a sweet saccharin solution as drug or natural rewards, respectively. Memory recall due to cue exposure reactivated reward-associated functional ensembles in reward-related brain regions, marked by a neural cFos response. While the local ensembles activated by cue presentation for either reward consisted of similar numbers of neurons, using advanced statistical network theory, we found robust reward-specific co-activation patterns across brain regions. Interestingly, the resulting meta-ensemble networks differed by the most influential regions, which in case of saccharin comprised the prefrontal cortex, while for alcohol seeking control shifted to insular cortex with strong involvement of the amygdala. Our results support the view of memory representation as a differential co-activation of local neuronal ensembles.This article is part of the special issue on ‘Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse’.

Operant conditioning deficits and modified local field potential activities in parvalbumin-deficient mice

Altered functioning of GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) in the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit are likely to be involved in several human psychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in attention and sensory gating with dysfunctional decision-making behavior. However, the contribution of these interneurons in the ability to acquire demanding learning tasks remains unclear. Here, we combine an operant conditioning task with local field potentials simultaneously recorded in several nuclei involved in reward circuits of wild-type (WT) and PV-deficient (PVKO) mice, which are characterized by changes in firing activity of PV-expressing interneurons. In comparison with WT mice, PVKO animals presented significant deficits in the acquisition of the selected learning task. Recordings from prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus showed significant decreases of the spectral power in beta and gamma bands in PVKO compared with WT mice particularly during the performance of the operant conditioning task. From the first to the last session, at all frequency bands the spectral power in NAc tended to increase in WT and to decrease in PVKO. Results indicate that PV deficiency impairs signaling necessary for instrumental learning and the recognition of natural rewards.

4년제 항공서비스 전공 대학생들의 셀프리더십이 진로결정 자기효능감에 미치는 영향 : 자아존중감의 매개효과를 중심으로

In order to enforce Career decision Making Efficacy of students, this study planes to examine the relationship among Self-Leadership, Self-Esteem, and Career Decision Making Efficacy. First of all, this study examined a theoretical approach followed by a statistical analysis. The self-Communication method was conducted during January in 2020. The valid survey from 340 students majoring in Airline Service was selected and analyzed by SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 Program. The results of findings were as follows: First, only Behavior-Focused Strategies of Self-Leadership shows a significant effects both on Positive and Negative Self Esteem from Self Esteem as well as Goal Selection from Career Decision making Efficacy. Secondly, Natural Reward Strategies only shows significant effects on Positive Self Esteem and Goal Selection from Career decision making efficacy. However, Self Esteem doesn't show any direct and mediation effects on Career Decision Making Efficacy. It is required to adapt appropriate strategies such as self-Leadership reinforcement, counseling, and competence program in order to enhance Self Esteem and Career Decision Making Efficacy.

Self-Leadership, Financial Self-Efficacy, and Student Loan Debt

Self-leadership examines how individuals can motivate themselves through behavior focused strategies, constructive thought patterns, and natural reward strategies. This study examined the potential influence of self-leadership on financial self-efficacy, credit card debt, and student loan debt among college students. Data were collected from a survey of 197 graduate and undergraduate students at a major Midwestern university. The findings suggest students higher in self-leadership tend to have lower student loan debt. Additionally, financial self-efficacy and credit card debt mediate the relationship between self-leadership and student loan debt. The results have implications for the role self-leadership plays in credit card debt, financial self-efficacy, and student loan debt.

Lever-press duration as a measure of frustration in sucrose and drug reinforcement.

Currently there is little research into the role of frustration in substance use disorders despite research showing that frustration tolerance in humans is associated with a lower likelihood of developing substance use problems, better outcomes in recovery, and fewer relapses. In order to address this need, our studies use a rat model to focus on frustration-related behavior in natural reward and addiction-related behavioral procedures. Frustration is defined as when a subject is unable to achieve a reinforcer, receives less of a reinforcer than anticipated, or has to work harder to achieve a reinforcer. In these studies, bar-press durations increase when rats are in a state of frustration during self-administration of sucrose, fentanyl, or cocaine. These data also show that average bar-press durations do not correlate with the number of bar presses, meaning that press duration is an independent measurement that represents a behavioral construct distinct from craving, which is typically measured with number of bar presses. Essentially, these results support that bar press durations can be used as a real-time measure of frustration as a 4th major facet of addiction-related behavior, adding to craving, impulsivity, and habit.

The external validity of delay discounting in the field of substance addiction

<p id="C2">Deficiency in inter-temporal decision making of substance addicts has been consistently confirmed by a lot of studies using monetary Delay Discounting Task. However, the recently emerging evidence from new variants of the monetary Delay Discounting Task (the addictive substance Delay Discounting Task, the Sexual Delay Discounting Task, and the Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task) highlighted some limitations in the single use of this paradigm in the delay discounting study of substance addiction, which need to be considered in terms of external validity. In the first place, delay discounting may be a domain-specific concept and the degree of delay discounting towards money may not equal to delay discounting in other aspects of addicts’ real life, as a drug, sex, and other natural rewards. Besides this, using Single-Commodity Delay Discounting Tasks may oversimplify the complicated process of inter-temporal decision making, while using paradigms like Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Tasks may ecologically simulate dilemmas in addicts’ daily life. Last but not least, the monetary Delay Discounting Task is less sensitive to some clinical traits of addicts than its variant paradigms, it seems that specific tasks definitely have a better predictive effect on specific facets of inter-temporal decision making cared by different researchers from multiple perspectives. Future studies should further enrich and expand the research of Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task in the field of substance addiction to improve external validity, and further, explore the time factors that may affect the process of inter-temporal decision making.

Peri-adolescent exposure to (meth)amphetamine in animal models.

Experimentation with psychoactive drugs is often initiated in the peri-adolescent period, but knowledge of differences in the outcomes of peri-adolescent- vs adult-initiated exposure is incomplete. We consider the existing animal research in this area for (meth)amphetamines. Established for a number of phenotypes, is lower sensitivity of peri-adolescents than adults to acute effects of (meth)amphetamines, including neurotoxic effects of binge-level exposure. More variable are data for long-term consequences of peri-adolescent exposure on motivational and cognitive traits. Moreover, investigations often exclude an adult-initiated exposure group critical for answering questions about outcomes unique to peri-adolescent initiation. Despite this, it is clear from the animal research that (meth)amphetamine exposure during the peri-adolescent period, whether self- or other-administered, impacts brain motivational circuitry and cognitive function, and alters adult sensitivity to other drugs and natural rewards. Such consequences occurring in humans have the potential to predispose toward unfortunate and potentially disastrous family, social and livelihood outcomes.

Self-leadership and job performance of nurses in regional hospitals in Thailand

Objectives Self-leadership is an important factor for nurses which influences the quality of nursing care and job performance. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to explore self-leadership and job performance as well as the relationship between self-leadership and job performance of nurses working in regional hospitals. Methods The participants were 438 nurses working in regional hospitals located in the northern region of Thailand who had been selected using a multi-stage sampling method. Research instruments included a demographic data questionnaire, the Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ) and the Nursing Performance Scale which were translated into the Thai language by the researcher. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient reliabilities of RSLQ, task performance and contextual performance were 0.93, 0.91 and 0.92, respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results The study found that self-leadership of the nurses in regional hospitals was at the moderate level (X = 3.60, SD = 0.52). Self-leadership dimensions of behavior-focused strategies (X = 3.58, SD = 0.52) and constructive thought pattern strategies (X = 3.53, SD = 0.60) were also at moderate levels, while natural reward strategies (X = 3.71, SD = 0.60) was at a high level. Task performance of the nurses (X = 56.82, SD = 9.76) was at a high level, while contextual performance of the nurses (X = 63.29, SD = 10.76) was at a moderate level. Self-leadership of nurses was statistically significantly positively related to task performance and contextual performance at 0.05 (r = 0.40, 0.50 respectively, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions Self-leadership of nurses was statistically significantly positively related to job performance. Nursing administrators can use data obtained from the research as a basis for planning to enhance the self-leadership of nurses, which can improve the quality of performance and result in positive outcomes for enhance nursing service. Chiang Mai Medical Journal 2021;60(1):99-112. doi 10.12982/CMUMEDJ.2021.09

Salvia divinorum increases alcohol intake and tonic immobility whilst decreasing food intake in Wistar rats.

The kappa-opioid system (KOP) is the key in drug abuse. Of all the compounds isolated from Salvia divinorum (S. divinorum), salvinorin-A (Sal-A) is predominant. Further, Sal-A is the only compound within S. divinorum which is reported to have psychoactive properties as a powerful kappa-opioid receptor (KOPr) agonist. Based on the key role of the KOP system in the consumption of drugs, S. divinorum extract (SDE) and Sal-A may modify the alcohol intake in Wistar rats. Assessing voluntary alcohol intake as a drug consummatory behavior, food intake as natural reward behavior and tonic immobility as indicative of anxiety-like behavior, the present study sought to identify the role of both SDE and Sal-A in the Wistar rat model. Forty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, alcohol naive and vehicle, alcohol-naive and SDE, alcohol-naive and Sal-A, alcohol-consumption and vehicle, alcohol-consumption and SDE, and alcohol-consumption and Sal-A. Alcohol and food intake were assessed for two weeks. In the middle of these two weeks, vehicle, SDE (containing ~1 mg/kg of Sal-A) or Sal-A was injected intraperitoneally once a day for a week. Tonic immobility testing was performed once. The administration of SDE produced a significant increase in voluntary alcohol intake especially in rats with a history of forced alcohol consumption from a juvenile age, Sal-A elicited an increase in alcohol intake in animals with or without previous alcohol exposure, SDE and Sal-A prolonged the tonic immobility duration and decreased food intake. In conclusion, S. divinorum or Sal-A stimulated alcohol consumption in rats with a history of alcohol intake and independent of previous exposure respectively, also SDE or Sal-A elicited an anorexigenic effect, and increased tonic immobility as indicative of anxious-like behavior. The kappa-opioid system (KOP) is the key in drug abuse. Of all the compounds isolated from Salvia divinorum (S. divinorum), salvinorin-A (Sal-A) is predominant. Further, Sal-A is the only compound within S. divinorum which is reported to have psychoactive properties as a powerful kappa-opioid receptor (KOPr) agonist. Based on the key role of the KOP system in the consumption of drugs, S. divinorum extract (SDE) and Sal-A may modify the alcohol intake in Wistar rats. Assessing voluntary alcohol intake as a drug consummatory behavior, food intake as natural reward behavior and tonic immobility as indicative of anxiety-like behavior, the present study sought to identify the role of both SDE and Sal-A in the Wistar rat model. Forty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, alcohol naive and vehicle, alcohol-naive and SDE, alcohol-naive and Sal-A, alcohol-consumption and vehicle, alcohol-consumption and SDE, and alcohol-consumption and Sal-A. Alcohol and food intake were assessed for two weeks. In the middle of these two weeks, vehicle, SDE (containing ~1 mg/kg of Sal-A) or Sal-A was injected intraperitoneally once a day for a week. Tonic immobility testing was performed once. The administration of SDE produced a significant increase in voluntary alcohol intake especially in rats with a history of forced alcohol consumption from a juvenile age, Sal-A elicited an increase in alcohol intake in animals with or without previous alcohol exposure, SDE and Sal-A prolonged the tonic immobility duration and decreased food intake. In conclusion, S. divinorum or Sal-A stimulated alcohol consumption in rats with a history of alcohol intake and independent of previous exposure respectively, also SDE or Sal-A elicited an anorexigenic effect, and increased tonic immobility as indicative of anxious-like behavior.

Analyzing Predictors of Organizational Commitment for Organizational Creativity: Interaction Effects of Early Childhood Teachers’ Behavior-focused, Natural Reward, and Constructive Thought Pattern Self-leadership Strategies and Multidimensional Work Environments

본 연구에서는 조직창의성 발현에 중요한 조직몰입의 영향요인을 분석하기 위해 유아교사의 셀프리더십 전략과 다측면적 근무환경의 상호작용효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 유아교사 271명을 대상으로 셀프리더십 전략(행동 중심적, 자연적 보상, 건설적 사고패턴), 다측면적 근무환경(보상 정도, 원장의 지지, 동료교사와의 관계, 전문적 성장의 기회, 의사결정 참여) 및 조직몰입(정서적 몰입, 지속적 몰입, 규범적 몰입)을 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 조절회귀분석 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 유아교사의 셀프리더십 하위전략 중 자연적 보상 전략은 조직몰입에 유의미한 영향력을 미치고, 행동 중심적 전략과 건설적 사고패턴 전략은 유의미한 영향력을 주지 않았다. 유아교사가 지각한 다측면적 근무환경 하위요인은 모두 조직몰입에 유의미한 영향력을 미쳤다. 조직몰입에 대한 셀프리더십과 다측면적 근무환경의 상호작용효과는 셀프리더십 하위전략에 따라 다른 양상으로 나타났다. 구체적으로, 자연적 보상 전략은 근무환경의 보상 정도, 원장의 지지, 의사결정 참여와 부적 상호작용효과를 나타냈다. 반면, 건설적 사고패턴 전략은 근무환경의 의사결정 참여와 정적 상호작용효과를 보였다. 본 연구의 학술적, 실제적 함의와 향후 연구에 대한 방향성을 논의하였다.

Implementation of Leadership Style in Increasing Local Government Innovation

The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of leadership styles in increasing local government innovation. This research method is based on the approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. This research was conducted in North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province, to be precise at the Regent Office of North Luwu Regency. Data collection was carried out through observation and interviews. The results showed that the leader has carried out his function as a spokesman. The output of the aforementioned activities has brought the good name of the North Luwu Regency Government as a regency that has the ability to speak professionally, where organizing international and national scale events require optimal lobbying and negotiations. The implementation of the leader in giving natural rewards to employees turns out to be able to improve performance and motivation on the pretext that the work given is an award because not everyone is able to complete the job well, on the other hand, employees feel that tasks that can be completed properly are opportunities for further increase his potential and competence so that it will be easier to get strategic positions in the future. Leaders play a role in creating a positive mindset towards developing potential employees from various dimensions, namely the dimensions of HR development, the dimensions of skill development, and the dimensions of decision making.