Natural Gasoline Research Articles

Asymmetric relationship between carbon market and energy markets

This paper examines the asymmetric returns spillovers and time-frequency causality between the carbon emissions market and the energy market. To this end, we apply the time-varying asymmetry spillovers and Granger causality over the spectrum approaches. This research uses daily price indices of natural gas, gasoline, gas oil, heating oil, crude oil, coal, petroleum, kerosene, propane, and diesel to denote the energy market and the European Union Emissions Trading System (i.e., certificate prices for CO2 emissions) to represent the carbon market. Using historical time-series data from May 18, 2011, to September 23, 2020, the study reveals interesting and convincing empirical results showing that the carbon and energy markets are dynamically and asymmetrically connected. Further results show that the carbon market predominantly explains positive or negative returns in the energy market. Regarding volatility transmission, the study demonstrates that the carbon market is a primary net receiver of good or bad volatility transmitted from the energy market, such as crude oil, petroleum, heating oil, diesel, and kerosene.

Global warming: Causes, impacts and urgent strategies for a sustainable future: A review

Global warming is defined as a rise in Earth's average temperature. As the Earth gets warmer, disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods are becoming increasingly common. Most scientists, engineers, and activists express deep concern about changes in the planet's overall climate. The average air temperature above the surface of the Earth has risen by just below 1 degree Celsius, or 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, over the past 100 years. Deforestation exacerbates the severity of global warming. The ocean, which holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, is an enormous carbon sink. However, the seas are no longer able to store carbon as effectively as they have in the past. Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal, and gasoline increases atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Climate change will increase the number of people who suffer from heatwaves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts, leading to higher rates of death, illness, and injury. The threat of global warming continues to cause severe damage to the Earth's environment. Many people still do not fully understand the implications of global warming or consider it a significant problem for the future. However, global warming is already happening, and some of its devastating consequences are already being felt. It significantly impacts biodiversity and disrupts ecological balance. Due to the dangerous effects of global warming, many strategies need to be established. The report discusses global warming, outlines its causes and risks, and proposes solutions to this urgent issue. Above all, it is crucial to seriously consider alternative energy sources (biomass, wind, hydro, geothermal, and solar). One of the key strategies to counter the ever-increasing global warming is the identification and use of renewable energy sources.

Quantitative Risk Assessment of an Oil-Gas-Hydrogen-Electricity Integrated Energy Station in China.

This paper presents a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) study of an oil-gas-hydrogen-electricity integrated energy station in China. A comprehensive assessment of the station was made in terms of consequences and risks, respectively. Consequence analysis shows that the severity of hazardous chemical leakage accidents in the station is in the order of natural gas, hydrogen, gasoline, and diesel fuel, especially in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) storage tank areas, which may cause major accidents in the event of leakage. The results of the risk assessment showed that the individual and societal risks of the integrated oil-gas-hydrogen-electricity energy station exceeded the risk acceptance criteria. Moreover, the catastrophic rupture of LNG and CNG storage tanks is the main cause of the unacceptable risk. Additional mitigation measures for them, mainly including the installation of emergency manual shut-off valves, the installation of combustible gas detection and alarm devices, and pressure relief protection devices, can effectively reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

Epitaxial Metal-Organic Framework-Mediated Electron Relay for H2 Detection on Demand.

Hydrogen is regarded as one of the most promising clean substitutes for fossil fuels toward a carbon-zero society. However, the safety management of the upcoming hydrogen energy infrastructure has not been fully prepared, in contrast to the well-established natural gas and gasoline systems. On the frontline is the guard post of hydrogen detectors, which need to be deployed on various structural surfaces and environmental conditions. Conventional hydrogen detectors are usually bulky and environmentally sensitive, limiting their flexible and conformal deployment to various locations, such as pipelines and valves. Herein, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of a palladium-modified epitaxial metal-organic framework (MOF) on single-layer graphene to fabricate a heterostructure material (Epi-MOF-Pd). Device based on the heterostructure demonstrates high sensitivity toward low- concentration H2 (155% resistance response to 1% H2 within 12 s, a theoretical detection limit of 3 ppm). The 25 nm epitaxial MOF acquires electrons from the Pd nanoparticles after the trace amount of H2 is chemically adsorbed and further relays the electrons to the highly conductive graphene. The Epi-MOF-Pd is both flexible and enduring, and maintains stable detection over 10 000 bending cycles. Through photolithography, device arrays with a density of 3000 units/cm2 are successfully fabricated. This versatile material provides a prospective avenue for the mass production of high-performance chemical-sensitive electronics, which could significantly improve the hydrogen safety management on demand.

Assessing VOC emissions from different gas stations: impacts, variations, and modeling fluctuations of air pollutants

Gas stations distributed around densely populated areas are responsible for toxic pollutant emissions such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study aims to measure VOCs emission from three different kinds of gas stations to determine the extent of pollution from the gas stations and the most frequent type of VOC compound emitted. The concentrations of ambient VOCs at three refueling stations with a different type of fuels in Mashhad were monitored. The result of this study showed that CNG fuel stations are less polluting than petrol stations. In all the studied sites, the highest concentrations were related to xylene isomers, irrespective of the fuel type. Total VOCs at the supply of both compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline stations was 482.36 ± 563.45 µg m−3. At a CNG station and a gasoline station, total VOC concentrations were 1363.4 ± 1975 µg m−3 and 410.29 ± 483.37 µg m−3, respectively. The differences in concentrations of toluene and m,p-xylene between the fuel stations can be related to the quality and type of fuel, vapor recovery technology, fuel reserves, dripless nozzles, traffic density in these stations, meteorological conditions and the location of sampling sites. The combination of a sine function and a quadratic function could model the fluctuation behavior of air pollutants like m,p-xylene. In all the sites, the highest concentrations were related to xylene isomers, irrespective of the type of fuel. The changing rate of m,p-xylene pollutant in each station was also modeled in this study.

The Procedure of Extracting Natural Gas liquids in Cryosift Method

The extraction of Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) plays a pivotal role in the modern energy landscape, serving as both a significant economic driver and a critical component of energy supply chains. This project investigates the comprehensive processes involved in NGL extraction, which includes the separation of ethane, propane, butanes, and natural gasoline from natural gas and crude oil. Key techniques such as cryogenic distillation, absorption, and fractionation are explored in depth, highlighting their operational principles, efficiency, and technological advancements. In addition to the technical aspects, this project examines the environmental impacts of NGL extraction and the strategies employed to mitigate these effects. Innovations in technology and process optimization are discussed, emphasizing their role in reducing carbon footprints and enhancing sustainability. The economic dimension of NGL extraction is also analyzed, with a focus on market trends, supply chain logistics, and the factors influencing global demand and pricing. Case studies from leading NGL extraction facilities are used to illustrate best practices, challenges, and the implementation of cutting-edge technologies. Through a multi-faceted approach, this project aims to provide a detailed understanding of the NGL extraction industry. It underscores the importance of NGLs in the global energy market, the technological advancements driving the industry forward, and the economic and environmental considerations that shape its future. The findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and industry professionals seeking to navigate the complexities of NGL extraction and leverage its benefits for sustainable development. Key Words: Cryogenic Distillation, Absorption, Fractionation

Development of technology for intensification of oil production using emulsion based on natural gasoline and solutions of nitrite compounds

This article focuses on the issue of enhancing oil production by eliminating asphalt, resin, and paraffin deposits (ARPD). These deposits pose significant challenges, including equipment clogging, reduced well productivity, and increased maintenance costs. Moreover, paraffin deposits can damage well equipment, cause accidents, and halt hydrocarbon production. The study involved laboratory and field experiments at the Uzen field to evaluate the efficiency of removing and dissolving paraffin using an emulsion composed of gas gasoline and nitrite compound solutions. Previous studies conducted at NGDU Uzenneft were critically analyzed for comparison. The scientific innovation of this research lies in the development of an emulsion based on gas gasoline and nitrite compound solutions to remove ARPD. The composition was designed to exclude highly aggressive components. It utilized a previously developed emulsion base and incorporated ammonium nitrite, slightly acidified with hydrogen chloride (0.1% by mass), to promote an exothermic reaction.The effectiveness of this technology was measured by changes in daily oil production rates, the duration of the treatment's effect, and changes in the well productivity coefficient before and after treatment.Results indicate that the developed technology successfully removed paraffin from the bottomhole zone of oil wells and increased oil production in 5 out of 6 wells at the Uzen field. The positive effect lasted 17-27 days, with oil inflow increasing by 17-174%. This led to a total additional oil production of 1528 tons from the five wells. Keywords: bottomhole formation zone; asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits; nitrite composition; surfactants; enhanced oil recovery.

CALCULATING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: THE CASE OF TED DİYARBAKIR COLLEGE (TÜRKİYE

It is crucial to promote awareness, particularly throughout society, regarding a topic that holds significant importance for our environment. This study was undertaken with the intention of making a contribution to research on carbon footprint, driven by this motive. In this study, the carbon footprint calculation of TED Diyarbakır (Türkiye) College was made using the IPCC Tier approach. The carbon footprint of 3 different capabilities, namely scope 1 (Natural gas, gasoline, diesel, fire extinguishers), scope 2 (electric) and scope 3 (Water consumption, services), were calculated. When Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 are evaluated together, it is seen that the amount of carbon footprint originating from Scope 1 is higher. Sources of emissions from Scope 1 include natural gas consumption, diesel and gasoline fuel consumption, as well as fire extinguishers. When the emission sources in the college were compared, it was determined that the highest carbon footprint was due to natural gas consumption within scope 1 (97.98%). Subsequently, it was determined that the carbon footprint was caused by existing vehicle shuttle within scope 3 (1.917%). Finally, it has been determined that the carbon footprint is caused by the existing electricity consumption within scope 2 (0.1%). It is stated that there are 2 reasons for the low carbon footprint caused by electricity consumption. The first is that the equipment used in lighting is LED, and the second is that there is no need for lighting fixtures due to the long lighting time of the day in our geography

A New Look at the Connectedness Between Energy and Metal Markets Using a Novel Approach

This study extends the existing literature in this area by examining the conditional connectedness between energy and metal markets using a novel time-varying quantile and frequency connectedness method developed by Chatziantoniou, et al. (2022) based on Ando, et al. (2018) and Barunik & Krehlik (2018) techniques. Connectedness between the markets was analyzed across various times and frequencies, with daily data covering May 18, 2011, to September 23, 2020. Short-term dynamics strongly drive the total pairwise shocks, while the contribution of medium-term dynamics was meagre, and that of long-term dynamics was insignificant. While the natural gas, gasoline, gas oil, heating oil, crude oil, coal, kerosene, propane, and diesel markets spilled-out shocks to many markets, gold, copper, aluminum, platinum, silver, nickel, palladium and lead markets received shocks from many markets. Zinc appears as an isolated market. The market which influenced the majority of other markets is natural gas, followed by gasoline, gas oil, heating oil, crude oil, coal, kerosene, propane and diesel. In contrast, zinc did not influence any of the markets. The pairwise connectedness results reveal the existence of intra-market linkages within the energy markets (horizontal market integration), while inter-market associations also exist between energy and metal markets (vertical market integration). However, there are only intra-market linkages in the metal markets. Linkages are strong in some markets during the COVID-19 crisis. These results inform some policy recommendations well-articulated in the conclusion section.

Research on Dual Fuel Combustion Characteristics of PFI Natural Gas +DI Gasoline in Large Cylinder Diameter Engine

A 3D simulation model of a single cylinder of a natural gas engine was established. PFI natural gas DI gasoline was used to control the time matching between injection and ignition, so that gasoline could form a small active stratified area near the spark plug. The combustion characteristics under different matching conditions were studied, and finally compared with pure natural gas. It is found that gasoline can be used in large cylinder diameter natural gas engine in a small range, which can accelerate the combustion of natural gas fuel, shorten the time used by CA0-CA5 by 77.6%, shorten the time used by CA5-CA90 by 26.5%, and increase the indicated thermal efficiency of natural gas engine by 1.4%.

Casting shadows on natural resource commodity markets: Unraveling the quantile dilemma of gold and crude oil prices

In this era of globalization and technology, the natural resource commodity futures market holds exceptional significance. Our study endeavors to address the research gap by meticulously investigating the asymmetric relationship between precious metals and energy market prices, spanning from January 2000 to August 2023. We employ a quantile autoregressive distributive lag model to simultaneously evaluate all market conditions while accounting for the asymmetric properties. Results, first, uncover both short-term and long-term associations among various commodities. Notably, we identify significant links between natural gas and gasoline, as well as between gold, silver, platinum, and crude oil. Second, our analysis highlights the asymmetric nature of these relationships, demonstrating that market conditions can exert diverse impacts on the interactions between precious metals and energy commodities. This nuanced understanding is invaluable for making informed decisions in these markets. Third our research offers substantial economic implications for stakeholders such as policymakers, investors, and portfolio managers. A deeper comprehension of the intricate interdependencies between precious metals and energy resources can guide more astute decision-making, potentially leading to enhanced investment strategies and policy adjustments.

Intelligent-Technology-Empowered Active Emergency Command Strategy for Urban Hazardous Chemical Disaster Management

Urban safety production is a core component of social safety and is associated with the production, storage and transport of hazardous chemicals, which are potential sources of disaster in an urban area. Chemicals’ locations in a city present a hidden site of danger, which can easily become disaster sites if supervision is inadequate. Aiming to improve the processes and typical scenarios of the production, storage, transportation and use of hazardous chemicals, this paper proposes an intelligent-technology-empowered active emergency command strategy (ITAECS) for urban hazardous chemical disaster management (UHCDM) in smart–safe cities. This paper aims to provide a strategy for active emergency command that takes into account the disaster source; hidden danger site; or disaster site of hazardous chemicals such as natural gas, gasoline and hydrogen energy based on five aspects: intelligent perception technology and equipment, a dynamically perceived IoT system, the accurate deduction of disaster posture, virtual reality emergency rescue rehearsal and an immersive emergency command platform. This research is conducive to the safety, efficiency and greenness of the whole industrial chain, such as the production, storage, transportation, operation and use of hazardous chemicals. There are difficulties and challenges in introducing ITAECS to urban hazardous chemical production safety and emergency management, such as the need for joint promotion of enterprises, industries and governments; uneven technological development; and several scientific–technological issues to be solved, as well as non-uniform standards. Overall, this paper helps improve the emergency management of urban hazardous chemical safety production.

Evaluation of energy-environmental-economic benefits of CNG taxi policy using multi-task deep-learning-based microscopic models and big trajectory data

Natural gas has been widely recognized as an economic and environmental-friendly alternative fuel in the transport sector. Many cities have implemented the policy to encourage taxis to replace gasoline with natural gas. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated its energy-environmental-economic benefits (i.e., providing alternative energy, producing less CO2 emissions and saving fuel costs). To fill the gap, this study proposes a new multi-task deep-learning-based microscopic model for estimating vehicular carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel consumption simultaneously under natural gas and gasoline usage scenarios. Trajectories of 14,534 taxis are collected for empirical studies. Model validation results show that the proposed model outperforms five state-of-the-art baselines and achieves a very high accuracy of CO2 emission and fuel consumption estimations. Empirical results found that taxis replacing gasoline with natural gas can reduce CO2 emissions by 22.1% and reduce fuel costs by 38.3%. The results of this study have several methodological and policy implications for using natural gas in the transport sector.

Energy consumption of manufacturing sector: a search for sustainable energy source in Nigeria

Manufacturing companies in a bid to realize high-quality development, figure out how to make the most use of their materials and improve their operating processes in a sustainable way. With an emphasis on sustainable energy practices that lessen reliance on fossil fuels and cut CO2 emissions, this study examines the relationship between energy consumption, manufacturing output, and economic growth in Nigeria. The study examines the effects of natural gas, renewable biofuels, fuel oil, gas/diesel, gasoline, and electricity on manufacturing production using time series data covering 1990 to 2019. It employed an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model estimate technique. The short-run dynamics and long-run relationships are examined in the ARDL model. In the short-run motor gasoline, natural gas renewable biofuel, gas/diesel and fuel oil are economically and statistically significant both in the current year and up to the second lagged period. While the ARDL bound test reveals that there is cointegration among the variable in the long run. Renewable biofuels and fuel oil are the only variables that have a direct and statistically significant positive relationship with GDP manufacturing output. Therefore, increasing the use of these energy sources is likely to increase the output of GDP manufacturing in the long run. According to the Granger Causality Test, there is a bidirectional relationship between manufacturing output and both gasoline and renewable biofuel. In contrast, there is a Granger causality relationship between manufacturing output and gas/diesel and electricity. Furthermore, the test indicates that manufacturing GDP only has a Granger cause renewable biofuel. The findings show the individual effects of the renewable biofuel energy source and thus its importance viz-a-viz reduction of CO2 emissions, sustainability, sufficiency in capacity (in Nigeria context) can increased Gross Domestic Product (GDP) manufacturing output. It is therefore recommended that policymakers ensure a switch and make available renewable biofuel sources.

Estimate of the wind energy needed to replace natural gas with hydrogen, and electrify heat pumps and automobiles in Massachusetts

To meet 2050 decarbonization goals, Massachusetts will not be able to rely on carbon intensive energy sources (e.g. natural gas and gasoline) and hydrogen has been considered a replacement. To produce hydrogen without carbon emissions, renewable energy sources will be used to power electrolyzer stacks. However, renewable energy sources will also be in high demand for other energy sectors, such as automobiles and electrification. This paper estimates the amount of wind energy needed to replace natural gas with hydrogen and electrify automobiles. Comparisons are also made for a scenario in which heat pumps are used to replace natural gas. These energy sectors represent the bulk of energy consumed within Massachusetts and are of high interest to stakeholders globally. The analysis reveals the daunting amount of wind energy needed for replacement and that it is highly unlikely for hydrogen to replace natural gas in time to meet the state’s climate goals.

Relative Impact of the U.S. Energy Market Sentiments on Stocks and ESG Index Returns: Evidence from GCC Countries

In this study, we provide empirical evidence on the relative impact of energy market sentiments on the stock and ESG index returns in the U.S. and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies. Specifically, we study movements in four distinct categories of energy sentiments (natural gas, crude oil, RBOB gasoline, and heating oil) displayed by professional investors and investigate their relative impact on ESG investments and stock returns in the U.S. and GCC economies. We employ the recently developed automatic time series forecasting methodology Autometrics to examine the postulated relationships. The results of the regression models suggest that there is a significant negative impact of stock sentiments and a positive impact of energy sentiments on the S&P 500 returns. However, in the case of the U.S. energy companies' returns, there are significantly higher effects of only energy market sentiments (mainly crude oil and RBOB gasoline). In the case of the GCC stock markets, there are significant positive impacts of crude oil sentiments and the S&P 500 of varying degrees of strength. The most significant impact of crude oil sentiments is observed in UAE and Saudi Arabia and is almost of the same magnitude as those on the U.S. energy companies' returns. These results are consistent with arguments provided in behavioral finance studies that investors prefer bigger profits over social returns during bullishness and step back from social investing when better investment opportunities are available. Also, ESG investing may be preferred during bearishness by utilitarian investors to generate abnormal returns during such lean periods.

Simulation of the Production of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Lpg) from Flare Gas System

Gas flaring is associated with economic loss, health and environmental challenges, resulting from waste of valuable products, blood abnormalities and depletion of ozone layer, respectively. Therefore, there is a need for the recovery of these valuable products from gas flaring system. One of such products is the Liquefied Petroleum Gas [LPG] produced from the liquefaction of the natural gas which could be used as a source of energy. In this work, the maximization of LPG production from flare gas generated from a pretreated natural gas stream was carried out using HYSYS V8.6. Other products obtained from the process include C1, C2 and natural gasoline [C5+]. The results obtained show that the plant can recover 98.5 % LPG from the component of gas feed. This is a huge improvement on the 92 % recovery in a typical conventional plant. The result of the economic analysis show that the plant is economical and profitable. The LPG recovered can be used as a source of energy, and the process could help to mitigate climate change, minimize economic loss and health challenges.

Technical and economic evaluation of an engine and irrigation pump using a T-type mixer for natural gas

Energy is regarded as one of the most crucial resources in the industrial process. Numerous measurements were made in the year 2021 in the workshops of the Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt, using a gasoline engine (single cylinder with air-cooling) that was used to power an irrigation pump with a discharge diameter of 2 inches, which was manufactured in Egypt. To combine natural gas and air before entering the engine, a variety of mixers were created. Four different types of mixers were employed with iron pipes of various sizes: 90° angle T-mixer (T90), 45° angle T-mixer (T45), 30° angle T-mixer (T30), and venture mixer (VM). The engine shift speeds were set at 1,750, 2,300, 2,900, and 3,500 rpm. The water pump was powered by natural gas and gasoline. The findings in this study focused on the evaluation of technical indicators for several types of mixers that combine natural gas and air to power an irrigation pump, where the actual power (braking power) is superior to all types while operating with gasoline (3.07 kW). A commensurability on every side the report of on the up steam, in the mixer type (T45) (2.83 kW) was 7.8% about than gasoline. The lowest specific fuel consumption (S.fc) for gasoline was 219.025 gm/Kw.h at an engine speed of 2,900 rpm. The T45 mixer had the lowest S.fc of 234.612 gm/KW.h, compared with other types of mixers at an engine speed of 2,900 rpm, an increase of 6.6% compared with gasoline. The T45 mixer had the highest pump discharge of 528.133 L/min, an increase of 2.1% compared with gasoline. Compared with other types of T-mixers, the T45 mixer had the highest actual hydraulic power of 0.6 kW, which was 10.5% lower than that of gasoline. As for the economic indicators, the T90 mixer had the lowest net present value (NPV) of 77219.5, and the T45 mixer had the highest NPV of 106900.7. The mixer-type VM had the lowest benefit–cost ratio (B/C) of 1.38, and the T45mixer had the highest B/C of 1.54.

The dynamic relationship between energy commodities and bitcoin prices: evidence from the quantile ARDL approach

This study focuses to analyse the association between bitcoin and three prominent energy commodities (Oil, Gasoline and Natural gas) utilising quantile auto-regressive distributed lags (QARDL). The results indicated that energy prices hold a positive influence on the bitcoin market in long-run on extreme market conditions (bearish and bullish market state). In short-terms, the results failed to find the significant role of natural gas and gasoline prices in driving bitcoin returns. The findings of causality-in-quantile reported the presence of the uni-directional causal relationship from energy commodities to bitcoin. Interestingly, the findings reported that in bullish market, the causal link between crude oil and bitcoin exhibits feedback effect indicating that when the market is generating higher returns, both the critical variables drive the returns of each other. The outcomes have implication for investors regarding the relevance of energy commodities with bitcoin and their contribution in its valuation to support efficient risk management.

Novel short-term national strategies to promote the use of renewable hydrogen in road transport: A life cycle assessment of passenger car fleets partially fuelled with hydrogen

This work presents an energy analysis combined with a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of eight different passenger car fleets that use renewable hydrogen and a conventional fuel (natural gas or gasoline) under the same total energy input and the same hydrogen-to-mixture energy ratio. The fleets under comparison involve vehicles that use the two fuels separately or in a mixture. Using Italy as an illustrative country, this research work aims to help policy-makers implement well-supported strategies to promote the use of hydrogen in road transport in the short term. The proposed strategies achieve a carbon footprint reduction between 7 % and 35 % with respect to their conventional fleet benchmark. Within the current context, the results suggest the energy and environmental suitability of using hydrogen blends as short-term solutions, involving vehicles that require minor modifications with respect to current compressed natural gas vehicles and gasoline vehicles, while paving the way for pure hydrogen mobility.