Native Palm Tree Research Articles

Fixed oil from the Caatinga palm Syagrus coronata with effect on Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis.

Syagrus coronata, a native palm tree in the Caatinga domain, produces fixed oil (ScFO) used therapeutically and dietary by Northeast Brazilian communities. This study evaluated its anti-inflammatory potential of CFA-induced arthritis and its effect on behavioral parameters. In the acute model, ScFO at 25, 50, and 100mg/kg showed edematogenic effects similar to indomethacin at 4mg/kg (p > 0.05). In the arthritis model, 100mg/kg ScFO treatment was comparable to indomethacin (4mg/kg) (p > 0.05). TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly reduced in ScFO-treated groups at 25, 50, and 100mg/kg, and the indomethacin group (4mg/kg) versus the positive control (p > 0.05). Radiographs showed severe soft-tissue swelling and bone deformities in the control group, while the 100mg/kg ScFO group had few alterations, similar to the indomethacin group. Histopathological analysis revealed intense lymphocytic infiltration in the control group, mild diffuse lymphocytic infiltration in the indomethacin group, and mild lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with focal polymorphonuclear infiltrates in the 100mg/kg ScFO group. Behavioral analysis showed improved exploratory stimuli in ScFO and indomethacin-treated mice compared to the positive control (p > 0.05). ScFO demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in both acute and chronic arthritis models, reducing edema and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved exploratory behavior due to its analgesic properties.

First report of Colletotrichum siamense causing anthracnose in Oenocarpus bacaba in Brazil.

Bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) is a native palm tree from Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes. This tree produces a small, rounded fruit with dark skin and approximately 1.5 mm thick pulp, extensively utilized for palm heart extraction, juices, and jellies (De Cól et al. 2021). However, several diseases can adversely impact fruit yield and quality. During the 2021 growing season, anthracnose symptoms were observed in Bacaba fruits, with a disease incidence of 58% in fruits collected from the Abreulândia (9°37'15″ S, 49°9'3″ W) and Gurupi (12°25'46" S; 49°16'42" W) municipalities in Tocantins state, Brazil. A total of 198 fruits exhibiting anthracnose symptoms, characterized by deep necrotic spots, were collected. In the laboratory, symptomatic fruits had their external surfaces sterilized for 30 seconds in 70% ethanol, 1 min in 1.5% NaOCl, and then rinsed with sterile distilled water. Sterilized pieces of the fruit tissue were transferred to PDA medium and incubated for 7 days at 28 ºC with a 12 h photoperiod. After this period, two isolates were obtained from the colonies and were identified both macroscopically and microscopically as Colletotrichum sp. The colonies grown at PDA showed a white to grey cottony mycelia, with straight and fusiform conidia, ranging from 14.0 to 21.0 (mean value of 15.8 ± 1.8) µm in length and 4.0 to 7.0 (mean value of 5.5 ± 0.7) µm in width, (n = 50). For species identification, the intergenic spacer between DNA lyase, mating-type locus MAT1-2-1 (APN2/MAT-IGS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), and β-tubulin (TUB) loci were amplified and sequenced. Resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (OR333843, OR333844, OR333845 and OR333846). BLAST analysis of the partial APN2/MAT-IGS (99%), GAPDH (99,48%), GS (99,32%) and TUB (99,48%) sequences showed highly similarity to C. siamense isolates (IIFT223 and CBS130147). Maximum likelihood multilocus analysis placed the isolate UFTC16 within the C. siamense clade with 98% bootstrap support, clearly assigning the isolate to this species. Morphological features were consistent with the description of C. siamense (Prihastuti et al., 2009). Inoculation of Bacaba fruits and seedlings was conducted to confirm pathogenicity. The surface of uninjured Bacaba fruits was inoculated with two drops (20 μL) of conidial suspension (106 conidia mL-1). The same methodology was adopted to placed healthy leaves of 35-day-old seedlings grown in plastic tubes. Two drops of sterile distilled water were inoculated on nonwounded healthy fruits and seedlings as a negative control. The fruits and seedlings were incubated for five days in a controlled chamber at 28 °C, 70-80% humidity and a "12-h photoperiod". The experiment was conducted with five replicates (five fruits and five seedlings inoculated per isolate) and repeated once. Typical symptoms of anthracnose were observed in the fruits and leaves of Bacaba seedlings five days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed in the negative control. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic fruits and leaves, showing similar morphological characteristics as the original isolate, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The identification of C. siamense as the causal agent of Bacaba anthracnose helps in the diagnosis and disease control strategies of the disease. Colletotrichum siamense is a cosmopolitan species and easily found in cultivated and non-cultivated species (Batista et al. 2023). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing anthracnose on Bacaba.

Predicting the impacts of palm heart and fruit harvesting using Integral Projection Models

Due to the increasing human impact on natural resources, we assessed the harvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFP) to verify demographic changes in populations of native palm trees. Euterpe edulis is native to the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, characterized by high deforestation and fragmentation. This palm is also targeted for palm heart and fruit harvesting. The threats posed by such factors motivated this study, as they might lead to a decrease in natural populations. The viability of sustainably harvesting the species in small fragmented areas is unknown. We performed simulations for palm heart and fruit harvesting in three small populations (entitled: SH, AJ, and ES) sampled in a 1-year interval (2010–2011) to verify whether these practices were sustainable. Different harvesting scenarios were simulated: (1) no harvesting; (2) harvesting of palm heart of reproductive individuals; (3) harvesting of palm heart of large individuals (diameter at ground level > 65 mm, including reproductive or not). and (4) fruit harvesting. Each scenario was simulated at different harvesting intensities (percentage of individuals or fruits harvested). Integral projection models were used to calculate two demographic parameters, namely, population growth rate (λ) and elasticity. In the no harvesting scenario, the populations had λ > 1 (SH = 1.0655, AJ = 1.0184, and ES = 1.0862). Palm heart harvesting proved to be sustainable in both scenarios, but at a higher intensity in scenario (2) (SH = 83%, AJ = 14%, and ES = 35%) than in scenario (3) (SH = 17%, AJ = 4%, and ES = 16%). Fruit harvesting was sustainable at any intensity for all three populations. As the survival of large individuals has a high impact on λ, palm heart harvesting was in most cases sustainable only at low intensities. In contrast, as fecundity and seedling survival have a low impact on λ, fruit harvesting still proved sustainable at high intensities. Although the populations are tolerant to harvesting to some degree, it must be conducted carefully. As populations are fragile due to the current condition of reduced population size, the removal of palms at any rate can affect population persistence and generate possible cascade effects on the forest.

Biodiversity in urban centers: knowing and acknowledging palm trees in Antônio Danubio Park

The green areas conservation in urban perimeters is an effective way to maintain native plant species, in addition to the important socio-environmental role they play in cities. Parque Antônio Danúbio is a conserved forest fragment in the metropolitan area of Belém, Pará, which presents a great diversity of native flora species, especially palm trees. The present study objective was to carry out a survey of the palm trees in Parque Antônio Danúbio aiming to know the vegetation structure through the distribution and frequency of the registered species. The study was made using a qualitative approach, frequency and structure analyzes (height classes) were also carried out. Nine palm species were identified, being açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), mumbaca (Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart.) and bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) the most frequent. Individuals distribution in the height classes indicated that there is regeneration in the environment. Such results show that Parque Antônio Danúbio presents a representative diversity of native palm trees, and the populations of these species enjoy good conditions for their development.

Overexploitation and anthropogenic disturbances threaten the genetic diversity of an economically important neotropical palm

The Caatinga biome is one of the largest areas of the South American seasonally dry tropical forest that has been severely affected by unsustainable natural resource use. Furthermore, the biome has been identified as an ecologically sensitive region that is particularly susceptible to climate changes. One of the most economically important native palm tree for traditional communities from the semi-arid Caatinga is the carnauba palm, Copernicia prunifera, which offers diverse natural resources, yet its natural populations suffer intense exploitation. To inform conservation and population management strategies, we sought to determine if remaining natural populations of this species in an intensively exploited area in Northeast Brazil displayed evidence of negative genetic impacts because of exploitation and how this might interact with expected environmental changes. Mantel’s test revealed a positive and significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances, suggesting natural populations are structured by isolation by distance, while also experiencing genetic barriers as identified through Monmonier's algorithm. The studied populations showed evidence of genetic bottlenecks, while future climate scenarios suggest that potentially suitable habitats for C. prunifera within its native range will be reduced. Significant genetic differentiation among populations resulted in three distinct genetic groups which are consistent with ecological niche modelling. In addition to the need for in situ conservation of C. prunifera populations to minimize the loss of important alleles, the creation of germplasm banks for ex situ conservation and strategies for developing planted productive forests are urgently required to maintain natural populations and ensure sustainability resources for traditional communities.

Potential of the Jerivá Fruit (Syagrus romanzoffiana C.): Physicochemical and Bioactive Characterization

Background: Jerivá is a native palm tree from Brazil, very abundant in the rural environment and widely observed in the urban area. Its fruits can be consumed in fresh and drink form. Despite this context there are few studies on the species, especially when portraying the nutritional value of its fruit. This research aims to investigate jerivá fruits in three ripening stages.Methods: The fruits were harvested in a domestic orchard in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, in three ripening stages, according to the color: green (green peel), intermediate (yellowish green peel) and ripe (orange peel). The fruits were characterized in terms of physicochemical and bioactive composition.Result: This fruit has a low source of ascorbic acid in all evaluated stages, but has high levels for yellow flavonoids and total extractable polyphenols when mature (23.07 mg/100 g and 596.95 mg GAE/100 g, respectively). Considering the relevance of this fruit species and the few researches at national level, it is necessary to evaluate the physicochemical and bioactive characteristics of the fruits of Jerivá, in order to quantify particularities regarding the detailed composition, guaranteeing its potential for use.

Technological Forecasting of Traditional Knowledge Associated with Babassu

Babassu is a native palm tree from Brazil traditionally used by Indigenous Peoples (IP) and Traditional Communities (TC), in order to produce medicines applied in different treatments. Some of these medicinal applications have been scientifically analyzed in order to prove their pharmacological potentialities and have also been an object of interest for the protection of Intellectual Property Rights. The objective of this work was to carry out the technological forecasting of traditional knowledge associated with babassu related to the treatments applied by traditional medicine and to analyze the indicators connected with to the protection of Intellectual Property Rights. Initially, we conducted a survey of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies, presenting applications of babassu performed by traditional medicine. Subsequently, we presented a literature review, focused on analyzing the effects of babassu according to the practices of traditional medicine. Finally, we analyzed the records of filed patents made in World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and Latin American Base of the European Patent Office (LATIPAT) in relation to previously identified Traditional Knowledge Associated (TKA). There were different types of babassu applications used by traditional medicine, according to the results of the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies carried out in Brazil. The applications that stood out were related to anti-inflammatory and cicatrizant treatments. Most of the pharmacological research that focused on proving the medicinal potential associated with the use of babassu, analyzed applications in anti-inflammatory and cicatrizant treatments, which mostly demonstrated these potentialities. It was verified that the interests for the protection of Intellectual Property Rights of the TKA with babassu, and the anti-inflammatory and cicatrizant treatments, presented a growth. This study contributes with positive evidence for the medicinal and cosmetic potentialities of babassu presented by traditional medicine. However, it also shows that holders of TKA have not been involved in the processes of protection of Intellectual Property Rights of inventions that apply TKA with babassu. In view of the related conflicts, it is suggested that TKA be valued in management and conservation practices.

Genetic Structure and Diversity of Attalea vitrivir Populations in Brazilian Cerrado

The Babassu (Attalea sp.) is a native palm tree, belonging to the family Arecaceae, with a wide distribution in Brazil. The species Attalea vitrivir Zona occurs in the Northwest of Minas Gerais State and Southwest of Bahia State, where the Cerrado is the predominant biome. Babassu is an important native oil resource and one of the main extractive products in Brazil, besides contributing significantly to the economy of some Brazilian States. The results of an ongoing study of the conservation status and genetic diversity of populations of the palm A.vitrivir are presented. The distribution of A. vitrivir has been reduced by habitat fragmentation, resulting in two main regions of occurrence (northern and southern), with a large gap between them, being only one of them protected by a conservation unit. A total of 84 microsatellite primer pairs designed for Attalea speciosa were screened for polymorphism and transferability in A. vitrivir individuals and 21 transferable primer pairs were used to better understand the distribution of genetic variability, gene flow and conservation status of A. vitrivir populations.The genetic diversity estimates using these primers indicated high levels of genetic variation and showed that a higher variation was located within than among populations, probably due to reproductive isolation. The five populations evaluated were grouped into two distinct groups, coinciding with northern and southern regions. High genetic diversity within populations and high differentiation among both regions indicate limited gene flow. The northern unprotected populations presented high genetic variability and should also be considered for protection for the long term conservation of the species.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and healing activity of a nano-structured lipid carrier containing tucuman butter oil and butter

The Amazon region has a wide variety of native palm trees that have fruits and oilseeds. Among these palm trees, Para tucuma (Astrocaryum vulgare) stands out, which provides the tucuma fruit from which its oil is extracted, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, healing and antibacterial properties, among others. However, oils, like that of tucuma, are sensitive to thermal degradation, as well as oxidative reactions, which can reduce their pharmacological effectiveness. In this way, nanotechnology can be a tool to preserve the pharmacological properties of essential oils and increase their therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, this study aims to develop a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing tucuma butter and oil, to analyze its in vitro properties of anti-inflammatory and healing activity. For that, tests of anti-inflammatory activity and healing activity were performed by the Scratch test in vitro. The results of the tests demonstrated that the majority of the NLC concentrations showed anti and pro-inflammatory and healing activity.

Phenotypic variability and agronomic traits of açaí tree matrices in the state of Pará, Brazil

Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is a native palm tree from the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. It is considered an economically viable source of anthocyanins for the dye and medicine industries. This study aimed to estimate the phenotypic variability and to select genotypes for genetic improvement. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate phenotypic variability. Truncated selection was performed for fruit production per bunch. The collected samples presented the highest fruit yield per cluster of all studied region. Number of fruits per cluster and stem circumference are possibly controlled by few genes. longitudinal fruit diameter may have recessive genes that are decreasing fruit size. Fruit weight, seed weight, pulp weight, number of stem per plant, total cluster length, fruit weight per cluster and pulp yield per fruit presented frequency distribution in favor of heterozygotes. There some characteristics controlled by few genes, with evidence of selection and spontaneous domestication of the matrices.

Evaluation in vitro of antimicrobial activity of tucumã oil (Astrocaryum Vulgare)

Hospital Infection is a major health problem and affects around 1.5 million people annually around the world. The Amazon region has a wide diversity of native palm trees that have fruits and oilseeds. Astrocaryum vulgare, commonly known as Tucumã in Brazil, belongs to the family Arecaceae. This palm has orange, fleshy, single-egg-shaped fruits that are used for therapeutic purposes in diseases of the eyes and skin due to the high content of carotenoids, oil is used in cooking, health treatment and massage. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the Tucumã oil against 18 microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of Tucumã was measured through the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), as well as the determination of the Minimum Microbicidal Concentration (CMM) aiming to contribute to the discovery of new antimicrobials against pathogenic microorganisms’ human health and may contribute to the treatment of nosocomial infections. The results showed that the oil of Tucumã presented antimicrobial activity against five important bacteria, four Gram - positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus agalactiae) and one Gram - negative (Acinetobacter baumannii).

Generalist host species drive Trypanosoma cruzi vector infection in oil palm plantations in the Orinoco region, Colombia

BackgroundOil palm plantation establishment in Colombia has the potential to impact Chagas disease transmission by increasing the distribution range of Rhodnius prolixus. In fact, previous studies have reported Trypanosoma cruzi natural infection in R. prolixus captured in oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) in the Orinoco region, Colombia. The aim of this study is to understand T. cruzi infection in vectors in oil palm plantations relative to community composition and host dietary specialization by analyzing vector blood meals and comparing these results to vectors captured in a native palm tree species, Attalea butyracea.MethodsRhodnius prolixus nymphs (n = 316) were collected from A. butyracea and E. guineensis palms in Tauramena, Casanare, Colombia. Vector blood meals from these nymphs were determined by amplifying and sequencing a vertebrate-specific 12S rRNA gene fragment.ResultsEighteen vertebrate species were identified and pigs (Sus scrofa) made up the highest proportion of blood meals in both habitats, followed by house mouse (Mus musculus) and opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). Individual bugs feeding only from generalist mammal species had the highest predicted vector infection rate, suggesting that generalist mammalian species are more competent hosts for T. cruzi infection .ConclusionsOil palm plantations and A. butyracea palms found in altered areas provide a similar quality habitat for R. prolixus populations in terms of blood meal availability. Both habitats showed similarities in vector infection rate and potential host species, representing a single T. cruzi transmission scenario at the introduced oil palm plantation and native Attalea palm interface.

Genetic Diversity and Fine-Scale Genetic Structure in Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.: A Survivor Palm Species of the Semiarid

The species Syagrus oleracea is a native palm tree, present in highly impacted environments of the Brazilian semiarid. This species is exploited for use in the manufacture of folk crafts and for human and animal feeding. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of individuals from different populations, located in anthropic regions of the Brazilian semiarid region, in the state of Minas Gerais. This information is important for species management and conservation strategies. Thus, we used ISSR molecular markers in 157 individuals in seven populations of S. oleracea. Looking at the results, one can observe that amplifications of 109 locos occurred and that an average of 18, 17 alleles were found on each primer, values that demonstrated that the ISSR technique used was highly efficient. The genetic diversity indexes were observed, showing expected heterozygosity (He) and Shannon index (I) of 0.260 and 0.383, respectively. The number of alleles observed (na) among populations was 1.954 and the effective number of alleles (ne) was 1,606. Individuals of the populations are genetically structured in groups (demes) in a random and aggregate manner. We obtained the amplification of 109 ISSR loci, with a mean of 18.2 alleles per primer. The genetic diversity indexes revealed expected heterozygosity (He) and Shannon index (I) of 0.260 and 0.383, respectively. The number of alleles observed (na) was 1.954 and the effective number of alleles (ne) was 1.606. The value of the indirect gene flow found was 1.546. Evidence of high levels of kinship in populations was found, possibly due to low migration rates and geographical barrier. In addition, we observed signs of overexploitation in the areas, which consequently leads to a low rate of gene flow, occurring inbreeding among the sampled populations of Syagrus oleracea.

First record of Conura (Conura) maculata (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) parasitizing Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina

We report the first record of Conura (Conura) maculata (Fabricius, 1787) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. A total of 85 adult wasps of C. maculata were obtained from 3 chrysalides of Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904, a lepidopteran pest of native and exotic palm trees. This is the first report of the occurrence of this parasitoid in the province of Corrientes, extending this species’ known distribution in the country. This is also the first report of the parasitoid-host interaction between these 2 species for Argentina.

First record of Conura (Conura) maculata (Fabricius, 1787) (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) parasitizing Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina

We report the first record of Conura (Conura) maculata (Fabricius, 1787) in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. A total of 85 adult wasps of C. maculata were obtained from 3 chrysalides of Opsiphanes invirae amplificatus Stichel, 1904, a lepidopteran pest of native and exotic palm trees. This is the first report of the occurrence of this parasitoid in the province of Corrientes, extending this species’ known distribution in the country. This is also the first report of the parasitoid-host interaction between these 2 species for Argentina.

Antioxidative effect and phytochemical profile of natural products from the fruits of “babaçu” (Orbignia speciose) and “buriti” (Mauritia flexuosa)

Orbignya speciosa and Mauritia flexuosa are two native palm tree species found in Brazil. Their fruits are rich in edible fixed oils, which are used for many purposes in industry, such as in the manufacture of soaps, surfactants and margarines. The aim of this work was to characterize the chemical profiles and antioxidant properties of the methanol extracts obtained from the fruits of O. speciosa and M. flexuosa. The chemical prospection was carried out using specific qualitative tests to evaluate the presence of phenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids) in the extracts of both species. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were analyzed by the following methods: production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) from phospholipids, deoxyribose degradation, radical-scavenging activity-DPPH, iron chelation assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The methanolic extracts obtained from M. flexuosa and O. speciosa presented significant antioxidant activities, although M. flexuosa presented higher antioxidant activity than O. speciosa. In conclusion, M. flexuosa and O. speciosa are important sources of antioxidant substances that may be useful in the development of new products to prevent diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Quality Control of the Buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) for Use in 3-Phase Oil Formulation for Skin Hydration

Introduction: The Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) is a Brazilian native palm tree. Its fruit has a hard shell and scaly covering a soft and oily pulp. Buriti oil is rich in oleic acid, also being considered natural source of beta-carotene, one of the most powerful antioxidants, becoming an excellent alternative for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Methods: The fruits collected in the State Forest Antimary (Bujari city, Acre – Brazil) were processed, dried and then the oil was extracted by cold mechanical pressing. Chromatographic analyzes and the following physico-chemical analyses, according to the AOCS norms, were performed: Acid Index (AI), Peroxide Index (PI) and Saponification Index (SI). Samples of different batches were submitted to the gas chromatograph. Results: After verified the excellent quality of the oil, a formulation of a three-phase oil for the skin hydration was prepared. From the physical and chemical analyzes, the average results for each parameter were compared with them limit by the RDC-270 ANVISA standard. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the analyzed oils have great composition for using in cosmetics; it is an excellent raw material for the production of three-phase oil, when accompanied with other elements, such as mineral oil and propylene glycol, which has the capacity of hydration and smoothness of the skin.

Vulnerabilidade à erosão costeira e riscos associados à ocupação: estudo de caso do município de Aracaju/Sergipe, Brasil

Los incendios forestales que se producen anualmente durante los veranos en Chile mediterráneo, han afectado también la biodiversidad de las formaciones vegetales. Actualmente se distingue un paisaje fragmentado, sobre todo por los cambios de uso del suelo y que han reducido bastante el hábitat de la palma nativa. El clima mediterráneo de Chile se caracteriza en los valles y cordilleras costeras por un largo y seco verano, precipitaciones nulas y constantes vientos cálidos en el litoral. Esto favorece la recurrencia y extensión de los fuegos forestales. Se expone el estado actual de la situación con respecto al bosque de la palma endémica de Chile (Jubaea chilensis (Moll) Baillon que vive asociada al matorral esclerófilo mediterráneo en el litoral de Valparaíso (33°03´Sur- 71°3¨Weste) y cuyo cortejo florístico, está muy alterado por los impactos de los recurrentes fuegos estivales y la acción antrópica en microcuencas costeras. Por otra parte la regeneración de los palmares es escasa debido a la explotación que realizan los lugareños de sus frutos (“coquitos”) comestibles y también por la herbivoría de fauna y animales domésticos. La especie está declarada en estado de vulnerable y el estado junto a algunas fundaciones privadas, llevan a cabo desde más o menos unos 15 años, planes de regeneración y recuperación de esta palma que es la más longeva y una de las más australes del mundo.

Vulnerabilidade das infraestruturas rodoviárias aos efeitos de nevões na transição dos distritos do Porto e de Vila Real

Los incendios forestales que se producen anualmente durante los veranos en Chile mediterráneo, han afectado también la biodiversidad de las formaciones vegetales. Actualmente se distingue un paisaje fragmentado, sobre todo por los cambios de uso del suelo y que han reducido bastante el hábitat de la palma nativa. El clima mediterráneo de Chile se caracteriza en los valles y cordilleras costeras por un largo y seco verano, precipitaciones nulas y constantes vientos cálidos en el litoral. Esto favorece la recurrencia y extensión de los fuegos forestales. Se expone el estado actual de la situación con respecto al bosque de la palma endémica de Chile (Jubaea chilensis (Moll) Baillon que vive asociada al matorral esclerófilo mediterráneo en el litoral de Valparaíso (33°03´Sur- 71°3¨Weste) y cuyo cortejo florístico, está muy alterado por los impactos de los recurrentes fuegos estivales y la acción antrópica en microcuencas costeras. Por otra parte la regeneración de los palmares es escasa debido a la explotación que realizan los lugareños de sus frutos (“coquitos”) comestibles y también por la herbivoría de fauna y animales domésticos. La especie está declarada en estado de vulnerable y el estado junto a algunas fundaciones privadas, llevan a cabo desde más o menos unos 15 años, planes de regeneración y recuperación de esta palma que es la más longeva y una de las más australes del mundo.

Antecedentes sobre los impactos ecologicos de los fuegos y de otros factores antropicos en los bosques de Jubaea chilensis (Moll) Baillon: caso de estudio: microcuencas periurbanas de las ciudades de Valparaíso y Viña del Mar, Chile

Los incendios forestales que se producen anualmente durante los veranos en Chile mediterráneo, han afectado también la biodiversidad de las formaciones vegetales. Actualmente se distingue un paisaje fragmentado, sobre todo por los cambios de uso del suelo y que han reducido bastante el hábitat de la palma nativa. El clima mediterráneo de Chile se caracteriza en los valles y cordilleras costeras por un largo y seco verano, precipitaciones nulas y constantes vientos cálidos en el litoral. Esto favorece la recurrencia y extensión de los fuegos forestales. Se expone el estado actual de la situación con respecto al bosque de la palma endémica de Chile (Jubaea chilensis (Moll) Baillon que vive asociada al matorral esclerófilo mediterráneo en el litoral de Valparaíso (33°03´Sur- 71°3¨Weste) y cuyo cortejo florístico, está muy alterado por los impactos de los recurrentes fuegos estivales y la acción antrópica en microcuencas costeras. Por otra parte la regeneración de los palmares es escasa debido a la explotación que realizan los lugareños de sus frutos (“coquitos”) comestibles y también por la herbivoría de fauna y animales domésticos. La especie está declarada en estado de vulnerable y el estado junto a algunas fundaciones privadas, llevan a cabo desde más o menos unos 15 años, planes de regeneración y recuperación de esta palma que es la más longeva y una de las más australes del mundo.