Russian Nationalism Research Articles

Guilt and Responsibility of Russian Citizens for Aggression Against Ukraine: Modern Reading of Karl Jaspers

The purpose of the study is to analyse the problems of guilt and substantiate the expediency of establishing the collective responsibility of Russian citizens for aggression against Ukraine. Using the theoretical legacy of the German scientist K. Jaspers, the authors justify their own approach to the interpretation of the concept of guilt and responsibility of both the individual and the public community as a whole in the context of the war that Russia has unleashed against Ukraine. The urgency of the problem lies in incriminating moral and political guilt to Russian citizens for military aggression against Ukraine and in the expediency of them realising their personal share of guilt and responsibility for the crimes committed by the political leadership and military personnel of the Russian Federation. The paper highlights the dialectic of the relationship between personal guilt and the so-called collective culpability of the Russian public, which should bear the main responsibility for the politics and criminal actions of its state. It is noted that the solution of this problem is largely connected with ensuring that all citizens of the aggressor state realise their involvement in criminal actions and atone for their guilt. Based on the theoretical legacy of K. Jaspers, theses regarding the phenomenon of guilt, its varieties in relation to the period of fascism in Germany were developed and these approaches were applied to the analysis of Russia's aggressive policy. The study focuses on the moral and existential methodological paradigm of guilt as a determining factor in its awareness. Techniques and methods of comparative analysis of the behaviour of Germans during the Second World War and Russians in modern conditions, extrapolation of the experience of denazification of the German people to the Russian public are also used. The conclusion about the need for the perpetrators to bear not only personal criminal responsibility, but also the consolidated political and moral responsibility of the Russian nation, the community, and the public in general for the war against Ukraine, and to feel the need to change the totalitarian political regime in Russia as dangerous for all mankind, is substantiated. This paper would be useful for anyone interested in the problems of the modern political and legal continuum generated by the Russian-Ukrainian war.

Functional Hemispheric Activity and Asymmetry Markers of Effective Foreign Language Performance in 3rd-Grade, 10th-Grade, and University Students

The activity of the left hemisphere is often associated with linguistic functioning, including in a foreign language. At the same time, research results demonstrate that different structures in both hemispheres can be jointly activated in the performance of particular linguistic tasks. The current study aimed to identify functional hemispheric activity and asymmetry markers for effective foreign language performance. The study sample consisted of 27 3rd-grade, 26 10th-grade, and 21 university students, all native Russian. To measure functional hemispheric asymmetry and activity before and after an English class and before an English test, we used computer laterometry in the ‘two-source’ lead–lag dichotic paradigm. The study results reveal that left hemispheric functional dominance can be considered as a marker for effective activity during an English class and an English test in 3rd-grade and 10th-grade students. In university students, right hemispheric functional dominance predicted better efficacy during the English class. Therefore, the results obtained provide evidence about different hemispheric activity and asymmetry modes for different ages of foreign language mastering, and the results may support the hypothesis about the possibility of a ‘sensitive period’ for foreign language acquisition occurring at any age. These findings can be applied to the creation of biofeedback trainings for hemispheric profile optimization when learning a foreign language and may help in creating personalized learning schedules.

Evaluation of level of foreign language proficiency based on eye movement data

Subject of study. Foreign language proficiency was evaluated using the optical recording of eye movements. Representation of unconscious cognitive processes in oculographic data during reading and correlation of eye movement parameters with the complexity of the text perceived by the reader were analyzed. Aim of study. The study was aimed at determining the correlation between the eye movement features of individuals reading texts in native and foreign languages, considering the peculiarities of the language and level of language proficiency. Method. The study comprised two stages. The total sample size was 63 Russian-speaking students, aged from 19 to 27 years, for whom English was a foreign language. The subjects’ level of proficiency in the Russian and English languages was estimated using the C-test method. The experimental task consisted of reading the English texts in the slides and answering the comprehension questions after a nine-point calibration procedure. Eye movements were recorded binocularly using an SMI-High Speed Tracker 1250 setup at a sampling rate of 500 Hz. The first stage was aimed at investigating eye movement features of native Russian speakers who are highly proficient in the English language while reading texts in both languages. In the second stage, the eye movement features of individuals reading texts in a foreign language at different levels of proficiency were investigated. Main results. The eye movement parameters of the individuals varied, depending on whether they were reading texts in their native language (Russian) or the foreign language (English), even at high proficiency in the foreign language. The eye movement patterns changed when they were reading texts in the foreign language (English) at different levels of proficiency. Practical significance. Based on the obtained data, the text complexity for the test subject can be evaluated. The text complexity evaluation using eye movement features enables algorithms to be designed for normalizing different texts in terms of complexity. The results of the study can be used when designing automated systems for evaluating foreign language proficiency level.

Peter’s Reforms as National: the Publicistic Aspect of S.V. Solovyov’s “Public Readings on Peter the Great”

Sergey M. Solovyov (1820–1879) – is one of the most well-known and authoritative Russian historians, the author of the monumental work “History of Russia” in 29 volumes, and the creator of the “common scheme of Russian history” (M. Grushevsky). At the same time, his political views and publicistic activity are still not in the focus of the researchers’ attention. The present article attempts to draw special attention to one of the most well-known and repeatedly reprinted work of the historian – his “Public Readings on Peter the Great”. Twelve public lectures were delivered by Solovyov in February – March of 1972 in Moscow Noble Assembly hall in the context of the celebrations of the 200th anniversary of the first all-Russia emperor. Leaving aside the well-studied historiographic value of that work, the author of the article analyzes its text (together with the draft and Solovyov’s commencement address at the grand meeting in Moscow University May 30, 1872) fro the point of view of the currently important political problems in the 1860-ies and the beginning of the 1870-ies years, and above all, the aspects of nationalism. Solovyov appears to be at once an opponent of both Slavophils and Katkov’s nationalism, interpreting “narodnost’” (national character) as historical, dynamic category, while conceiving Russian nation as part of European nations. And at the same tine Solovyov emphasizes the connection of contemporaneity with the formation of personal independence, initiative, as well as compatibility and ability for pubic unity.

Humanitarian Crisis of Civilization in the Context of Russian Aggression: Discursive-Cultural and Mental-Worldview Aspects

There are various angles one can view the military aggression of Russia against Ukraine and the entire civilized world from: political, historical, economic and other, yet it can also be considered in a much larger framework – mental and cultural. This aspect is the least discussed in the scientific circles; however, it is impossible to understand the essence of geopolitical processes disregarding the given segment of the modern world picture. This paper deals with an analysis of the worldview model of an average citizen of the Russian Federation, and they account for about 80 percent of the ethno-demographic array; it also extrapolates intellectual reflections to the European socio-cultural space. The research revolves around such basic impact factors as language, communication, media space, and society. The whole century of constant information interventions, methodically carried out by the political and propaganda industry from the territory of Russia, resulted in the appearance of a specific mental and worldview space. Its common representative’s mentality and reality perception characteristically is invariably clouded by the following elements: the lack of trust to any other nation (we talk about cultural phenomena here), groundless self-admiration, understanding of personal helplessness, irresponsibility, following a totalitarian leader and his utopian ideas. In this realm, one can find an explanation for the low ethical level and lack conscience of the common citizen of the Russian Federation, his petty worldview, cruelty and antagonism towards the Ukrainian people. All the social-mental characteristics of the Russian nation serve to prove the deep crisis of the spiritual sphere and the agony of the "Russian world" as such. Its desperate lunges towards independent Ukraine, other post-Soviet republics, and the civilized world in general are in fact a manifestation of collective mental disorders, they contain metastases aimed at fairly marginalized segments of the Eurasian reality and make up a recurring phenomenon.
 In his research, the author relies on the interfield material in social sciences and humanities, on the analysis of communicative behavior of political leaders and representatives of the cultural and scientific elite of modern Russia, on media products of propaganda channels, on the content of social networks, etc. The article introduces the typology of the main characterological features of the modern Russia mental space.

Mykola Kostomarov’s historiosophical views on Ukrainian history: formation and evolution

The aim of the article is to study the formation and further evolution of Mykola Kostomarov’s historiosophical views on Ukrainian history, to determine the essence of his historiosophical concept. Research methods are historiosophical analysis and synthesis. Sources of the article: autobiographical, scientific, journalistic, polemical and historical works of M. I. Kostomarov, archival materials, the latest works of modern historians. The main results: the author analyzes the historiosophical heritage of the thinker from the first half of the 1840s to the mid of the 1880s. The article proves that in the second dissertation M. I. Kostomarov approved his credo as a historian of the romantic and patriotic trend, put the past of the people in the context of their linguistic and cultural heritage, their consciousness, spiritual, historical and social life. It is emphasized that romantic and patriotic ideas led the intellectual to comprehending the national character and the national ideal and to understanding the national idea as a core in the historical process. It is shown that in the mid-1840s Kostomarov’s historiosophical views were based on the ideas of Ukrainian patriotism, historical romanticism, Christocentrism, utopian socialism, messianism, republicanism, Cossack and Slavic love. During the period of activity of the Cyril and Methodius Society, the thinker went beyond national culture and joined the socio-political issues. M. I. Kostomarov was aware of the past and present of the Ukrainian people through the prism of democracy and freedom, and he represented the future of Ukraine in the democratic federation of sovereign Slavic peoples. After the defeat of the Cyril and Methodius Society, his arrest, imprisonment and exile, the scholar continued to assert the Ukrainian national principle in history, which he opposed to autocratic despotism. In the early 1860s the thinker outlined the concept of the Rus people, which was embodied in two nationalities. This was the evidence of double loyalty phenomenon and identity in his self-consciousness. At the same time, he did not think about the present and historical future of Ukraine outside the empire, although he advocated the preservation of Ukrainian ethnocultural identity, emphasizing the manifestations of the federalist principle in the past. With the rise of Russification and conservative-protective tendencies in the domestic policy of the tsarist regime, he was forced to make significant concessions, speaking of the necessity for “close merging and interaction” of the Ukrainian and Russian nationalities. However, the Ukrainian figure did not betray the idea of national and cultural revival of Ukrainians. Brief conclusions. In essence, Kostomarov’s historiosophical conception represented a synthesis of the ideas of historical romanticism, Ukrainian patriotism, and Christian values, and it was patriotic, federalist, dualistic in the sense of national consciousness and identity. However, it contributed to the ideological separation of the Ukrainian historical process from the Polish and Russian ones in time and space. The practical significance of the article: it can be of interest to historians, young scientists and students in the process of studying Ukrainian historiosophy. The originality of the article is in understanding the insufficiently studied aspects of the intellectual heritage of M. I. Kostomarov. Scientific novelty: the original interpretation of the formation and evolution of historiosophical ideas of M. I. Kostomarov. Article type: analytical.

The Perception of Medical Doctors on the Part of Hindu, Russian and Kazakh Linguoculture Bearers: Association Experiment

The objective of the article is to study the perception of medical doctors by Hindu, Russian and Kazakh linguoculture bearers by means of cognitive analysis of association data obtained from the psycholinguistic experimental study conducted among Hindi, Russian and Kazakh native speakers. Methods of the research include a free association experiment with a stimulus words डॉक्टर in Hindi, врач in Russian, and дəрігер in Kazakh, modelling the associative field DOCTOR and its cognitive structure, defining the universal and ethno-specific features of medical doctors as perceived by the representatives of Indian, Russian and Kazakh nations. The obtained associative data were distributed according to the frequency criterion, followed by content analysis and categorization. As a result, while comparing association fields in Hindi, Russian, and Kazakh languages the quantitative asymmetry of semantic zones and their associates is revealed. Conceptualization of medical doctors in the Hindu, Russian and Kazakh language consciousness includes both universal and ethno-specific features. The results of the study integrate the experiences of different nations simplifying the perception of their peculiarities, and may have a positive impact on cross-cultural interactions.

Looking Back at the Gouzenko Defection

A historical perspective aids our understanding of the present and capacity to anticipate the future. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, but particularly its brutality and policy of “constructive destruction,” was shocking and unexpected, but faced with Russia’s relegation from superpower status, it was always a possibility that Putin would emulate Stalin’s determination to maintain Russian influence in the world and challenge the West’s dominance. The risk of recurrent totalitarianism borne of the fear, distrust, and mutual demonization which characterized the ideological rivalry of the early Cold War years has led to a search for historical analogies of relevance to the growing East/West tensions of today that threaten to bring about a second Cold War or limited nuclear conflict. The motivating ideology for Russian expansionism is no longer Communism, but a mythical narrative that promotes Russian nationalism, patriotism, and exceptionalism. Putin’s authoritarian state with its concentration of power and recourse to propaganda, disinformation, and lies is daily looking more Stalinesque and the Cold War question—how to contain Russian ambition—remains to be answered. While the focus has so far been on Stalin’s geopolitical strategy regarding Russia’s near neighbors, two books about the first post–World War II defection in 1945 merit re-visiting for the in-depth analysis and insights they provide into the period and the mindset of participants caught up in that affair. The defector, Igor Gouzenko, a Russian cyber clerk, insisted that Russia was preparing for a Third World War. His revelations precipitated the start of the Cold War.

Porotic Hyperostosis Observed in the 16th to 19th Century Crania of Native Siberians, Russian Settlers, and Joseon Dynasty Koreans

Porotic hyperostosis (PH) is the skeletal marker used in the estimation of physiological stress suffered in childhood. Despite a conventional hypothesis that mankind’s health conditions declined with the advent of agriculture, there are few reports comparing the PH seen on ancient crania of hunters-fishermen-gatherers and agrarian peoples. In this study, we examined the crania of 16th to 19th century Eurasian peoples: Siberian natives (hunters-fishermen-gatherers), Russian settlers, and Joseon Koreans (agriculturalists) to see whether PH could be observed to differ between populations with varying subsistence strategies. The prevalence of PH decreased in the order of Joseon people (18.9 %), Russian settlers (6.3 %), and Siberian natives (3.8 %). In brief, the hunters-fishermen-gatherers’ stress level was lower than agriculture-based Joseon people and Russian settlers. In addition, Joseon people might have been exposed to more serious stressful episodes than Russian settlers were. We assume that the former might have lived under much stressful conditions than the latter did, though both people depended on intense agriculture. As for sexual dimorphism of PH: in all groups, males were identified with more PH signs than females were. Our report successfully shows that the detailed pattern of stress markers might have been influenced by complex interactions between various factors that existed under different conditions in history.

Paradoxical Russian nationalism in the Soviet context: a contentious literary debate in 1969–1970

Paradoxical Russian nationalism in the Soviet context: a contentious literary debate in 1969–1970

Russian dictionary with concreteness/abstractness indices

The demand for a Russian dictionary with indices of abstractness/concreteness of words has been expressed in a number of areas including linguistics, psychology, neurophysiology and cognitive studies focused on imaging concepts in human cognitive systems. Although dictionaries of abstractness/concreteness were compiled for a number of languages, Russian has been recently viewed as an under-resourced language for the lack of one. The Laboratory of Quantitative Linguistics of Kazan Federal University has implemented two methods of compiling dictionaries of abstract/concrete words, i.e. respondents survey and extrapolation of human estimates with the help of an original computer program. In this article, we provide a detailed description of the methodology used for assessing abstractness/concreteness of words by native Russian respondents, as well as control algorithms validating the survey quality. The implementation of the methodology has enabled us to create a Russian dictionary (1500 words) with indices of concreteness/abstractness of words, including those missing in the Russian Semantic Dictionary by N.Yu. Shvedova (1998). We have also created three versions of a machine dictionary of abstractness/concreteness based on the extrapolation of the respondents' ratings. The third, most accurate version contains 22,000 words and has been compiled with the use of a modern deep learning technology of neural networks. The paper provides statistical characteristics (histograms of the distribution of ratings, dispersion, etc.) of both the machine dictionary and the dictionary obtained by interviewing informants. The quality of the machine dictionary was validated on a test set of words by means of contrasting machine and human evaluations with the latter viewed as more credible. The purpose of the paper is to give a detailed description of the methodology employed to create a concrete/abstract dictionary, as well as to demonstrate the methodology of its application in theoretical and applied research on concrete examples. The paper shows the practical use of this vocabulary in six case studies: predicting the complexity of school textbooks as a function of the share of abstract words; comparing abstractness indices of Russian-English equivalents; assessing concreteness/abstractness of polysemantic words; contrasting ratings of different age groups of respondents; contrasting ratings of respondents with different levels of education; analyzing concepts of "concreteness” and “specificity”.

Cultural and historical conditions of modifications in Russian phraseological units with letter names

The article discusses causes, ways, and results of modifying Russian phraseological units with a letter-name component, which play a significant role in all written linguistic cultures. The relevance of the theme is proven by the sustained attention of linguists to the origin and functioning of phraseological units, the objective to comprehend the underlying processes of interacting between extralinguistic reality, including culture, and language structures, and by the social demand - the rise of interest of native Russian speakers in the national essence and history of the alphabet. The study aims at identifying causes for modification of Russian phraseological units with letter-name components, demonstrating the central role of cultural and historical factor in the modification process, analyzing modification ways and results. The material of the study includes dictionaries and text corpora, along with the authors’ own collection of examples from spontaneous speech in Russian films and digital media. Descriptive and historical-etymological methods, contextual, semantic and structural analysis, and the method of double application were used in the research. The paper argues that the main historical and cultural causes of modifications of phraseological units in question include spelling reforms, progressive methods of teaching reading and writing, language contacts of Russian speakers with people using other writing systems, changes in cultural and ideological priorities, influential works of art. The main way of modification - lexical change of the old letter name to the contemporary one - concedes to more creative ways not only in the sphere of occasional creation of phraseological units, as before, but also in common usage. As a result of this modification, former international models of phraseological units develop national features.

Russians’ attitude to the constitutional nihilism

The subject of the research is the problem of constitutional nihilism in views of Russian citizens.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove a hypothesis about a strong influence of constitutional nihilism in the Russian Federation on people mind. The research was made to identify the most and least dangerous forms of constitutional nihilism existing in the territory of the Russian Federation also.The methodology. The public opinion poll was conducted in Google Forms. The research consists of 15 open and closed questions. 1078 respondents from 28 constituent entities of the Russian Federation took part in the poll. They represent all eight Russian federal districts.The main results, the scope of application. Over 70% of respondents have a negative stance on constitutional nihilism especially after the approval of the last Constitutional Amendments in 2020. According to the public opinion poll, the majority of respondents evaluate the Russian Constitution of 1993 as positive. 67,1% of respondents agree that constitutional nihilism came from western countries and only almost a quarter of respondents stated the nature of constitutional nihilism as native Russian. 64,4% of respondents choose constitutional reform as the most dangerous form of constitutional nihilism. 62,1% of respondents choose the forming of unconstitutional legal awareness as the most dangerous form of constitutional nihilism and 49,8% choose authorities’ discredit as it. The least dangerous forms of constitutional nihilism according to public opinion pall are a civil war (39,7%) and constitutional fiction (31,6%).Conclusions. The results reveal a high level of unconstitutional legal awareness in Russian society. The author has confirmed its hypotheses and discovered the most and the least dangerous forms of constitutional nihilism. The author plans to repeat the research the next year and cover people from more Russian constituent entities.

Педагогическая риторика в обучении учителя и ученика

The article describes the experience of teaching pedagogical rhetoric as part of the subject of the culture of native Russian speech. The problem of the professional competence of the teacher of preschool and primary education in the field of speech activity is raised. The author briefly characterizes the history of the development of pedagogical rhetoric. A significant difference is emphasized in the quality of the language training of a teacher, educator and children, as well as ways to overcome this gap in the process of joint speech work. The styles and genres of speech inherent in the teacher as a carrier of the speech profession are characterized, methods and algorithms for their development are proposed. Additional sources of knowledge about listening and speaking as oral forms of speech of a teacher and a child, as well as speech samples from works of children's literature are named.

“Орієнт чи Окцидент”: проблема вибору України у трактуванні Ольґерда Бочковського

In the numerous writings of the scientist Olgerd Bochkovsky (1885–1939) the theme of the enslaved nations. Exploring the so-called unhistorical nations he highlighted three phases in the process of their national renaissance: the revival of culture (the return to the native language and its development), economic emancipation, and politicization of the movement toward autonomy or independence. He denied the idea of unity between the Ukrainian and Russian peoples (pan–Russian nation or triune Russian nation), considering that the Ukrainian people have every reason to create an independent state. He identified the difficulties that existed for its realization: the geographical location of Ukraine, which was the boundary between Europe and Asia, the split of Ukraine and the opposite historical and political development of the Dnieper Ukraine and Western Ukraine and the lack of unity among Ukrainian politics. The scientist gave positive predictions about the future of Ukraine only on the condition of the formation of a modern Ukrainian nation. Independent and democratic Ukraine, which was supposed to become the center of the crystallization of Eastern Europe, according to O. Bochkovsky, is a condition for world peace and security of peoples.

The Local Dynamics of Nation Building: Identity Politics and Constructions of the Russian Nation in Kazan and Ekaterinburg

AbstractThis article explores the role of place-based identity politics in constructions of the Russian nation by nongovernmental actors in the cities of Kazan and Ekaterinburg. Departing from more established approaches to the study of nation building concerned with elite strategies and actions, it contributes to an emerging line of inquiry focused on the agency of mesolevel actors. Drawing on interviews and analysis of public communications, the article demonstrates that actors such as museums, activist groups, and religious institutions creatively employ mainstream discursive practices present also in state narratives to anchor the nation in local symbols. At the same time, they position themselves in locally specific identity cleavages concerning city, regional, and ethnonational minority identities. The findings show that the imbrication of local identity politics in their narratives can problematize nation building by exposing contradictions in federal discourses or troubling the association of nation and state. Emphasizing the importance of locally situated processes of constructing the nation in conjunction with other scales of belonging, the article argues that nation building in Russia is complicated by mesolevel practices of identity making that can simultaneously support and subvert it.

Cross-border spaces in the perception of threats to Russia's National Security

Changes in international relations and perceptions of national security are forcing individual States to expand the contours of their own security borders. It is not uncommon for these contours to go far beyond their own borders. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature of the perception of the transformation of cross-border spaces in the system of threats to Russia's national security. The main materials of the study were socio-political discourse, in particular individual speeches of the President of Russia, the national security strategy and other normative and doctrinal documents in the field of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation. The studied narratives and comparison of statements and reactions to individual regional transformations, compared with doctrinal documents in the field of national security, allowed us to identify trigger points. In particular, in comparison of the political changes in Afghanistan, Finland and Ukraine, it was revealed that it is the value transformation at the current moment in the vision of the Russian elite that is of the greatest concern, both regionally and politically and socially. The basis of the research methodology is a systematic approach, content analysis, and a comparative approach, which made it possible to identify the dominants in the current political discourse and determine the reason for the perception of the transformation of cross-border spaces by the Russian elite in a certain way. As a result, it is determined that the change of the value paradigm is perceived as something significantly more dangerous than a military threat, as well as the expansion of NATO to the east, which is by no means perceived as an equivalent threat. In addition, the Russian elite perceives the current international system as something unfair, due to the capabilities of Western states to influence areas lying near the borders of Russia. While Russia itself does not have the opportunity to broadcast its ideas and values on territories far from its borders. Changes in the value orientation of cross-border areas lying in the border of Russia are perceived by the elite at the moment as the main national threat to the country's security.

Mental well-being in residents of monolingual and multilingual regions of Russia

IntroductionDespite numerous studies of the mental health and well-being of the population depending on various factors, insufficient attention is paid to the research of the relationship between well-being and mono- and multilingual regional specifics in multilingual and multicultural Russia.ObjectivesThis study aims to identify a possible relationship between mental well-being in some regions of the Russian Federation and monolingualism and multilingualism inherent in these regions.MethodsThe study involved 966 participants (29.5% men and 70.5% women) aged 11 to 80 years (M=24.8; SD=12.19) from six regions of the Russian Federation: Crimea, Adygea, Bashkortostan, Sakha, Tatarstan and Kabardino-Balkarian region. The mental well-being of participants was assessed using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (Tennant et al., 2006; Tennant et al., 2007).ResultsThe measures of mental well-being were compared among residents from the regions as following categories: native Russian language speakers in monolingual regions (144 participants); native Russian language speakers in multilingual regions (193 participants); native national language speakers in multilingual regions (325 participants); native Russian and national languages speakers in multilingual regions (304 participants). Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that there were no significant differences in the assessments of mental well-being (F = 0.852; p = 0.521) among residents from the above categories.ConclusionsResidents who are native speakers in Russian and national languages and are living in Russia’s regions with monolinguism and multilinguism demonstrate no difference in mental well-being measures. The reported study was funded by the RFBR, project number 17-29-09167.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in Tuvan alcoholics is associated with a high level of stress in comparison with ethnic Russian patients

IntroductionAlcoholization is considered as prolonged auto-aggression, low frustration tolerance, filling of the existential vacuum. In all cases, the use of a psychoactive substance that alters the state of consciousness is regarded as a way of escape from real life.ObjectivesThe study of clinically significant markers in alcoholism associated with the constitutional characteristics of craving for alcohol in people of different ethnicity is importance for the formation of new approaches to prevention and treatment.Methods68 Russian alcoholics and 67 Tuvans alcoholics only men and 20 healthy male were monitored. Clinical assessment of the condition of patients was carried out with the traditional clinical description. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to determine serum hormone levels in patients and volunteers.ResultsDeeper shifts in the increase in ACTH and Cortisol levels were found in alcoholic Tuvinians compared with Russian patients, which is associated with a high risk of alcohol dependence and a highly progressive course of the disease. The index of the ratio Cortisol/ACTH (IR) in the blood of alcoholic patients of the Russian (IR - 10,36) and Tuvan (IR - 10,62) nationalities does not differ, but significantly (1.5 times) differs from the indicator in healthy individuals (IR - 15,12).ConclusionsThe background level of dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients of Tuvan nationality is significantly more pronounced, however, the index of Cortisol/ACTH ratios (IR) in each ethnic group of patients is constant in this disease, which is characterized by a high level of stress.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The view of modern Chinese researchers on Russian and Russian philosophy

Russian Russian Philosophy The purpose of this work was, firstly, to find the reasons for the interest of Chinese researchers in Russian and Russian philosophy; secondly, to identify both Chinese criticism of Russian philosophy and positive acceptance, as well as their causes. Comparative, classification method, content analysis method were used.The main reasons and goals of Chinese philosophers in the study of Russian philosophy were identified and formulated. Russian Russian scholars have given some examples of criticism of Russian religious philosophy and modern Russian philosophy, as well as works whose authors tend to positively evaluate certain achievements of Russian philosophy. The results can be used in the preparation of lectures on foreign philosophy, as well as for further research in the field of reception of Russian philosophy abroad.The general conclusion from the work done may be the awareness of the practical approach of the Chinese to the study of foreign philosophy – their desire to extract the maximum benefit from the studied subject to solve the problems faced by China in the process of modernization and globalization. Russian Russian philosophy's more specific conclusions are that both the acceptance and criticism of the achievements of Russian/Russian philosophy by the Chinese are based not on theoretical, but on pragmatic grounds – how important they are for the Russian or Chinese nation and the world as a whole.The scientific novelty lies in carrying out such an analysis and isolating the above positions on the material of Chinese works of the XXI century, including texts published in October 2021.