Nature Reserve Fund Research Articles

Analysis of the territorial distribution of facilities of the natural reserve fund of the united territorial communities of the korosten district of the zhytomyr region

Analysis of the territorial distribution of facilities of the natural reserve fund of the united territorial communities of the korosten district of the zhytomyr region

MORPHODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE RELIEF OF THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE POLONYNA PLAIN USING GIS MODELING METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS

The development of forestry, tourism and recreation industries in the mountainous part of the Transcarpathian region contributes to the intensive manifestation of exogenous geomorphological processes. The risk of their manifestation largely depends on the morphometric characteristics of the terrain. The purpose of our research is to analyze the risks of the manifestation of erosion and other morphodynamic processes in the southeastern part of the Polonyna Rivna (Runa). A digital elevation model and morphometric maps of the steepness of the earth's surface and the exposure of the slopes of the study area were compiled. Based on it the GIS model "Risk of manifestation of erosion processes and the state of protection of the slopes of the southeastern part of Polonyna Rivne" was created. Zones with the highest degree of risk of erosion and other geomorphological processes were identified. Their areas and features of distribution were established. The results of the calculations are presented in the tables. The highest degree of risk of erosion processes is characteristic of slopes located west and south of the peaks of Hostra Hora (1,405 m) and Polonyna Runa (1,480 m), as well as in the the territory between the Latoritsa and Vycha rivers. They occupy 18.88% of the study area. The degree of protection of the geocomplexes of the slopes by the objects of the nature reserve fund, the designed structural elements of the regional ecological network of the Transcarpathian region and the Emerald network were clarified. The prospects for the creation of new multifunctional nature reserve institutions here — the regional landscape park "Polonyna Rivna" and the national landscape park "Zhdymyr" — are outlined. The purpose of creation of these environmental protection institutions is to establish nature protection management and conduct monitoring studies. In order to prevent the development of erosive and other geomorphological processes within the most erosively dangerous groups of slopes, it is necessary to prohibit the use of continuous forest felling, wood trawling by dragging, and the movement of tracked forestry and tourist vehicles (quadricycles, jeeps). Key words: Polonyna Rivna (Runa); exogenous geomorphological processes; steepness of the earth's surface; exposure of slopes; nature reserve objects; ecological network; Emerald network.

Dendroflora of the BNAU botanical garden and the prospects for its enrichment in connection with the development of the territory as an object of the nature reserve fund

It is shown that the existing dendroflora of the botanical garden of the BSNA is the basis for providing practical training for students of specialties 206 – Horticulture and 205 – Forestry, as well as for conducting scientific research on issues of dendrology, the introduction of ornamental plants, and the development of practical recommendations for the creation of horticulture objects in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine. The history of the creation of botanical gardens of Ukraine at educational institutions, their role in the development of botanical science, and cognitive value for the training of specialists in natural sciences, as well as their modern aesthetic, educational and environmental role are analyzed. The history of the formation of the biostationary (Botanical Garden) of the BNAU and the formation of its collections is high-lighted. The taxonomic composition, life forms, origin and decorative qualities of woody plants growing in the BNAU Botanical Garden are analyzed. It has been established that currently the dendrocollection of the BNAU Botanical Garden contains 1471 trees, shrubs and vines, which belong to 211 taxa belonging to two divisions of the Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta, 8 subclasses, 27 orders, 35 families, 68 genera. The gymnosperms are represented by one class, 3 orders, 3 families, 10 genera, 23 species and 16 cultivars. From the Pinophyta, the largest number of species (13) and cultivars (19) is united by the family Cupresaceae F. Neger, followed by the family Pianaceae with 13 species and 6 cultivars. From the Magnoliophyta division, the largest number of taxa is represented by the Rosaceae family – 15 genera, 31 species, 2 ornamental forms and 16 cultivars. The second place in terms of representation of genera is occupied by the family Fabaceae Lindl., which is represented in the botanical garden by species from 5 genera. The prospects for enriching the collections of woody plants are revealed, taking into account the reorganization of the biostationary into the BNAU Botanical Garden and the development of its territory as a nature reserve, including further expansion of the collections of woody plants of the Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta departments by representatives of families that are currently absent in the collection, as well as highly decorative species and cultivars that are promising in modern landscaping. The basic principle of organization of the existing and new territory of the Botanical Garden is the formation of collections on a systematic basis, which will allow to use the existing plantings as a basis and supplement them with new taxa. Key words: botanical garden, species, tree, life form, viability, collection, shrub, cultivar, taxon.

BRYOPHYTES OF THE NATURE MONUMENT OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE «TEPLA JAMA» WITHIN THE VOLCANIC CARPATHIANS (UKRAINE)

Among all floristic regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians, the Volcanic Carpathians remain relatively poorly studied in terms of bryological research, and the objects of the low-ranking natural reserve fund are almost not covered by floristic investigations. As a result of our research, 60 species of bryophytes were revealed on the territory of the botanical natural monument of local importance «Tepla Yama», which is about 10% of the bryoflora diversity of the Ukrainian Carpathians as a whole. It was found out that in the taxonomic spectrum of bryophytes, the orders Bryales and Hypnales are the richest. The mosses (Bryophyta) are represented by 2 classes, 8 orders, 24 families, 45 genera and 52 species. The species richness of the families Orthotrichaceae (9 species), Brachytheciaceae (6), Neckeraceae and Amblystegiaceae (by 4), Polytrichaceae and Dicranaceae (by 3 species) reflects the general features of the bryoflora structure of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Epiphytes dominate in terms of substrate preference, which is a characteristic feature of bryophytes in broad-leaved forests. The low amount of decaying wood at this stage of forest phytocenosis development is the reason for the small number of epixylic bryophytes. Several rare montane species were found, occurring mainly in primeval and slightly disturbed forests of the Carpathians and Crimea. Among them are Metzgeria conjugata, Zygodon rupestris, Zygodon viridissimus, Ctenidium molluscum, Grimmia hartmanii, as well as Dicranum viride, which occasionally occurs on the plains and is included in the Red Book of bryophytes of Europe (Hodgest, Lockhart, 2020). Therefore, despite the close location of this forest massif to populated areas and its easy accessibility for tourists, it remains a natural center of a significant diversity of bryophytes, including montane species that are rare in Ukraine. Our research has initiated the monitoring of species diversity of this organism group, which will allow forecasting the development of this forest biogeocenosis in the future.

FOREST PATHOLOGICAL MONITORING OF PINE STANDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE PERGHAN SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH NATURE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT POLISH NATURE RESERVE

FOREST PATHOLOGICAL MONITORING OF PINE STANDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE PERGHAN SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH NATURE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT POLISH NATURE RESERVE

Тяжелые металлы в фитосубстратах — индикаторы антропогенного загрязнения воздуха в промышленном регионе

The ecotopic difference in the accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb) by botanical objects of indicator significance has been proven. To assess air pollution in Donbass, it is recommended to use the species Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid and Bryum argenteum Hedw. to check the accumulation of pollutants in gametophytes and Populus nigra L. on the specific content of the dendroindicator seeds in chalase capillary bristles. The studies were carried out in the the registration sites of the monitoring network in the central Donbass. The plants in the zones of technogenic and particular anthropogenic impacts (industrial enterprises of the metallurgical complex, dumps of coal mines, places of transport load on ecosystems, residential ecotopes) were studied in comparison with the territories of minimal transformation in the zones of the natural reserve fund in the Donetsk region. For the bryophytes of 11 species of the regional natural flora, taxonomic specificity in the accumulation of heavy metals was established, the facts of hyper- and hypoaccumulation in the thalli of bryobionts were noted. Based on the actual accumulation of heavy metals, the facts of the phytogeochemical migration activity of elements in the surface layer of the atmosphere of an industrially intense region were established. Accumulation of heavy metals in bryophytes occurs during precipitation, and in black poplar seeds freely floating in the air, as a result of active capture of dust particles, which causes a difference in accumulation by different phytosubstrates. The facts of the pollen content in other species of poplar fluff have been established, which is also considered in the context of a possible increase in the seasonal allergenic effect in the population. Accumulation of heavy metals in bryophytes occurs with precipitation, and in black poplar seeds freely floating in the air as a result of active capture of dust particles, which causes a difference in accumulation by different phytosubstrates. Pollen content in other species in poplar fluff have been established, which is also considered in the context of a possible increase in the seasonal allergic reactions.

Dealing with the economic and psychological consequences of war: experience economy in local communities

Protected areas and other natural territories are very important part of the Ukrainian economy. Due to the numerous possibilities of protected areas, it can occupy a significant part of the post-war reconstruction's destinations.The methodological approaches of protected areas development are considered as tools of economic and innovative regional development and expansion of investment flows. The post-war market of Ukraine depends on the the recovery level of the country's population, because the innovative forms of economic activity launching presupposes the existence of a healthy society ready of reforms and changes.Taking into account given the above, it is actualized the necessity to find out the essence and role of the facilities of nature reserve fund in the system of balanced economically efficient use of nature, their place in the financial and market infrastructures, the definition of the investment potential of reserve areas. The investigation of the market without inter-study differences was conducted by a quantitative literature review (a meta-analysis). Forming indicators of the most vulnerable society groups were analyzed by the systematization method. The main vectors of innovative growth in the EU countries and the adapting possibility of these tools to the Ukrainian economy were formed by the comparative method. As a result of research, the author analyzed economic, organizational, environmental and social principles protected areas increasing, it is established is considered the protected areas as a code of multitask development and economic stimulation to coperate with business entities.

The current state and prospects of the nature reserve fund of the Volodymyr district of the Volyn region

With the growth of anthropogenic load on the landscape, there is a need to preserve them in their natural state, because the improvement of people's well-being should not be accompanied by the destruction of the surrounding environment. This issue is especially important for cross-border territories, because the problem of environmental protection is one of the priority issues of the European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine. The increase in the area of the nature reserve fund contributes to the preservation of biological diversity in Ukraine and in Europe. This region needs the protection and protection of unique landscapes by bequeathing them, or transferring them to a higher protected category, which will make it possible to preserve unique natural complexes, landscape and biotic diversity, rare and endangered species of animals and plants. Volodymyrskyi district is located on the territory of one polysky (Turiyskyi) and two broad-leaved (Lutskyi and Ivanychivskyi) natural landscape areas. Within the district, the vast majority of nature conservation objects are of local importance, only 1 nature reserve has national status, and there are no national nature parks or nature reserves here either. Nature conservation facilities are very unevenly distributed throughout the district, and there are also communities within which there is none. The largest number of protected areas is in the Zaturtsivska Territorial Community (10), which has both polis and broad-leaved landscapes, and there the conservation rate is 10%. The lowest rate of conservation is 2.9%, despite the fact that there are 9 protected objects, in the Ustilug community. Valuable natural territories reserved for the creation of new or expansion of existing objects of the nature reserve fund have been determined within the district, in particular, such is the promising national nature park «Western Pobuzhzhia», where the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes will be protected and it will stretch along the river valley. The Western Bug and its tributaries Luga.

Evaluation of the carbon capacity of single breed wood stands – elements of the green infrastructure of Kharkiv

The value of the carbon capacity of the elements of the green infrastructure makes it possible to find out the amount of accumulated carbon in plants throughout their life, and, as a result, to establish the provision of the city with green spaces. Purpose. To investigate the carbon capacity of the green infrastructure of the Kharkiv city. Methods. Statistical, modeling methods, methods of measurement and comparison. Results. Six objects of single-breed tree stands of the green infrastructure of the city of Kharkiv were studied: linear protective plantings, green boulevards, where the main species is maple (Acer platanoides) and on the territory of the objects of the nature reserve fund - a regional landscape park and a forest reserve, where the main the species is pedunculated oak (Quercus robur). It was determined that about 60-80% of the total amount of carbon accumulates in the living phytomass of plants, litter deposits from 1 to 7% of carbon, and the rest accumulates in the soil. In living phytomass, the largest share of carbon is accumulated in the trunk of the plant, and the smallest amount is in the leaves. There is a direct dependence of the amount of deposited carbon on the area of green spaces, which increases along with the increase in the area of the facility. The total mass of deposited carbon on six researched objects, with a total area of 252.1 ha, is 48357.47 t, or 191.84 t/ha. Conclusions. A direct relationship between the area of green infrastructure objects and the amount of organic carbon deposited in them has been established. The most carbon accumulates in the living phytomass of plants, namely in the trunk of plants, and the least in the leaves of plants. Oak plantations store more carbon than maple plantations.

Providing the environmental security during the war

This paper is devoted to the problems of ensuring an adequate level of protection of vital human interests in the extremely difficult conditions of the present time. To date, military actions throughout the territory of Ukraine have led to the destruction of infrastructure, a significant number of industrial and municipal facilities, as well as led to a violation of ecological balance and changes in the state of the environment. The blossoming and fertile in the recent past land with optimal natural conditions and significant ecological potential is suffering irreparable losses every day. The ecology of Ukraine, which was formed and actively supported for decades, was duly assessed in terms of environmental capabilities of individual regions and the whole country, has become one of the most ecologically «polluted». The war has made its adjustments. The absolute majority of fertile lands in the south, east and north of Ukraine became unusable for a long time. After all, every shell left on our land is not only toxic explosives, but also toxic fuel that causes damage for thousands of years. Significant negative consequences are caused to natural ecosystems and their elements. But, despite all the existing problems, the issues of protection of fauna, water, land, soil, subsoil, forest resources, air quality and preservation of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund continue to be a priority for our country and civil society. The changes in legislation and their impact on the environmental situation, including the problems of violation of the natural balance of life and the resulting increase in global environmental challenges facing the country's public administration system, are analyzed. The main possible threats to the environmental security of Ukraine are identified and their essence is disclosed on the basis of current legal acts. The main problems on the ways of improving the legal support of food security of Ukraine and the world in the conditions of war are outlined.

RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

According to the results of the study of the nature protection aspect of the russian-Ukrainian war, it was established that since 2014, the russian federation illegally captured and destroyed about 500 objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, with a total area of over 1.2 million hectares. Came under occupation 3 Biosphere Reserves, 14 Nature Reserves, 19 National Natural Parks, dozens Regional Landscape Parks, hundreds Reserves, Sights Nature, Reserve Tracts, Botanical gardens, Dendrological parks, Zoological parks and Parks-sights of garden and park art. Famous protected objects suffered from russian military aggression: Biosphere Reserve «Askania-Nova», Chornomorskyi Biosphere Reserve, National Natural Parks «Slobozhanskyi», «Gomilshan Lisy», «Svyati Hory», «Meotida», «Oleshkivsʹki Pisky», Nature Reserve «Khomutovsky Step». Practically all types of biodiversity in the protected areas have been destroyed, unique landscapes are disturbed, the scientific achievements of specialists of nature-reserved objects were liquidated or exported. Cases of mining of protected areas have been recorded, uncontrolled deforestation, destruction of rare species of flora and fauna, etc.
 At the first stage of military aggression, in 2014, russia illegally occupied 100% of the natural reserve fund of the Crimean peninsula, 25.2% of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk region and 23.8% of the nature reserve fund of Luhansk region. In the second stage of aggression and full-scale war against Ukraine, from February 24, 2022, the russian federation completely seized all territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, as well as a significant part of valuable nature conservation of Kyiv, Sumy, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson regions. As of September 1, 2022, a large part of the territory of Ukraine, including nature conservation areas, is freed from occupation. But it is still quite difficult to assess the damage caused to the national nature reserve fund. Therefore, the prospect of further scientific-practical research remains the assessment of damage caused to protected objects and territories in the east and south of Ukraine.
 Key words: war, russian aggression, national natural parks, nature reserves, biosphere reserves, flora, fauna.

PROBLEMS OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND NATURE PROTECTION IN THE KACHAVA RIVER BASIN

The modern irrational use of water and land resources has led to a violation of the ecological balance, the destruction of natural landscape complexes of river valleys and the territories adjacent to them, and the pollution of water bodies. The basin as a special spatial unit of the biosphere is the most promising for the multi-faceted study of nature, economy, and nature management.
 The purpose of the research is to analyze the structure of land use in the Kachava River basin, the peculiarities of agricultural, industrial, transport and recreational nature use, their impact on the environment, the level of anthropogenic transformation of geosystems, the development of land use optimization measures.
 Thanks to the analysis of the structure of land use in the Kachava River basin, it was found that it deviates significantly from scientifically based norms (anthropogenically transformed territories predominate (72.9%), including arable land (62.2%). Excessively high and ecologically dangerous plowing of land was found: in many cases, the land is plowed up to the river bed, because of this, the eco-corridors in the basin, which are an important link of the eco-network, are cut off. The coefficient of anthropogenic transformation of the geosystems of the Kachava River basin was calculated (according to the method of P. Shishchenko), which is equal to 7.2 and indicates a high level of transformation of the geosystems of the studied territory.
 A positive balance of greenhouse gases has been established in the river basin due to a large share of arable land (1079 tons of CO2 per year), as well as due to the operation of livestock complexes (approximately 300 tons of CO2 per year) due to internal fermentation and processing of manure.
 The impact of industrial facilities on the environment was analyzed and measures to reduce the negative impact were proposed. The level of traffic load in all settlements of the Kachava River basin was studied. The calculation method established an excess of average CO emissions from motor vehicles in the villages of Romanivka, Malyi Khodachkiv, and Kolodiivka.
 The recreational load and recreational capacity of the territory were studied. The ecological condition of the Kachava River, Romanivskyi, Kolodiivskyi and Malochodachkivskyi ponds was analyzed according to physical and hydrobiological (Wudivis method) indicators.
 Measures to optimize land use in the Kachava river basin are proposed: it is proposed to reduce arable land by 97.65 hectares (5.7%) mainly due to afforestation; creation of two new protected objects (a landscape reserve near the village of Malyi Khodachkiv and a botanical reserve in the forest in the village of Romanivka). The submitted proposal will contribute to increasing the share of ecostabilization lands under natural vegetation from 27 to 33% of the total area of the river basin and achieving the formation of a continuous ecocorridor that will connect the objects of the nature reserve fund.
 Key words: nature resource management, optimization, anthropogenic transformation, river basin, ecological situation.

Morphometric analysis of the relief of the Rakhiv Mountains as a basis for the formation of an ecological network

The Rakhiv Mountains are part of the Maramoros massif of the Carpathians in the Transcarpathian region. The mountain massif plays an important cross-border role, as it is limited to the south by the Ukrainian-Romanian border. The main areas of development of the region are forestry and tourism. The specified types of activities contribute to the intensification of the development of dangerous exogenous processes within the slope geosystems of the region. The risk of their manifestation depends on the morphometric features of the relief of mountain geosystems. A morphometric analysis of the relief forms of the Rakhiv Mountains was carried out and slope parameters were calculated by groups of their steepness and exposure. Groups of slopes were distinguished according to the level of potential risk of dangerous exogenous processes, and the areas and shares of the indicated groups and subgroups of slopes were calculated. The degree of protection of the region by the existing objects of the nature reserve fund was determined. A GIS model was created to assess the risk of the manifestation of dangerous exogenous processes on the slopes of the Rakhiv mountains and the state of their protection. On the basis of the Copernicus Global Land Service geodata, the shares of vegetation cover types within the zones of different levels of risk of the development of dangerous exogenous processes were calculated. Steep and very steep slopes predominate within the mountain range (76.0%). As for the exposure of the slopes, the slopes of the northern (18.9%) and southern (15.4%) exposures dominate here. The highest and highest degree of risk of manifestation of slope processes is characteristic for the slopes located in the catchments of the tributaries of the Tysa River (Bily, Velikiy Potik, Kvasny) and in the interfluve of the Tysa and Kosivska rivers, which occupy 40.0%. About 42.6% of the slopes are characterized by a very high and high level of risk of dangerous exogenous processes and remain unprotected. At the same time, 78.4% of them are covered with solid forest vegetation, which can be affected by the use of solid forest felling. A similar situation is typical for slopes that are classified as higher than average and average levels of potential development of dangerous exogenous processes (43.6% of the total area of the study area). Almost 53.6% of these slopes are not covered by nature conservation areas. At the same time, the share of forest cover within their borders is only 59.8%. 22 objects of the nature reserve fund have been created within the Rakhiv mountains. Among them, the largest is the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, namely its Kuzii and Maramoros massifs. In addition to the nature reserve, there are two nature reserves and 19 natural monuments. Environmental protection measures and the possibilities of their integration into the spatial planning system by determining the structural elements of the ecological network are proposed. Important measures to ensure the stability of the slope geosystems of the Rakhiv Mountains are the expansion of the Kuzii and Maramoro massifs of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve due to the inclusion of forests that perform soil protection and anti-erosion functions. This will significantly contribute to the establishment of nature conservation management in the study area, and in the future these territories may become part of the Ukrainian-Romanian transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in the Maramoros Mountains. It is necessary to provide conditions for the restoration of natural geosystems, especially forests on very steep and steep slopes of the region. Forest geosystems outside the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund require the implementation of approaches to forest management close to the environment. Among the approaches, it is worth noting the limitation of solid-forest felling and wood trawling. The development of the tourist infrastructure of the region should take into account the need to preserve the integrity of the local ecological network of the Rakhiv Mountains. Keywords: Maramorosh, Rakhiv Mountains, ecological network, steepness of slopes, exposure of slopes, dangerous exogenous processes.

The Main Prerequisites for Sectoral Financial and Credit Cooperation Between Territorial Communities, Objects of the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine, and Environmental-Oriented Entrepreneurs: Theoretical Aspects

In the context of the decentralisation reform, the objects of the nature reserve fund have an outstanding potential for the economic and environmental development of territorial communities and promotion of the region on the national market. The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions regarding the development of mechanisms for cooperation between territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, territorial communities and financial institutions, the development of stable intersectoral relations and the emergence of new vectors of economic activity that would meet the modern needs of society. The method of quantitative literature review (meta-analysis) was used during the investigation of the practice of financial and credit cooperation between territorial communities, state authorities and administrations of protected areas. Using the systematisation, destructive factors were identified and the main conflicts of regulatory, economic and organisational nature were identified, which can weaken and slow down the latest transformations in the post-military economic space of Ukraine, especially in terms of financial and credit cooperation with banking and other financial institutions. Using the comparison, the main vectors of cooperation between eco-oriented representatives of the private sector of the economy and financial institutions, which are typical for EU countries, and the possibilities of their implementation in the national economic system were identified. The study suggests using commercial lending tools to develop the economic potential of protected areas and innovative forms of business management. Lending is considered as an industry-specific institution of financial support for environmental-oriented entrepreneurs who carry out their economic activities in protected or adjacent territories. As a result of the conducted research, the essence and role of financial institutions, in particular credit unions, in the system of balanced economic and ecological development of protected areas and environmentally oriented economic activities are determined. Mechanisms for the establishment of protected areas as subjects of market relations that have investment attractiveness for various sectors of the national economy are proposed. It is proved that the economic and environmental development of protected areas requires constant extra-budgetary investment flows, through cooperation not only with environmental-oriented entrepreneurs but also with financial institutions. The establishment of a system of cooperation between institutions of the nature reserve fund, banking and other financial organisations, representatives of business groups, state authorities and territorial communities would ensure the development of a favourable investment environment for eco-business, the comprehensive development of the ecosystem “man-nature-business” and the emergence of new vectors of economic and environmental inclusion in the regions, the establishment of nature reserves and other protected areas as socio-economic and cultural hubs

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM THE FULL-SCALE MILITARY INVASION OF russia IN UKRAINE

. The impact of wars on the environment is always adverse, regardless of whether it is caused by direct military action or strategic countermeasures. The overall environmental damage caused by a particular war is the result of many factors and is often multidimensional, as water bodies, forests, air, soils, and all living organisms are affected.
 During the five months of the war, our country suffered enormous environmental damage. It will take decades to restore Ukrainian nature. Today, active hostilities are taking place in the south of Ukraine in nature conservation steppes with unique ecosystems, which will take at least 50 years to restore. Among the objects of the nature reserve fund of the Mykolaiv Oblast that suffered due to the war, there are sections of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, the Regional Landscape Park "Kinburnska Kosa" and the National Nature Park "Biloberezhya Svyatoslav". Even in the first days of the war, Russian troops entered the Kinburn Peninsula, after which fires broke out that threatened the existence of rare species of flora and fauna. In addition, large populations of animals and plants were so exterminated by numerous explosions throughout the territory of Ukraine that we may now lose them forever and irrevocably.
 Today, 2.5 million hectares of Europe's nature conservation network are under threat of destruction due to the actions of the russian federation. These are 160 objects of the Emerald Network - territories of existence of species and habitats protected at the pan-European level. And there are 17 Ramsar sites with an area of ​​627.3 thousand hectares - wetlands of international importance.

Вплив лісових пожеж на лісові рослинні комплекси, забруднені радіонуклідами

Among the most pressing threats to the existence of forest plant complexes of the nature reserve fund is the pyrogenic danger, which is exacerbated by changes in the natural hydrolytic regime and global climate change, the driving effects of which are currently difficult to fully assess. The article highlights the results of a study of the forest plant complexes and soil state of the nature reserve "Drevlyanskyi" in Zhytomyr region after the fires. The results of the field survey of plantations, agrochemical and radiological analysis of soil indicators are presented. Studies show a change in the composition of forest plant complexes, a reduction in the number of herbaceous species, and a decrease in the area of moss and lichen cover. The surveyed area is characterized by significant spatial heterogeneity of the main agrochemical and physicochemical parameters of the soil. There was a slight increase in the content of heavy metals in the soil, however, the indicators did not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations in these areas. To assess the radiation situation after fires on the territory of the nature reserve, the indicators of the density of soil pollution with 137Cs and 90Sr were determined. The authors recommended a set of measures to improve the efficiency of nature reserves. Adherence to the recommendations will help to increase the environmental sustainability of forest plant complexes and will minimize the occurrence of fires and their consequences.

Landscape Principles of Optimization of Functional Zoning of «Hutsulshchyna» National Nature Park


 
 
 The main purpose of the study is to optimize the functional zoning of the «Hut- sulshchyna» National Nature Park on the basis of a landscape approach. To begin with, a map-scheme of modern functional zoning in the ArcGIS 10.0 software environment was digitized, and analysis and mathematical calculations were performed. On the basis of a pre-concluded landscape map at the level of simple tracts in the scale of 1:25 000, on the key area Brusnyi, according to the method of field landscaping of H.P. Miller’s mountain areas, we have optimized in detail the functional zoning of the park in a key area. Some changes have been made regarding zoning in other areas of the National Park, only less detailed, as the compilation of a landscape map of the local level for the entire territory of NEC «Hutsulshchyna», which is a very long and complex process. In addition to the landscape approach, according to which the boundaries of functional zones must coincide with the boundaries of natural territorial complexes of a certain rank, we tried to take into account the Law of Ukraine «On Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine» and «Nature Chronicle Program for National Parks of Ukraine». Ideally, the protected area should be in the middle, surrounded wth a zone of regulated recreation, and only then the economic zone. The protected area should not border the economic one. According to the IUCN, the protected area and the regulated recreation zone must occupy at least 75% of protected area, but often in practice these requirements are difficult or even impossible, as each protected area has its own geographical features. Since the park is located in a hilly area, the economic zone should not be allocated on the ridges and upper parts of the slopes, because the effects of anthropogenic impact in the economic zone will be more or less manifested in the protected area, which is at the lower hypsometric level. Analyzing the functional zoning in the key area of Brusnyi, it was found out that in addition to the geographical location of the zones, the areas of the functional zones have also changed significantly. Thus, the protected area was 15.1%, and became 25.1%, regulated recreation – 34.2%-41.9%, stationary recreation area – 0.01%-0%, economic zone – 51.1%-33%. The advantage of the proposed zoning is the complexity, which makes it possible to protect fully and completely and use rationally the natural territorial complexes of the Pokut Carpathians. After all, natural complexes are a system, and it is known that in the system, when one component is destroyed, the whole system is destroyed. For the first time, on the basis of a landscape map at a scale of 1:25 000 at the level of simple tracts, proposals were submitted that will improve the existing functional zoning of the territory of NEC «Hutsulshchyna». The results of research can be used by the adminis- tration of NEC «Hutsulshchyna» in the development of re-functional zoning during the creation of a new project organization of NEC «Hutsulshchyna», the Department of Nature Protection, Research, and the Department of Recreation and Landscaping.
 
 

Influence of the pyrogenic factor on natural ecosystems of «Podilski Tovtry» National Nature Park

«Podilski Tovtry» is the largest national nature park in Ukraine, covering an area of 261,316 hectares, it stands out among all other parks for its dense population. There are 196 rural settlements, 4 villages and 1 city on the territory of the park. A significant number of them have direct contact with protected objects — botanical reserves, geological and botanical monuments of nature. Anthropogenic pressure is significant, human intervention in the functioning of natural ecosystems is active. This situation is aggravated by the influence of the pyrogenic factor. Fires that occur with constant periodicity can at any moment develop to catastrophic proportions for the diversity of the park’s ecosystems. Research shows that the ecological impact of fires in the national park is complex, and possible changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and microclimatic conditions do not provide good prospects for the preservation of flora and fauna, which leads to their loss. In addition, fires directly affect air quality due to the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere as a result of incomplete combustion of biomass. As a result of water and air migration, geological monuments of nature are further transferred to the nearby wetlands and hydroecosystems of the Dniester River, which contributes to their destruction. Based on the calculation of the integral risk, taking into account the weighting factors of the most unfavorable conditions and factors that determine the maximum risk, it was determined that the share of the anthropogenic factor is decisive (65%) in the occurrence of fires in the NNP «PodilskiTovtry». To the greatest extent, it depends on the presence of nearby rural settlements in the absence of a fire monitoring network and distance from fire stations. Taking into account the features of the terrain, the inaccessibility of certain areas of the park, fires can develop rapidly, covering large areas in minutes. On the basis of the conducted research, it is proposed to carry out calculations of the risks of fire occurrence and spread for each individual object of the nature reserve fund, which will become the information basis for the construction of electronic vector maps of the assessment and forecast of the fire hazard of the entire territory of the NNP «PodilskiTovtry».

Impact of the long-time armed conflicts on the ecological safety of industrial objects


 
 
 The article analyzes the consequences of pollution from industrial enterprises, as well as the risks of disruption of operation and flooding of mines. The armed conflict in the East of Ukraine led to serious environmental consequences – it is the pollution of groundwater, water bodies, air pollution, decommissioning of large areas of arable land, destruction and damage to objects of the nature reserve fund, forest fires, etc. It has been shown that in areas where the armed conflict continues, there has been significant pollution of the environment with chemical toxic substances, metal fragments and heavy metals due to artillery shelling and the use of explosives. As a result, numerous funnels were formed, which mutilated the land and destroyed natural protected areas, flooded mines, built fortifications, ditches, and damaged sewage and water supply networks. Risks associated with damage to communications, businesses and other facilities that pose an increased environmental risk, increase the scale of the negative impact. The problem of flooding of mines and excessive mineralization of waters, which are the part of the production process, is very relevant for both Luhansk and Donetsk regions. Solving this problem requires significant efforts from both the Ukrainian state and international environmental organizations. The main problem is that the mines are located in both controlled and uncontrolled by the Ukrainian government. The fate of coal mines in the territory not controlled by t government of Ukraine is uncertain and requires control by international organizations that are able to conduct monitoring activities. The coal industry in the EU is at «coal-out phase», i. e. at the stage of gradual abandonment of coal mining. First of all, this is dictated by the EU’s course to reach a carbon-free economy by 2050, which means the gradual abandonment of coal generation and the transition to renewable energy sources. And also in accordance with the EU Directive No787 in 2010 On the need to close unprofitable mines.
 
 

The landscape and ecological framework as a territorial basis for stable development in Russia’s agricultural regions

Forming a landscape‐ecological framework is an urgent task supporting the adoption of a strategy for the progress of specially protected natural territories in Russia by 2030. According to the author, the strategy does not fully reflect the specifics of the development of the network of territorial nature protection objects in the agricultural regions of the country.Aim Substantiate proposals for optimizing the network of protected areas.Materials and Methods. Methods of cartographic analysis of schemes of physical and geographical zoning, generalisation of the results of expedition research, assessment of the representativeness of the existing network of protected areas and a comparative assessment of the most valuable landscape and natural biotic plots were used in the paper.Results. As a result of this study a complex of new and promising sites has been identified for inclusion in the landscape and ecological framework, which can constitute the natural reserve fund of the regions as clusters. The study covers steppe and forest‐steppe landscapes of southern European and Asian Russia. The problem has been considered in the context of subjects relating to physical and geographical zoning. Proposals for the modernisation and expansion of the network of objects included in the landscape and ecological framework were compiled based on expedition studies, combined with quantitative and qualitative indicators of natural diversity.Conclusions There is a need to modernise the existing network and to create new nature reserves based, among other things, on as‐yetunrealised projects for the creation of reserves.