Native Races Research Articles

Use of microbiological preparations in the cultivation of promising soybean varieties in the Oryol region

We studied the effect of microbiological preparations on increasing the yield of soybeans of different varieties. The work was carried out in the conditions of the Oryol region in 2019–2023. Objects of research: soybean varieties Leader 1, Mezenka, Orleya, Osmon, Zusha, as well as Biostim Start preparations, Rizoform Soya, Organit Р, Organit N, Pseudobacterin 3, Biodux, used in pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding of soybean plants in phases 1…3 of trifoliate leaves and budding. The highest increase in soybean yield (6.0 %) compared to the control is provided by inoculation of seeds of the Zusha variety with Rizoform Soya in combination with Biostim Start. Pre-sowing seed treatment in combination with foliar fertilizing with preparations Organit Р, Organit N, Pseudobacterin 3, Biodux in the presence of native races of rhizobacteria in the soil contributed to the introduction of microorganisms included in their composition into the rhizosphere community of plants with subsequent participation in the activation of nitrogen nutrition processes of the latter. On average, for varieties, the number and weight of nodules in the variant with pre-sowing treatment and 2 foliar applications increased by 57.6 and 65 %, respectively, compared to the control, nitrogenase activity – by 67.3 %. The use of a combination of the preparations Organit Р, Organit N, Pseudobacterin 3 and Biodux by pre-sowing seed treatment and one foliar feeding in the phase 1…3 of trifoliate leaves provided the greatest increase in the yield of the Leader 1 variety 0.29 t/ha, Zusha – 0.35, Mezenka – 0 .40 t/ha. The maximum increase in protein content in grain was observed in the Mezenka variety in the variant with pre-sowing seed treatment and 1 or 2 foliar fertilizers – by 1.1 and 1.0 %, respectively.

Racial and ethnic minorities in lower income brackets are associated with late-stage diagnosis of non-ocular melanoma

IntroductionDespite advances in oncologic care, racial and socio-economic outcome disparities persist in non-ocular melanoma patients. However, the unmet need is understanding the population at risk for late tumor stage at diagnosis. We sought to analyze the groups with an increased risk of unfavorable tumor stage at diagnosis. MethodsPatients with non-ocular melanoma were reviewed using the 2000–2019 SEER Research Data (SEER*Stat) and grouped into early tumor stage at diagnosis (stage I-IIC) and late (stage III-IVC). Multivariable logistic and Cox regression examined the association of demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors with late-stage diagnosis and overall survival, respectively. Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated with racial and county-level household income stratification to evaluate overall survival differences. ResultsOf 147,606 patients diagnosed with non-ocular melanoma, 38,695 cases were identified based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and separated into those with early-stage diagnosis (median 63 years) and those with late-stage (median 62 years). Male gender, Black race, Asian or Pacific Islander race, and Hispanic ethnicity were significantly associated with late-stage tumor diagnosis (p < 0.001). Receipt of surgery and a median county-level household income >$75,000 were protective for late-stage tumor diagnosis (p < 0.001). Additionally, male gender, Black, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native races, metastasis, and late-stage diagnosis were associated with factors significantly associated with decreased overall survival (p-value <0.001). Receipt of surgery and a median household income of $50,000-$74,999 and >$75,000 were factors associated with increased overall survival (p < 0.001). The median overall survival was 89 months, but Black patients (58 months) and <$50,000 income households (75 months) had significantly worse survival (p < 0.001). ConclusionsHispanic ethnicity, Black and Asian or Pacific Islander race, and low-income households were associated with late-stage non-ocular melanoma at diagnosis. Black, Asian or Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaskan Native races and lower-income households were associated with worse overall survival. Identifying addressable causal factors that link this at-risk population to poor cancer prognosis is warranted.

Chordoma: demographics and survival analysis with a focus on racial disparities and the role of surgery, a U.S. population-based study.

Chordoma is a rare malignant tumor of notochordal origin that may appear anywhere in the axial skeleton from the skull base to the sacrum. This study presents findings from a large database query to highlight the demographic, clinical, and pathological factors, prognosis, and survival of chordomas. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data based was used to identify patients with a "chordoma" diagnosis from 200 to 2018. In a total of 1600 cases, the mean age at diagnosis was 54.47years (standard deviation, SD ± 19.62years). Most cases were male (57.1%) and white (84.5%). Tumor size was found to be > 4cm in 26% of cases. Histologically, 33% with known features had well-differentiated Grade I tumors, and 50.2% of the tumors were localized. Metastasis at the time of to the bone, liver, and lung was observed at a rate of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.7%, respectively. The most common treatment received was surgical resection (41.3%). The overall 5-year overall survival observed was 39% (confidence interval, CI 95% 37-41; p = 0.05) with patients who received surgery having a 5-year survival rate of 43% (CI 95% 40-46; p = 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed independent factors that contributed to worse prognosis chemotherapy only as a treatment modality and no surgery as a treatment modality. Chordomas are more common in white males and appear between the 5th and 6th decades of life. Factors that contributed to a worse prognosis were Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian, or Alaska Native races.

Factors Associated With Lymph Node Yield and Effects of Lymph Node Density on Survival of Patients With Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma.

The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with lymph node yield (LNY) during surgeries for pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) and to determine effects of lymph node density (LND) on the overall survival (OS) of patients with PSC. The SEER Research Plus database was searched for data on patients with PSC from 1988 to 2018. Poisson regression was used of all patients with PSC to identify relevant factors associated with LNY. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were adopted for lymph node (LN)-positive patients to evaluate the impact of LND on OS. The 5-year OS rates of patients with PSC were compared based on their LN status and LND. There were 545 eligible patients in the study sample, 175 of which were LN-positive. These patients had significantly lower 5-year OS than those with no positive LNs ( P <0.001). Poisson regression analysis indicated relevant factors increasing LNY included higher diagnosis age, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native races, larger tumor, pleomorphic carcinoma histology, and more advanced disease stages. The Cox regression analysis indicated higher LND ( P =0.022) was probably associated with a worse prognosis for LN-positive patients. The group with LND ≥0.12 had a higher risk of death than the group with LND <0.12 ( P <0.001) among LN-positive patients with PSC. Patients with PSC with high LND experienced worse outcomes than those with low LND. Further risk stratification of patients with PSC may help to improve survival benefits based on prognostic indicators of LND.

Paradox of Superdiversity: Contesting Racism and “Chinese Privilege” in Singapore

Abstract Large-scale immigration has turned Singapore into a highly diverse setting, where migrants and local-born Singaporeans encounter one another on a daily basis. In the past decade, the city-state has seen rising debates and contestations over racism, despite being known as a racially harmonious society. This article situates the public discourse on racism and “Chinese privilege” in the context of superdiversity and examines its wider implications for theorization and policy. Approaching the paradox of superdiversity from a political economy perspective, we investigate how three sets of factors have contributed to the rising public discourse on racism not only between migrants and locals but also among local-born Singaporeans: i) immigration regime and the strategy toward a knowledge economy, ii) new patterns of electoral politics, and iii) the impacts of China’s growing influences in Southeast Asia. This article offers two broader theoretical implications for the scholarship on migration and race relations in a context of superdiversity. First, the paradoxical co-existence of superdiversity and racism obtains not only between migrants and natives, as many studies have shown, but also between native races in the host society. Second, diversifications and new forms of contestations and racism are not only a result of the immigration regime and domestic politics of the host country, but are also shaped by the international political economy, as evidenced by the way in which the rise of China has intensified contestations on race relations in Singapore.

Bernard Shaw as Political Writer

Bernard Shaw as Political Writer

Morpho-agronomic evaluation of native maize races associated with Mexican tropical climate agroforestry systems.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is native to Mexico, in which wide genetic diversity can be found; however, maize is at risk of genetic erosion, and agroforestry systems (ASs) can be a strategy for conservation and sustainable use of this crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in the morpho-agronomic characteristics of three native maize races, Tuxpeño, Olotillo × Tuxpeño and Ratón × Tepecintle, cultivated in different AS in a tropical climate of Veracruz, Mexico, as well as its association with microclimatic conditions. In 2019, experiments were established in the localities La Gloria and La Luisa, Veracruz, where the three maize races are cultivated, in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme (three native maize races and three AS arrrays, plus monoculture). Ten morpho-agronomic variables were recorded in each experiment and were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA; Tukey’s post-hoc test, all p ≤ 0.05) and principal component analysis (PCA). Six morpho-agronomic characteristics showed significant differences for the race × system interaction. Consistently standing out both in the Myroxylon with 2.8 m × 2.0 arrays and in the monoculture was the Olotillo × Tuxpeño race, as there were no variations (p ≥ 0.05) in 50% of its morpho-agronomic characteristics. The first three PCs explained 87.7% of the cumulative variance, determined by five variables of the ears, three of the grain and plant height, which were associated with temperature; therefore, the microclimatic conditions of the studied ASs are associated with the morpho-agronomic characteristics of the native maize races. The results show that ASs could be a strategy for the conservation and use of native corn germplasm and could allow the diversification of sustainable production for rural farmers.

Hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and case-fatality outcomes in US veterans with COVID-19 disease between years 2020–2021

PurposeAlthough veterans represent a significant proportion (7%) of the USA population, the COVID-19 disease impact within this group has been underreported. To bridge this gap, this study was undertaken. MethodA total of 419,559 veterans, who tested positive for COVID-19 disease in the Veterans Affairs hospital system from March 1st, 2020 to December 31st, 2021 with 60-days follow-up, was included in this retrospective review. Primary outcome measures included age-adjusted incidences and relative incidences of COVID-19 hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and case-fatality outcomes. ResultsOf this veteran cohort with COVID-19 disease, predominately 85.7% were male, 59.1% were White veterans, 27.5% were ages 50–64, and 40.5% were obese. Although Black veterans were at 63% higher relative risk (RR) for hospitalization incidences, they had a similar risk RR for in-hospital deaths compared to the White-veteran referent. Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native races, advanced age ≥65, and the underweight were at high RR for mechanical ventilator and/or in-hospital deaths compared to respective referent groups. Veterans who are ≥85 years old had a nearly 5-fold higher incidence of death compared respective referent group. The monthly outcomes for hospitalization, ventilation, and case-fatality data showed decreasing trends with time. ConclusionAn increased incidence of death was associated with age ≥65 years and underweight veterans compared to the referent group. Age-adjusted data, however, did not show any increased incidence of death in Black veterans compared to White veterans. Ratings of the quality of the evidence3 (Case-control studies; retrospective cohort study).

The native body as blue ground: South Africa’s infrastructural production of race

ABSTRACT South African municipalities increasingly celebrate prepaid water and electricity meters for enabling them to build more resilient cities. This framing has been critiqued for its neoliberal underpinnings, where the discourse of resilience masks the reality that people are being coerced into surviving with consistently diminishing resources. While these infrastructures undeniably materialise neoliberal logics, this paper considers the labour compounds of nineteenth-century Kimberley to suggest such infrastructures also have a racialising function with a much older lineage. The Kimberley compounds were designed and managed by various technical experts tasked with maximising productivity and balancing economic constraints with mortality rates. In so doing, they relied upon and produced racialised theories of the body. Where the experts framed their work as turning on the observation of “the native races,” in fact those experts were producing the very racial truths they claimed only to uncover. The compound, most often studied as an infrastructure of racial domination, has rarely been recognised as productive of emergent notions of “race.” Read through this lineage, continued infrastructural coercion in contemporary South Africa, which relies on the techno-racial expertise developed in earlier eras, reveals itself as critical to race’s continual reproduction.

La gestión y transferencia de conocimiento sobre el maíz en México a través del desarrollo de ontologías de dominio: un desafío actual.

Gestionar el conocimiento a partir de información y experiencia existente se ha convertido en una tarea apoyada en tecnologías que facilitan el ordenamiento, almacenamiento y explotación de este con la finalidad de convertirlo en recursos aprovechables. En este artículo se aborda la representación de conocimiento en el dominio del maíz en México, haciendo énfasis en las razas nativas con la idea de mostrar la necesidad de contar con una base de conocimiento que contribuya a la gestión y transferencia del conocimiento. Esta apuesta impacta directamente en los objetivos estratégicos establecidos para mitigar el hambre a través de la seguridad alimentaria y una agricultura sostenible, apoyando también a la conservación de razas específicas a partir del uso de tecnologías semánticas.

The epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States between 2006 and 2014.

Spinal schwannoma remains the third most common intradural spinal tumor following spinal meningioma and ependymoma. The available literature is generally limited to single-institution reports rather than epidemiological investigations. As of 1/1/2004, registration of all benign central nervous system tumors in the United States became mandatory after the Benign Brain Tumor Cancer Registries Amendment Act took action, which provided massive resources for United States population-based epidemiological studies. This article describes the epidemiology of spinal schwannoma in the United States from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014. In this study, the authors utilized the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, which corresponds to 100% of the American population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Program of Cancer Registries and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program provide the resource for this data registry. The authors included diagnosis years 2006 to 2014. They used the codes per the International Coding of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd Edition: histology code 9560/0 and site codes C72.0 (spinal cord), C70.1 (spinal meninges), and C72.1 (cauda equina). Rates are per 100,000 persons and are age-adjusted to the 2000 United States standard population. The age-adjusted incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals are calculated by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. There were 6989 spinal schwannoma cases between the years 2006 and 2014. The yearly incidence eminently increased between 2010 and 2014. Total incidence rate was 0.24 (95% CI 0.23-0.24) per 100,000 persons. The peak adjusted incidence rate was seen in patients who ranged in age from 65 to 74 years. Spinal schwannomas were less common in females than they were in males (incidence rate ratio = 0.85; p < 0.001), and they were less common in blacks than they were in whites (IRR = 0.52; p < 0.001) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (IRR = 0.50; p < 0.001) compared to whites. There was no statistically significant difference in incidence rate between whites and Asian or Pacific Islanders (IRR = 0.92; p = 0.16). The authors' study results demonstrated a steady increase in the incidence of spinal schwannomas between 2010 and 2014. Male sex and the age range 65-74 years were associated with higher incidence rates of spinal schwannomas, whereas black and American Indian/Alaska Native races were associated with lower incidence rates. The present study represents the most thorough assessment of spinal schwannoma epidemiology in the American population.

Contested destinies: Aboriginal advocacy in South Australia’s interwar years

In the interwar years, as protection policies took hold across Australia, Aboriginal political organisations and advocacy groups emerged to protest and demand rights and freedoms. Among the better known of the Indigenous-led organisations were Fred Maynard's Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association (AAPA) in New South Wales, and William Cooper's Australian Aborigines' League in Victoria. These were regional organisations fighting mostly local issues such as the injustices of life 'under the Act', or for better access to land and resources. However, they also engaged national issues, as exemplified by William Cooper's Petition to the King, which was circulated throughout the country and called for reserved seats for Aboriginal people in federal parliament. More influential, however, were the white-run advocacy groups. The Association for the Protection of Native Races, established in 1911, had a national perspective and, among other things, sought greater federal control of Aboriginal affairs. The National Missionary Council, established in the mid-1920s, was a platform for many of the mainstream churches. More locally were groups such as the Australian Aborigines Ameliorative Association in Western Australia and the Victorian Aboriginal Group in Melbourne. As Attwood has observed, these were highly paternalistic organisations, who saw themselves working 'for' Aboriginal people 'rather than through them'. This was certainly true of South Australia's long-established Aborigines' Friends' Association (AFA), which Attwood has described as one of Australia's 'most politically conservative' missionary organisations. South Australia also gave rise to one of the most radical of the nation's advocacy groups, the Aborigines' Protection League. Established in 1925, its central issue was a petition campaign for the establishment of Aboriginal states - imagined essentially as Home Lands governed by Aboriginal people themselves.

The Ethnologist’s Kitchen: Lewis Henry Morgan and the Aztecs

In 1876, The North American Review published ‘Montezuma’s dinner,’ Lewis Henry Morgan’s devastating review of Hubert Howe Bancroft’s second volume of Native Races of the Pacific States. Morgan, who believed that Aztec social organization mimicked that of the tribes of the Great Lakes he had studied closely, sought to dispute the historical accounts of pre-conquest societies proposed by Romantic historians such as William H. Prescott. Morgan’s case against Bancroft and Prescott rested on the still well-entrenched notion that Spanish eyewitness accounts of the Conquest were a weak foundation on which to reconstruct Aztec political and social structures. Even as Morgan’s views on the Nahuas became discredited, ‘Montezuma’s dinner’ continued to be read and referenced, which may have prompted historian Charles Gibson to dispel its inaccuracies and preconceptions once and for all. Although Morgan’s review cannot teach us much about Nahua social organization or dining habits, it nevertheless represents a significant and overlooked chapter in the debate about historical evidence (including written sources and artifacts) that accompanied the configuration of history and ethnology as disciplines.

Ethnic differences in birth gender ratio responses in the United States after the September 11 Attacks and the President Kennedy assassination

IntroductionMale exceed female live births. The ratio is expressed as M/F (male/total live births). Many factors influence this ratio including stress, which depresses it. The 9/11 attacks lowered M/F in the United States a few months after the event. This study was carried out to identify any racial differences in the observed M/F reduction. This paper also analysed racial M/F responses to the assassination of President John Kennedy. MethodsFor the JKF assassination, births were available as White and Non-White births. For 9/11, births were available for four racial groups: American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific, Black/African and White. ResultsFor the JFK assassination (November 1963), total M/F was lowest in 1964 (1958–1970, p≤0.01). M/F dipped in March 1964 in Non-White births only (p<0.0001). For 9/11, M/F dips showed a nonsignificant gradient, being greater in Asian/Pacific births, followed by White and Black/African. Baseline M/F was Asian/Pacific>White>Black/African and American Indian/Alaska Native. DiscussionPresident Kennedy actively attempted to usher in civil rights, and his assassination may have stressed Non-Whites far more than Whites. For 9/11, the low Black/African M/F dips may be due to chronic stress associated with being overall disadvantaged and of lower socio-economic status. These factors decrease M/F and potentially dampen M/F dips in response to additional stressors. The observed M/F dips often exceed the perinatal mortality statistic. Public Health should be more cognizant of the effect of stress on population M/F as a sentinel health indicator. Key guidelines1.The male to female ratio at birth is decreased by stressful events.2.This is due to an excess of male foetal losses in established pregnancies.3.Such losses in response to acute events are transient.4.This ratio may be a useful indicator of population stress.5.Socioeconomically deprived subpopulations, such as Black/African and American Indian/Alaska Native races may have a low ratio due to chronic stress and may thus be less responsive to stress in their ratio responses.6.The habitually high ratio in Asian/Pacific subpopulations may be due to the former practicing gender-selective abortion, favouring male over female offspring. Research directions1.Gender ratios in populations could be routinely monitored in order to assess the impact of stressful events that may reduce the male to female birth ratio.

Finding potential high-yield areas for Mexican maize under current and climate change conditions

SUMMARYAnalyses of the geographic patterns of wild species abundance have been carried out in studies ranging from those interested in hot-spots for biodiversity and conservation to basic ecological analyses. Based on the methodological approaches used, the present study searched for areas of higher yield among native races of maize in Mexico, its centre of origin and diversification. Ecological theory suggests that population fitness, and thus abundance, is maximal at the centroid of the multi-dimensional ecological niche of a particular species, and decreases progressively as distance from it increases. In the present study, yield was used instead of abundance, assuming it to be higher under optimal environmental conditions. It was assessed whether nine Mexican maize races exhibited higher yields in areas that are ecologically closer to their niche centroid (NC), or a niche optimum (NO) that did not always coincide with the geometric centroid. Environmental and geographical clusters for each race were also created to identify additional NOs in widely distributed races. All races showed significant correlations between yield and distance, both to the NC or NOs, but in only six of them was the chosen model better than the null model. Three races and two sub-groups were selected for projection under climate change conditions: Celaya (R2= 0·288), Celaya 3 (R2= 0·774), Vandeño (R2= 0·277) and Vandeño 2 (R2= 0·466) and Tepecintle (R2= 0·537). The Celaya race improved with environmental clustering, while Vandeño improved under geographical clustering. Finally, Tepecintle was projected at a race level. Projections under climate change suggested some potential areas for high yields in the future. It was concluded that the approach used in the present paper, considering the distance to NC/NO as a predictor of maize landrace yield, may contribute important information to agro-ecological projects.

Maize races on functional and nutritional quality of tejate: A maize-cacao beverage

Tejate is a Mesoamerican beverage made mainly with maize-cacao. Despite the economic importance of tejate in Oaxaca and Southwest US, the characteristics that maize should have for good quality tejate are not well known. The aim was to evaluate the native races of maize commonly used in tejate preparation. Tejate showed excellent source of minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn, K, Mg, P), where white Bolita maize showed higher levels. Starch annealing during nixtamalization with wood ashes showed that white Bolita produced a tejate with higher resistant starch type 5 (RS5) and the greatest consistency (1146 cP) compared with the other maize landraces. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a peak at 4.45 Å of amylose-lipid complex. The white Bolita maize had the highest RS5 in tejate (2.68 g/100 g) and low glycemic index (GI 38.21), compared with other tejate samples that ranged from 1.04 to 2.07 g/100 g of RS5, and GI of 23.09–74.46. Tejate consumption maintains blood with normal glucose responses.

Genetic parameters and comparison between native and local landraces of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus growing in the central highlands of Colombia

The objective of this study was to compare the merit of the Colombian landrace relative to the various Australian native races of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus and study the genetic control of key traits such as growth, wood density, and leaf phase change in the unique conditions of the Colombian highlands. The genetic study was based on open-pollinated families from native Australian and Colombian landrace origin, tested across four trials spanning two generations of breeding. A multisite mixed linear model with genetic groups was fitted to the data to estimate race merit and the variance and covariances between traits, ages, and sites. Race effects for growth were small and only significant at the older site. In contrast, races differ significantly for height to phase change and density. The Colombian landrace and South and NE Tasmania races changed leaf type at a higher tree height. King Island and Recherche Bay had low density values, whereas the Colombian landrace had the highest. Heritability was moderate for growth traits (between 0.09 and 0.40), high for height to phase change (between 0.42 and 0.69), and moderate for wood density (0.28). The genetic correlation between growth and height to phase change was in general positive, but variable across sites. There was no correlation between growth and density. Despite large differences in growth between trials, pairwise genetic correlations suggest that genotype-by-site interaction is negligible. However, there was a poor correspondence between first-generation (ex-native stands) and second-generation families (ex-multi-provenance progeny trial). This suggests that breeding value estimates based on native open-pollinated material are unreliable. Results confirm negligible race differences for growth, but not for wood density. Future breeding efforts should include the various genetic backgrounds including the Colombian landrace which constitutes a very important source, especially because of its high density. Despite a low Genotype by Environment interaction, the poor genetic correspondence between the first- and second-generation trials indicates that selections for growth should be based on information coming mainly from the advanced-generation trials.

“Empirical Anthropologists Advocating Cultural Adjustments”: The Anthropological Governance of Āpirana Ngata and the Native Affairs Department

In 1929, Āpirana Ngata published an article titled “Anthropology and the government of native races in the Pacific”. This would appear to confirm the link between anthropology and the rule of indigenous populations in New Zealand and its Pacific empire, but the evidence presented in this article suggests a more complex situation. This paper examines the “empirical anthropology” of Ngata and Peter Buck and the ways in which their activities reshaped the policy and practice of the Department of Native Affairs between 1920 and 1935, particularly through the notion of cultural “adjustments” or “adaptation”. Archival research reveals that behind the activities of the Dominion Museum, the Polynesian Society and its Journal was a Māori-led body, the Board of Māori Ethnological Research, which redirected government collecting, research and publication from salvage to the maintenance and revival of Māori cultural heritage in the service of tribal social and economic development. Seen through the theoretical framework of assemblage theory, we can see how a malleable idea of culture was employed in social governance in quite different ways to the colonial governmentality at work in other settler colonies at this time. The paper argues that this form of “anthropological governance” effectively de-territorialized state institutions, thereby creating a distinctive space for the native exterior to the nation.

Musical Instruments of the Indigenous People of South Africa. Percival R. Kirby. 2013. (1st ed. OUP 1934, repr. 1953, 2nd ed. Witwatersrand University Press 1965), 3rd ed. Witwatersrand University Press (title updated from ‘native races’ ) 159 ills., map, xxxv, 400pp.

Musical Instruments of the Indigenous People of South Africa. Percival R. Kirby. 2013. (1st ed. OUP 1934, repr. 1953, 2nd ed. Witwatersrand University Press 1965), 3rd ed. Witwatersrand University Press (title updated from ‘native races’ ) 159 ills., map, xxxv, 400pp.

Educating for ‘world-mindedness': cosmopolitanism, localism and schooling the adolescent citizen in interwar Australia

This article examines citizenship education and pedagogies for learning to be a citizen in the interwar years in Australia. These discussions bore the influence of progressive education and its emancipatory promises. Against this, I explore the ‘dividing practices’ of citizenship education and the ways normative descriptions of the desired cosmopolitan student-citizen simultaneously constructed a non-citizen, the problematic student excluded from recognition, in this case Aboriginal students. These arguments are developed by comparing discussions at two international educational conferences: Education in Pacific Countries (1936, Hawaii), also referred to as Education of Native Races in Pacific Countries, and the New Education Fellowship-sponsored Education for Complete Living: The Challenge of Today (1937, Australia). These two conferences conveyed significant differences in understandings of adolescent capacity, the relative salience of local and international contexts, and the hopeful possibilities for future education and social citizenship. Contradictory dimensions to the political and educational catch-cry of internationalism are identified in relation to the question of educability of all or some students. Preliminary questions are raised about the colonising and racialising effects of progressive education, and its privileging of cosmopolitan ideals in the education of new citizens is examined in order to begin the groundwork for a post-colonial account of progressive education.