National Social Security System Research Articles

An Indexation Mechanism for Retirement Age: Analysis of the Gender Gap

The management of National Social Security Systems is being challenged more and more by the rapid ageing of the population, especially in the industrialized countries. In order to chase the Pension System sustainability, several countries in Europe are setting up pension reforms linking the retirement age and/or benefits to life expectancy. In this context, the accurate modelling and projection of mortality rates and life expectancy play a central role and represent issues of great interest in recent literature. Our study refers to the Italian mortality experience and considers an indexing mechanism based on the expected residual life to adjust the retirement age and keep costs at an expected budgeted level, in the spirit of sharing the longevity risk between Social Security Systems and retirees. In order to combine fitting and projections performances of selected stochastic mortality models, a model assembling technique is applied to face uncertainty in model selection, while accounting for uncertainty of estimation as well. The resulting proposal is an averaged model that is suitable to discuss about the gender gap in longevity risk and its alleged narrowing over time.

The Anachronism of the Indonesian Social Security Policy in Health

The rights for social security can be found in the 1945 Constitution of Republic of Indonesia, Article 34 section (2) which reads “The state develops a social security system for all citizens and empowers the weak and the poor according to the human dignity”. With the purpose of achieving every citizen's rights for social welfare as stated in the Mandate of the Constitution, so the Constitution No. 40 year 2004 on the JKN (National Social Security) and the Constitution No. 24 year 2011 on the Social Security Administering Body are issued as the legal protection of the National Social Security System and the National Healthcare Security in Indonesia. The implementation of National Healthcare Security is rather problematic. Some complaints of the BPJS (Social Security Administering Agency) participants regarding the BPJS-Health include rejections form health facilities or health workers to the BPJS patients with various reasons. A protruding problem is the minimum activation number or the BPJS waiting period for social welfare participants. This results to the citizens’ violation of rights in receiving healthcare services form the social security program.

Determinants of the Difference between Actual Cost and Indonesian Case Based Groups (INA-CBGs) Reimbursement for Birth Delivery at Hospitals in Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara

Background : Health is the part of the economic and social development of the state. The application of the BPJS Health national social security system in Indonesia is one of the government's efforts to provide health financing protection for all citizens and prevent catastrophic health expenditures. Hospitals as providers of secondary or tertiary health services often suffer losses because the payment system from BPJS Kesehatan uses a case-based payment method or INA-CBGs. This study aimed to examine the factors that influence the difference in rates between INA-CBGs rates and real hospital rates in labor cases. Subje cts an d Met hod : This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was carried out in Mataram and Siti Hajar Mataram Islamic hospitals, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, in May 2019. A sample of 200 postpartum women was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was the difference between real cost and INA-CBGs reimbursement. The independent variables were the type of hospital, class of treatment, type of birth delivery, length of stay, and severity disease. The data were collected from the medical record and analyzed by a multiple linear regression run on Stata 13. Results : Difference between real cost and INA-CBGs tariff of birth delivery reimbursement was negatively affected by type III of class treatment (b = -390,725; 95% CI= -790,082 to 8,631; p= 0,055), section caesarean (b= -1,429,648; 95% CI= -1,811,275 to -1,048,022; p <0.001), length of stay (b= -211,912; CI (95%) = -427,786 to 3,960; p = 0.054), moderate severity (b= -114,028; 95% CIi= -507,057 to 279,000; p = 0.568), and the high level of severity (b = -1,735,612; CI (95%) = -3,482,347 to 11,123; p = 0.051). The INA-CBGs rate difference and RS real rates of labor cases decreased due to the classification of private hospitals (b = 281,021; CI (95%) = -73,054 to 635,097; p = 0,119), treatment class II (b = 8,736; CI (95 %) = -392,068 to 409,541; p = 0.966). Conclusion : The difference in rates between INA-CBGs rates and hospital real rates in childbirth cases would increase if it serves treatment class III, type of cesarean delivery, care days which are longer, and moderate or severe severity. The difference in rates between INA-CBGs rates and hospital real rates in childbirth cases can decrease in services at private hospitals and serve treatment classes II. Keywords : INA-CBGs rates, hospital real rates, labor costs. Correspondence : Baiq Holisatul Ismiana. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email: baiqholis26@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287739031046. Journal of Health Policy and Management (2019), 4(3): 161-169 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.03.03

Social Security System Presented in the North Korea’s Constitution and Regulations

북한의 국적을 소지한 공민은 북한 헌법상 규정되어 있는 무상치료를 받을 수 있는 권리를 갖게 되며, 질병 및 장애가 있거나 노동력을 상실한 자, 그리고 노인 및 어린이의 경우는 국가로부터 물질적 지원과 혜택을 받을 권리를 가진다. 이 권리는 국가로부터 원칙적으로 무상치료제의 혜택을 받게 되며 각종 요양소를 비롯한 의료시설을 제공 받을 수 있도록 헌법과 각종 부문법규를 통해 보장받는다. 북한은 일찍이 1978년 4월 「사회주의노동법」을 처음 채택하면서 사회보장에 관하여 일반적으로 규정해 왔다. 이후 2008년 1월「사회보장법」을 처음 채택하면서 사회보장에 대한 기본적 틀을 갖추고 있다. 이는 북한 주민에 대한 하나의 사회보장제 유인책으로서 입법된 것으로 보인다. 과거와 달리 북한의 「외국인투자기업 노동규정」이나 「개성 공업지구 노동규정」은 근로계약제의 도입 등 나름의 변화를 통해 북한 사회보장제도 차원의 큰 획을 긋는 변화로 분석된다. 이 논문에서는 시기적으로 북한 정권 초기인 1948년 헌법상에서 처음으로 국가사회 보험 및 사회보장제도를 규정했기 때문에 지금까지 변화해 온 헌법상 사회보장 규정의 연혁을 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고 사회보장 관련한 기본법의 성격을 가진 북한「사회보장법」의 주요 내용을 알아보고, 최근 법률 환경의 변화에 따라 속속 입법되고 개정돼 온 개별 부문법규의 사회보장제도의 내용을 고찰한다. 사회보장제도가 북한을 바라보는 또 하나의 기준 내지 척도가 된다는 점에서 사회적 기본권으로서의 사회보장제에 대한 연구는 중요하다고 하겠다. 다만, 이와 관련한 연구 범위를 우리의 사회보장제도 일반론에서 다루어지는 소득보장제도와 의료보장 및 사회서비스제도에 대해서는 논외로 하되, 관련 법률에 대한 소개는 간략히 다루어 북한 사회보장제도의 이해에 도움을 주고자 한다.Any citizen holding North Korean nationality has a right to receive free medical care specified in the Constitution of North Korea, and those suffering from diseases, the physically-challenged or those unable to work, seniors and children have rights to receive material support and benefits from the nation. In principle, the right involves benefits related to free medical care provided by the nation, and the Constitution and various relevant regulations guarantee provision of a variety of nursing homes and medical institutions. North Korea has defined matters associated with social security as it first adopted the “Socialism Labor Law” in April, 1978. Afterward, it adopted the first “Social Security Law” in January 2008, which prepared a basic framework of social security. This might have been legislated to induce North Korean citizens into a uniform social security system. Unlike the past, the “Labor Regulations for Foreign-Invested Enterprises” or “Labor Regulations for Gaeseong Industrial Complex” in North Korea seem to have marked a new era in terms of the social security system as it demonstrated changes, such as adopting labor (employment) contracts. The paper examines the national social insurance and social security system presented in the Constitution during the initial stage of its administration in 1948 based on the fundamental rights of the society. In addition, the paper looks into major matters set forth in the “Social Security Law” of North Korea that is characterized as the fundamental law related to social security and the social security system of individual regulations legislated and/or amended according to the latest changes to the legal environment are considered. Taking into account that the social security system may be a(n) standard or index of perceiving North Korea, it is significant to study the system as the fundamental right of a given society. However, the study leaves out income security, medical security and social service system that are commonly dealt in our general social security system. The purpose of this study is to briefly introduce related laws and regulations to provide an understanding of the social security system in North Korea.

SISTEM PENGELOLAAN BADAN PENYELENGGARA JAMINAN SOSIAL (BPJS) KESEHATAN MANDIRI KOTA PAREPARE

: Law Number 40 of 2004 concerning the National Social Security System (SJSN) mandates that social security is mandatory for all residents including the National Health Insurance (JKN) through a Health Social Security Administering Agency (BPJS). This study discusses how the contract system in the Mandiri Health BPJS, how the mechanism for collecting contributions to the Mandiri Health BPJS, and how the quality of BPJS Health guarantees in Parepare City for health services for Mandiri Health BPJS participants. This study included a qualitative descriptive study with an analysis of Islamic economic law in the Office of BPJS Health in the City of Parepare. The results of the study indicate that the contract system in the Independent Health BPJS in the City of Parepare is in accordance with Islamic economic law and the mechanism for collecting contributions from Mandiri Health BPJS participants is not in accordance with Islamic economic principles. Quality assurance of BPJS Kesehatan in the City of Parepare for health services for participants of the Independent Health BPJS in accordance with Islamic economic law.

Actuarial fairness in social security calculations: application of a multiple decrement model to compare the social security factor and minimum age rules

Abstract It has been shown that under the social security factor rule current contribution rates are insufficient to cover social security benefits, since the actuarially fair rates are 30.69% and 35.27% for men and women, respectively. However, if the social security reform were approved as submitted, the fair rates would be reduced to 22.25% and 21.60%, respectively. Besides the minimum age, part of this reduction is due to the proposed rules allowing pension values lower than the minimum wage. These results served the objective of this work, which was to compare the actuarially fair social security rates for the General Social Welfare Policy (GSWP), based on the social security factor rules and the minimum age proposal present in Proposed Constitutional Amendment n. 287/2016. The demographic changes that have taken place in Brazil in recent years raise questions about the sustainability of the national social security system and approving social security reform has been a government priority. Therefore, there is an undisputed need for an actuarial study that calculates actuarially fair rates and compares the current scenario with the reform proposals. Multiple decrement actuarial models were used to calculate the fair rates considering a standard family (25-year-old worker, spouse, and two children), in which the man is three years older than the woman. The IBGE 2015 Extrapolated (mortality) and Álvaro Vindas (disability) tables were adopted as biometric assumptions, and a real wage growth rate of 2% p.a. and real interest rate of 3% p.a. were used.

Motivational interviewing in long-term sickness absence: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial followed by qualitative and economic studies

BackgroundMotivational interviewing (MI), mainly used and shown effective in health care (substance abuse, smoking cessation, increasing exercise and other life style changes), is a collaborative conversation (style) about change that could be useful for individuals having problems related to return to work (RTW). The aim of this paper is to describe the design of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of MI on RTW among sick listed persons compared to usual care, in a social security setting.MethodsThe study is a randomized controlled trial with parallel group design. Individuals between 18 and 60 years who have been sick listed for more than 7 weeks, with a current sick leave status of 50–100%, are identified in the Norwegian National Social Security System and invited to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria are no employment and pregnancy. Included participants are randomly assigned to the MI intervention or one of two control groups. The MI intervention consists of two MI sessions offered by caseworkers at the Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV), while the comparative arms consist of a usual care group and a group that receives two extra sessions without MI content (to control for attentional bias). The primary outcome measure is the total number of sickness absence days during 12 months after inclusion, obtained from national registers. Secondary outcomes include time until full sustainable return to work, health-related quality of life and mental health status. In addition, a health economic evaluation, a feasibility/process evaluation and qualitative studies will be performed as part of the study.DiscussionA previous study has suggested an effect of MI on RTW for sick listed workers with musculoskeletal complaints. The present study will evaluate the effect of MI for all sick listed workers, regardless of diagnosis. The knowledge from this study will potentially be important for policy makers, clinicians and other professionals` practical work.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03212118 (registered July 11, 2017).

PELATIHAN KADER DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL

Being a participant in the National Health Insurance (JKN) is one way to maintain good health for the citizens of Indonesia. JKN has been run by the Social Security Agency (BPJS) Health since January 1, 2014. BPJS planned that in 2014 the people of Indonesia who participated in the program of the National Social Security System (Navigation) and is targeted to reach 70% in 2019 to reach 100%. One of the benefits of national health insurance program is to improve the health and welfare of the community. However, not many people are aware of the importance of following the National Health Insurance program through participation BPJS. In addition, people are still confused in a groove in the service of the National Health Insurance. From the above issues, the Department of Medical Records and Health Information in cooperation with BPJS Semarang implement community service activities in the form of providing guidance, assistance, consultation on the National Health Insurance program. With this JKN coaching hoped that the people are able to understand the importance of participation JKN and improved health and welfare of the people especially in the region Wijaya Kusuma Posyandu RW: XXII, Village Meteseh, District Tembalang, Semarang.

The Implementation of Minister of Health Regulation on Performance Improvement in Individual and Community Health Service (Study of Puskesmas Bawen, Central Java)

One of public services implemented by the government is the fulfillment of public health needs. Health reform is implemented to improve health services that make it more efficient, effective and accessible to all levels of society. Towards a better and overall health insurance, the government issued Law No. 40 on the National Social Security System whereby Health Insurance is a priority that will be developed to achieve the participation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This paper discusses the implementation and constraint in the implementation of improving the health services performance in individual and community health services at Bawen Public Health Center (Puskesmas, Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat). The author argued that the implementation of improving the Public Health Center performance in individual and societal health services perspective Minister of Health Regulation Number 71 of 2013 at Bawen Public Health Center has been running in accordance with the implementation indicators, but there are still some problems internally and externally that is late drugs provision that inhibit delivery Service. In addition, the attitude and clarity in providing information needs improvement.

Legal Issues in The Implementation of National Social Security System on Labour in Indonesia

The Social Security System in Indonesia has been regulated by the government, and the program is managed by an agency called Social Insurance Administration Organization (BPJS). Associated with the existence of social security functions for workers, its practice presents a gap between what is expected and what is regulated. For this reason, it is therefore necessary to examine, firstly, what kind of legal protection of workers is covered by this national social security system managed in BPJS program and, secondly, what constraints are encountered in its implementation. This research is Juridical Normative one, with normative qualitative data analysis. The research finds that the social security is correlated not only with the welfare of employees who are assessed by the level of wages provided by the organization, rather it is also correlated with other factors in the form of health and safety assurance. In the broader context, social welfare is measured not only when the person is at work and gets social security benefits, rather the measure of his welfare is also applicable when the worker is not working and/or when they retire. On the basis of these, the social security program is an integral aspect of social security to which the government should give a legal protection.

Disruption Management for the Real-Time Home Caregiver Scheduling and Routing Problem

The aggravating trend of the aging population, the miniaturization of the family structure, and the increase of families with empty nesters greatly affect the sustainable development of the national economy and social old-age security system of China. The emergence of home health care or home care (HHC/HC) service mode provides an alternative for elderly care. How to develop and apply this new mobile service mode is crucial for the government. Therefore, the pertinent optimization problems regarding HHC/HC have constantly attracted the attention of researchers. Unexpected events, such as new requests of customers, cancellations of customers’ services, and changes of customers’ time windows, may occur during the process of executing an a priori visiting plan. These events may sometimes make the original plan non-optimal or even infeasible. To cope with this situation, we introduce disruption management to the real-time home caregiver scheduling and routing problem. The deviation measurements on customers, caregivers, and companies are first defined. A mathematical model that minimizes the weighted sum of deviation measurements is then constructed. Next, a tabu search (TS) heuristic is developed to efficiently solve the problem, and a cost recorded mechanism is used to strengthen the performance. Finally, by performing computational experiments on three real-life instances, the effectiveness of the TS heuristic is tested, and the advantages of disruption management are analyzed.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Pekerja Atas Perolehan Jaminan Sosial Tenaga Kerja

Social security is a right of everyone, without exception, including workers / laborers as the provisions of Article 28H paragraph (3) of the Constitution of 1945, which reads; "Everyone is entitled to social security that allows development of his or her self as dignified human beings," as well as the mandate of the Declaration of the United Nations (UN), 1948 on Human Rights, and has also affirmed in the Convention on the International Labour Organization (ILO) No. 102 of 1952, which recommends that all States to provide minimum protection to all workers. In the decree of the People's Consultative Assembly of Indonesia Number X / MPR / 2001, to determine the tasks the President to form the National Social Security System in order to provide a comprehensive social protection and integration. On February 17, 1992, the government put forth Law No. 3 of 1992 on Social Security Workers (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1992 Number 14, Additional State Gazette No. 3468), to provide protection to every worker / laborer as the right of every person without exception. However, the right of workers / laborers to obtain workers' social security that provides protection against occupational accidents, illness, pregnancy, maternity, old age and death, is only obtained if the employer where workers / laborers to the Organizing Body, namely PT. Social Security, as stipulated in the provisions of Article 4 paragraph (1), which determines that; "Program of social security referred to in Article 3 shall be realized by companies for workers who perform work in labor relations in accordance with the provisions of this law."

Health policies in Brazil in times of contradiction: paths and pitfalls in the construction of a universal system.

This article analyzes the trajectory of national health policy in Brazil from 1990 to 2016 and explores the policy's contradictions and conditioning factors during the same period. Continuities and changes were seen in the policy's context, process, and content in five distinct moments. The analysis of the policy's conditioning factors showed that the Constitutional framework, institutional arrangements, and action by health sector stakeholders were central to the expansion of public programs and services, providing the material foundations and expanding the basis of support for the Brazilian Unified National Health System at the health sector level. However, historical and structural limitations, institutional legacies, and the dispute between projects for the sector have influenced national health policy. Interaction between these conditioning factors explains the policy's contradictions during the period, for example with regard to health's position in the national development model and social security system and the financing and public-private relations in health. Expansion of public services occurred simultaneously with the strengthening of private segments. Dynamic health markets that compete for resources from government and families, limit the possibility of consolidating a universal health system, and reiterate social stratification and inequalities in health.

Mere Objectives or Hard Law? A Case Study on the EU‘s Social Policy in the Context of Free Market Economy

IntroductionIn Article 3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) the Union commits itself to combating social exclusion and discrimination as well as to promoting social justice. This does not change the fact, though, that the ability and/ or commitment to create a genuinely inclusive society varies considerably between the EU Member States (cf. e.g. Schraad-Tischler and Kroll, 2014). In the recent years the agenda of the Union's highest political body, the European Council, was dominated by the economic and financial crisis in a manner that somewhat marginalised the Union's social policy and social investment. The structural reforms and austerity policies pursued during the crisis with a view to stabilizing national economies and budgets have by and large produced an adverse effect on the implementation of social justice on the European continent, reducing the performance of national social security systems, thus 10.14254/2071789X.2017/10-3/17 aggravating social divide and letting youth unemployment grow to ever-new record heights. This development has inevitably posed a stress test for the credibility of Union's commitment to the promotion of social justice, internally and world-wide.In order to critically assess whether the EU lives up to this challenge, it is necessary to analyse both the tools the Union has at its disposal as well as the manner they have been applied to date in pursuance of these aims. Whilst the main objective of this paper is to attempt to define the impact of the EU basic economic principles on its policy in social matters, the contribution also offers nuanced argumentation transgressing this thematic scope and suggesting pathways and opportunities for further research. The applied research methodology includes a combination of theoretical and analytical methods.1.The laborious development of the Union's social dimensionIn order to fully appreciate the state of the art in the EU's social policy of today, it is vital to be aware of its development in a diachronic perspective. At their very origins, the European communities (the European Coal and Steel Community as of 1952 and the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community as of 1957) provided for merely economic integration and cooperation of the founding states. In time the said economic cooperation covered a broader scope of areas (the objective of achieving a single market, the development of environmental and energy policies as well as of measures leading to the Economic and Monetary Union) and it included more countries. Thus economic integration was a continuous driving force behind a process of Europe's political integration and it remains so also to date.Prior to the Treaty of Maastricht which came into force on 1 November 1993, the European Economic Community's (EEC) legal framework for social policy was absolutely minimalist. Whilst Article 117 of the EEC Treaty provided for the necessity to improve working conditions and standards of living of workers, most relevant Community secondary legislation on employees' rights in the event of collective redundancies, transfer of undertakings and the employer's insolvency was enacted first after mid-1970s.1 Albeit the rule of equal pay for equal work of women and men was since the founding of the EEC enshrined in a directly applicable Treaty provision (Article 119 EEC), legislation implementing the principle of equal treatment of men and women in employment was adopted in 1975/76 only.2 The systems of social security remained (and still remain) on a strictly national basis. The access of nonnationals to such systems was and is governed by specific regulations and complemented by the non-discrimination rules. A certain turning point towards a more comprehensive approach consisted in the establishment of the Union citizenship by the Treaty of Maastricht, which facilitated judicial advance of social and labour rights. The Treaty provisions on Union citizenship imply for host Member States a need to show a certain degree of financial solidarity with the nationals of other Member States provided that they have established a genuine or real link with the society of the host Member State. …

ASPEK HUKUM KARTU INDONESIA SEHAT

Assurance is an important element in financial planning, but because of the low public awareness and myths that circulate in society around the insurance makes people reluctant to buy insurance products. Insurance is also known only for the upper middle class. On the other hand the realization of a prosperous society, one of which is assessed from the level of good public health. For that the government issued a compulsory social insurance in which the entire community on the mandate of the law shall be a participant of the program. Since 2011, the government has issued a regulation related to the National Social Security System and implemented through Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) in 2014. However, in the event it was due to political dynamics, the government under Jokowi leadership reissued Kartu Indonesia Sehat (KIS) A presidential regulation that functions the same as the existence of BPJS. This is what needs to be studied more deeply, because it is feared there will be overlapping roles and functions between BPJS and KIS them.

Pemenuhan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara Indonesia: Studi Kasus Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional

Health is an important factor for every citizen and thus require collateral for its survival. The objective is to determine the normative regulation and its efforts to investigate the implementation and proper normative adjustment pattern to give recognition, security, and protection of the constitutional rights of Indonesian citizens accordance with the mandate of Article 28 H paragraph (1), paragraph (2), paragraph ( 3) and Article 34 paragraph (1) and (2) 1945. The method used is normative juridical statute approach. The results obtained are finding normative regulations governing the national health insurance in the national social security system implemented social security administering bodies associated with membership and health services that are not appropriate if adjusted against the constitutional rights of Indonesian citizens. The remedies that can be taken in the event of problems regarding the implementation of the program is not health insurance through the judicial institution namely the National Human Rights Commission and the Ombudsman as well as through the courts at the district court level to the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.

Is Geriatric Medicine Possible in a Middle-Income Country? The Case of Costa Rica.

This article outlines the current and future-projected demographic data, organization, networks for the care of older people, and perspectives in Costa Rica in relation to the challenges resulting from exponential growth of the older adult population, most notably those aged 80 and older. It includes consideration of the Norms of Integrated Care of the Older Adult of Costa Rica's national social security system and contributions from other public and private institutions. It also makes note of commentaries on the need for ever-increasing efforts to manage the care of Costa Rica's burgeoning older adult population.

Implementation Distortion of Indonesian Health Card (KIS)-Contribution Assistance Recipients (PBI): Studies in Jakarta, Bogor, and Depok

This paper not only narrated the National Social Security System in Healthcare, but also findings of fact of the direct field practice of the registration of Indonesian Health Card (KIS)-Contribution Assistance Recipients (PBI) for poor women, minorities, and other vulnerable groups in the poor area of Jakarta, Bogor, and Depok. This research undertaken by students of semester 5th Department of Primary School Teacher Education UHAMKA during October-December 2016 to fulfill the task of “ibadah sosial” (social worship) onsubjects Kemuhammadiyahan.

ANALISIS KEPUASAN JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL PADA PENGGUNA BPJS KESEHATAN DI KOTA SEMARANG

National health insurance (NHI) as a part of national social security system (NSIS) is a form of government commitment to the implementation of health insurance among people in Indonesia entirely. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) assigned specifically by the government to provide health care insurance was the BPJS for Health (social security provider for health). The aim of this study was to analyze the satisfaction of national health insurance among BPJS for Health participants in Semarang City based on education, tuition classes, and place of service. This study was analytical survey with cross sectional approach. Sample of Non PBI (Contribution Assistance Recipients) BPJS for Health were 269 respondents, with purposive proportional sampling technique. There was a significant difference regarding the satisfaction of health insurance based on education level (basic, secondary, and high) and place of service (public hospital and private hospital). There was no significant difference on satisfaction of health insurance based on tuition classes (class I, II, and III). BPJS for Health participants who did not satisfied with the national health insurance were 64.7%. The most important complaint was the process of obtaining an inpatient room.

The System and Human Resources for Occupational Health in Republic Of Indonesia for Japanese Enterprises to Manage Proper Occupational Health Activities at Overseas Workplaces

To consider the appropriate occupational health system for Japanese enterprises in Indonesia with information on the regulations and development of the specialists. In this study, we used the information-gathering checklist developed by Kajiki et al. Along with literature and internet surveys, we surveyed local corporations owned and operated by Indonesians, central government agencies in charge of medical and health issues, a Japanese independent administrative agency supporting subsidiaries of overseas Japanese enterprises, and an educational institution formulating specialized occupational physician training curricula. In Indonesia, the Ministry of Manpower and the Ministry of Health administer occupational health matters. The act No. 1 on safety serves as the fundamental regulation. We confirmed at least 40 respective regulations in pertinent areas, such as the placement of medical and health professionals, health examinations, occupational disease, and occupational health service agencies. There are some regulations that indicate only an outline of activities but not details. Occupational physicians and safety officers are the two professional roles responsible for occupational health activities. A new medical insurance system was started in 2014, and a workers' compensation system was also established in 2017 in Indonesia according to the National Social Security System Act. Although safety and health laws and regulations exist in Indonesia, their details are unclear and the quality of expert human resources needed varies. To conduct high-quality occupational health activities from the standpoint of Japanese companies' headquarters, the active promotion of employing highly specialized professionals and cooperation with educational institutions is recommended.