National Institute Of Standards & Technology Research Articles

Newly Synthesized Reagent [TREN 3 (2 Quinoline)] for Determination of Nickel (II) in Biological Samples by Extractive-Differential Pulse Polarography

Abstract: The synthesis and application of a novel analytical reagent, [TREN 3 (2 Quinoline)], was detailed for the precise determination of nickel (II) concentrations in biological samples and plant materials. The analysis involved extracting the nickel(II)-TREN3(2Quinoline) complex from chloroform before injection into the instrument. To ensure accuracy and various parameters such as pH, pulse amplitude, scan rate, and choice of solvent were meticulously optimized. A calibration curve constructed in the concentration range from 0.05 to 42 µg mL-1 under pH 4.0, conditions using an acetate buffer, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient of 0.992. The study also thoroughly investigated potential interference from diverse ions, Validation of the proposed method was conducted using Certified Reference Materials provided by the National Institute of Standard Technology, affirming its accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, the reagent underwent characterization through techniques including infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (Mass), and elemental analysis, bolstering confidence in its suitability for analytical purposes.

Identification of Whatsapp Digital Evidence on Android Smartphones using The Android Backup APK (Application Package Kit) Downgrade Method

The use of WhatsApp for actions that lead to unlawful acts is a serious matter that needs to be proven in court. Android and the WhatsApp messaging application continue to update their features and security to provide maximum service and protection to its users, such as the WhatsApp database encryption using crypt14. With crypt14 encryption on the WhatsApp database, investigations of WhatsApp digital evidence against Electronic Evidence (BBE) require an acquisition and extraction method to identify artefacts relevant to digital evidence needs. The National Institute Standard Technology (NIST) reference methodology, from the collection, examination, and analysis to reporting stages, has become a widely used framework for digital forensics against BBE. The Android Backup Application Package Kit (APK) Downgrade method can decrypt the WhatsApp database crypt14 to become a solution that can be used in the framework of mobile forensics to answer the needs of investigations into certain criminal cases, including data that users have deleted. With the Cellebrite tools, the Android Backup Application Package Kit (APK) Downgrade method can identify approximately 651% more artefacts than the Android Backup and logical acquisition methods using the FinalData and MobilEdit tools.

A hybrid logistic DNA-based encryption system for securing the Internet of Things patient monitoring systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role in healthcare, and high-end encryption schemes are needed to ensure data integrity and privacy in this industry. The security procedures and methodologies in the healthcare industry must be improved to combat various security breaches brought on by the IoT. The methodologies such as Advanced Encryption Systems (AES), Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), and Data Encryption Schemes (DES) are used in IoT devices to ensure high-end security against counterfeit IoT attacks. The existing procedures and methodologies need brighter light of improvisation when transmitting medical data over the network. This study proposes a novel hybrid chaotic DNA and AES encryption methodology that combines the powerful features of 3D logistic chaotic maps and employs DNA operations in an AES system to provide more security against IoT attacks. Extensive experimentation is carried out using National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) tests, and metrics tests such as Discrete Fourier Tests (DFT), Run length tests, and Frequency Monobit Tests are conducted and evaluated to determine the high randomness of the data and ensure high-security transmission. We show the suggested encryption technique outperforms the competing methods and is better suited for establishing high-level security for medical data transmission.

Non-target scanning of organics from cooking emissions using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC×GC-MS)

Cooking emission is a major source influencing human health and air quality. To elucidate the emission pattern of cooking fumes, gaseous and particulate organics were sampled by Tenax TA desorption tubes and quartz filters, respectively. Organics were analyzed by a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC × GC-qMS) coupled with a thermal desorption system (TDS). A non-target analysis was conducted identifying 166 (gas-phase) and 349 (particle-phase) compounds emitted from cooking fumes. We propose a four-step identification procedure, containing comparison with standards, homologs identification by selected ion chromatograms (SICs), searching spectrums in the National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) library, and recognitions of unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs). The identified organics are then quantified or semi-quantified by surrogates in the same chemical class with an uncertainty of 27%. Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are extensively detected accounting for 20.5% and 81.4% of the total mass concentration and emission rates (ERs) in gas- and particle-phase samples. Aldehydes (30.6%) and acids (82.7%) dominate the mass concentration of organics in the gas- and particle-phase, respectively. Our work provides a detailed identification procedure in the non-target analysis and emphasizes the importance of IVOC measurement in cooking emissions.

Fast physical random bit generation based on a chaotic optical injection system with multi-path optical feedback.

Based on the chaotic signal provided by a simple chaotic system, a random bit sequence with a rate of 640 Gb/s is generated through adopting the circulating exclusive-or (CXOR) post-processing method. Such a simple chaotic system is built via a slave semiconductor laser subject to optical injection of a chaotic signal originated from a master semiconductor laser under multi-path optical feedback. First, through inspecting the dependences of the time-delay-signature (TDS) and bandwidth of the chaotic signal on some key operation parameters, optimized parameters are determined for generating a high-quality chaotic signal with a large bandwidth and low TDS. Second, the high-quality chaotic signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal by sampling with a digital oscilloscope at 80 GSa/s. Next, through adopting the CXOR post-processing method, a bit sequence with a rate of 640 Gb/s is obtained. Finally, the randomness is estimated by the National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-22 statistical tests, and the results demonstrate that the obtained random bit sequence can pass all the NIST tests.

Phytochemical Pharmacological and Growth Promoting Study of Endophytic Fungi Rhizopus delemer Isolated from Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet.

Endophytic fungi have been perceived as a potential source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Whereas Rhizopus as the endophytic fungi were isolated from the medicinal plant Abutilon indicum (L) sweet under the family Malvaceae found in tropical areas. This work aims to isolate and identify the fungal endophyte Rhizopus sp. from the medicinal plant Abutilon indicum at the molecular level, and the second objective is to test the Plant Growth Promoting activity like Indole Acidic Acid A, Hydrogen cyanide, Phosphate solubility (PO4), Catalase test, and it is the proof for plant endophyte association, lastly to analyse the extract of Rhizopus in phytochemical and pharmacology activity using Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry study. The isolated fungal plant growthpromoting activity like Indole acetic acid production, Phosphate solubility assay, HCN production and Catalase enzyme synthesis was tested. As compared to IAA, PO4 solubility assay, HCN and Catalase synthesis test culture gave positive results. It described endophytic fungal within-hosts that are actively responsible against pathogens and stress tolerance conditions. Isolated fungal culture was able to synthesize catalase enzymes and HCN compounds. Rhizopus can act as a Phyto stimulator, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, increased stress tolerance capacity and also can increase the water availability in the nutrition supply to the host plant. In the qualitative screening test, there are about 12 phytochemicals that showed positive results. It gives the effort of the plant to act as a defensive mechanism against pathogens. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, fungal species were identified: as Rhizopus delemer UICC 26. Accession no: LC514308. It is an unfamiliar mutant strain. Further GC-MS analysis revealed that the Identification of 20 bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of fungus Rhizopus delemer was Butane, 1,1-diethoxy-2-methyl-. 3,3-diethoxy-2-butanone. identified. The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on a Database in the National Institute of Standard Technology. The compound's retention time, peak area, molecular weight and molecular formula were matched with WILEY and NIST Library. It could be concluded that the isolated endophytic fungus Rhizopus delemer UICC 26 extract was prominent endophytic fungi in Abutilon indicum plant and also it enhances the plant growth-promoting activity. It was confirmed by the positive results of HCN and Catalase production test. In 12 different phytochemical compounds, and among 20 bioactive agent’s presence 9 shown our fungi has active form inside of plant part against the pathogen.

A multi-agent based enhancement for multimodal biometric system at border control

Border criminals and unauthorized immigrants are dramatically increasing within the last few years in globally due to the absence of proper authorization methods at the border locations. Usually, passenger controls done by trained immigration officers who compare the passport and the physical appearance at the border while some of the countries done by automated border control (ABC) systems. ABC is one of the applicable real-world applications of the biometric domain which commonly implements with fingerprint and face (multimodal) biometric authorization. However, selecting an appropriate classification method is a challenging task at the decision-making stage. This paper proposes a novel architecture for multimodal biometric authorization engaged with the multi-agent system (MAS) to come up with the optimal solution by using the co-feature of MAS, such as coordination, corporation, and negotiation features. The experiment was done with four available multimodal datasets, namely, the National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) multimodal, SDUMLA-HMT multimodal, BANCA and PRIVATE databases have been reported to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The experimental result delivers an excellent performance comparing with previous ABC systems at the authentication phase and computationally fast.

Analisis Forensik pada Email Menggunakan Metode National Institute of Standards Technology

Nowadays developments in information technology are growing rapidly, especially in email. Email became one that almost the whole world had. Email is one of the results of developments in information and communication. Email is widely used to exchange information by sending and receiving data, such as document files, pictures, letters, and others. So much for the crimes that often occur in emails. Email crimes that often occur among them are email spoofing. Email spoofing is a forgery that occurs in the header of the email. So, the email is sent as if it were a valid email. Email spoofing is often used in spamming activities. Crimes committed by cybercrime must leave evidence such as IP Address, sender's email, and time of sending the email. This research will do forensics on email spoofing. The research uses the Live Forensics method, where the computer is used in a powered-on state. The research also uses the NIST (National Institute of Standards Technology) research flow. The email that will be analyzed is in the email header section using 3 tools, namely tracer email analyzer, email dossier, and mail header analysis. This analysis will compare and check the accuracy of the email headers using these tools. Emails suspected of email spoofing will be proven using tools. Based on the 'form' received' and 'Message-ID' headers. Based on the results, the tool that meets the value after the analysis is tracer email analysis.

Line identification of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra from iron, copper and molybdenum ions in EAST tokamak

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra emitted from iron and copper ions in a range of 8–500 Å and molybdenum ions in a range of 8–400 Å were measured in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) discharges accompanied with spontaneous sputtering events, by which metallic impurity influxes are suddenly increased in the discharge. Several spectral lines from L-, M-, and N-shell partially ionized ions have been successfully observed with two EUV spectrometers named EUV_Short and EUV_Long working in wavelength ranges of 8–130 Å and 20–500 Å, respectively. The wavelength position is accurately calibrated in-situ based on several well-known spectra of low-Z impurity ions. The line identification is carefully performed based on the National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) database and previously published experimental data. As a result, it is found that B-, Be-, and Li-like iron and copper spectra Al-, Mg-, and Na-like molybdenum spectra appear in discharges with high central electron temperature (>1.8 keV). The highest ionization stages identified here are Li-like iron and copper and Na-like molybdenum, e.g. Fe XXIV at 192.028 Å (1s22p 2P3/2 → 1s22s 2S1/2), Cu XXVII at 153.513 Å (1s22p 2P3/2 → 1s22s 2S1/2) and Mo XXXII at 127.868 Å (2p63p 2P3/2 → 2p63s 2S1/2). Two unresolved transition arrays of molybdenum ions (Mo-UTAs) appear at wavelength ranges of 15–30 Å and 65–95 Å, and are preliminarily identified as Mo XX-Mo XXXII and Mo XVII-Mo XXXII, respectively. In addition, six spectral lines are newly found by comparing a time evolution of the line intensity from impurity ions in different ionization stages, i.e. Fe XVIII at 17.60 ± 0.02 Å, Cu XXI at 13.15 ± 0.02 Å, Cu XVIII at 260.32 ± 0.07 Å, Cu XVIII at 261.00 ± 0.06 Å, Mo XXVIII at 85.30 ± 0.03 Å and Mo XXIX at 89.59 ± 0.03 Å. The wavelengths of EUV spectra identified in this work are summarized in tables with transitions for each impurity species.

Quantitative comparison of PD-L1 IHC assays against NIST standard reference material 1934

Companion diagnostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests are developed and performed without incorporating the tools and principles of laboratory metrology. Basic analytic assay parameters such as lower limit of detection (LOD) and dynamic range are unknown to both assay developers and end users. We solved this problem by developing completely new tools for IHC—calibrators with units of measure traceable to National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1934. In this study, we demonstrate the clinical impact and opportunity for incorporating these changes into PD-L1 testing. Forty-one laboratories in North America and Europe were surveyed with newly-developed PD-L1 calibrators. The survey sampled a broad representation of commercial and laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). Using the PD-L1 calibrators, we quantified analytic test parameters that were previously only inferred indirectly after large clinical studies. The data show that the four FDA-cleared PD-L1 assays represent three different levels of analytic sensitivity. The new analytic sensitivity data explain why some patients' tissue samples were positive by one assay and negative by another. The outcome depends on the assay's lower LOD. Also, why previous attempts to harmonize certain PD-L1 assays were unsuccessful; the assays' dynamic ranges were too disparate and did not overlap. PD-L1 assay calibration also clarifies the exact performance characteristics of LDTs relative to FDA-cleared commercial assays. Some LDTs' analytic response curves are indistinguishable from their predicate FDA-cleared assay. IHC assay calibration represents an important transition for companion diagnostic testing. The new tools will improve patient treatment stratification, test harmonization, and foster accuracy as tests transition from clinical trials to broad clinical use.

Line identification of extreme ultraviolet spectra of Mo V to Mo XVIII in EAST tokamak

The presence of high-<i>Z</i> impurities in magnetically confined fusion devices has different influences on the confinement property of the plasma due to the high cooling rate of high-<i>Z</i> impurities. The first wall of EAST is equipped with molybdenum tiles, molybdenum particles sputtered from inevitable plasma-wall interaction enter into the plasma and become high-<i>Z</i> impurity. In this paper, four fast-time-response extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometers, a system which is upgraded in the EAST 2021 campaign, are used to monitor the line emission from impurity ions in the 5–500 Å wavelength range simultaneously. The in-situ wavelength calibration is carried out accurately using several well-known emission lines of low- and medium-Z impurity ions. The observed spectral lines are carefully identified based on the National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) database, previously published experimental data and the time evolution of the normalized line intensity of emission lines from impurity ions. At the lower electron temperature (<i>T</i><sub>e0</sub> = 1.5 keV), the EUV spectra emitted from molybdenum ions in the range of 5–485 Å are systematically identified in EAST discharges accompanied with spontaneous sputtering events. As a result, two unresolved transition arrays of molybdenum spectra composed of Mo<sup>19+</sup>-Mo<sup>24+</sup> (Mo XX-Mo XXV) and Mo<sup>16+</sup>-Mo<sup>29+</sup> (Mo XVII-Mo XXX) are observed in the ranges of 15–30 Å and 65–95 Å. In addition, several spectral lines of lower molybdenum ions of Mo<sup>4+</sup>-Mo<sup>17+</sup> (Mo V-Mo XVIII) in the ranges of 27–60 Å and 120–485 Å are observed and identified on EAST for the first time, including a few strong and isolated forbidden and resonant lines, e.g. Mo XII at 329.414 Å, 336.639 Å and 381.125 Å, Mo XIII at 340.909 Å and 352.994 Å, Mo XIV at 373.647 Å and 423.576 Å, Mo XV at 50.448 Å, 57.927 Å and 58.832 Å. Six spectral lines are newly observed in the range of 27–32 Å, i.e. (27.21 ± 0.01) Å, (27.37 ± 0.01) Å, (28.99 ± 0.01) Å, (30.81 ± 0.01) Å, (31.54 ± 0.01) Å and (31.83 ± 0.01) Å, which may be Mo XV-Mo XVIII spectral lines. As a result, twelve strong and isolated spectral lines are chosen in routine observation for impurity transport physical study. The identification of these spectral lines not only enriches the molybdenum atom database, but also provides a solid experimental data base for magnetically confined devices to study the behavior and transport in core and edge plasmas of high-Z impurity.

Akuisisi Bukti Digital Viber Messenger Android Menggunakan Metode National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Viber is one of the most popular social media in the Instant Messenger application category that can be used to send text messages, make voice calls, send picture messages and video messages to other users. As many as 260 million people around the world have used this application. Increasing the number of viber users certainly brings positive and negative impacts, one of the negative impacts of this application is the use of digital forensic crime. This research simulates and removes digital crime evidence from the viber application on Android smartphones using the National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) method, which is a method that has work guidelines on forensic policy and process standards to ensure each investigator follows the workflow the same so that their work is documented and the results can be accounted for. This study uses three forensic tools, MOBILedit Forensic Express, Belkasoft and Autopsy. The results in this study show that MOBILedit Forensic Express gets digital evidence with a percentage of 100% in getting accounts, contacts, pictures and videos. While proof of digital chat is only 50%. Belkasoft gets digital evidence with a percentage of 100% in getting accounts, contacts, pictures and videos. While proof of digital chat is only 50%. For Autopsy does not give the expected results in the extraction process, in other words the Autopsy application gives zero results. It can be concluded that MOBILedit Forensic Express and Belkasoft have a good performance compared to Autopsy and thus this research has been completed and succeeded in accordance with the expected goals.

DS2B: Dynamic and Secure Substitution Box for Efficient Speech Encryption Engine

This paper proposes an efficient encryption technique based on Dynamic and Secure Substitution Box (DS2B) design suitable for IoT and resource-constrained platforms. The DS2B has the advantages of simple structure and good encryption performance. A different number of strong S-boxes could be generated with minor variations in the DS2B parameters. Performance analyses of the DS2B, including differential/linear cryptanalysis, bijective, nonlinearity, strict avalanche criterion (SAC), and bit independence criterion (BIC) have been presented where high nonlinearity, and low differential uniformity are achieved. Besides, a comparison with recent S-boxes is introduced which shows the robustness of the DS2B. To verify the DS2B, a speech encryption engine was realized on FPGA. Various security analyses were evaluated including the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) statistical test suite, number of samples changes rate NSCR, mean square error (MSE), correlation, histogram, and spectrogram. In this work, the silence periods are encrypted in a way that makes them much harder to detect using the DS2B. The proposed encryption scheme achieved a throughput of 9.87 G bit/s, which is higher than previous work. A Xilinx Nexys 4 FPGA evaluation board was used for implementing and verifying the design.

A switched chaotic encryption scheme using multi-mode generalized modified transition map

This paper presents a multi-mode generalized modified transition chaotic map and a switched chaotic encryption scheme based on it. Eight different modes of operation can be selected based on the map graph (concave or convex), the range modification procedure (shrinking or widening) and the sign of one of its independent parameters. The generalization and modification preserve the controllability and continuous chaotic behavior properties, respectively. For the same encryption key and map equation, multi-mode operation occurs through switching between four alternatives of the dependent parameters. Switching between various modes is shown to overpass single modes in randomness by investigating the frequency distribution, autocorrelation function, histograms and 0-1 test. In addition, most bits, 75%, of the scaled and quantized chaotic output are shown to be suitable for pseudo-random number generation based on National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) statistical test suite. The performance of the proposed scheme is validated for several speech, grayscale and RGB images through various evaluation criteria, where good results are achieved. These criteria include basic perceptual and statistical aspects, the more advanced NIST tests, key sensitivity and robustness against brute force and differential attacks. The efficiency of the scheme is improved by up to three or six times faster than encrypting one sample or one channel of a pixel at a time for speech and image inputs, respectively. The proposed scheme demonstrates good security and efficiency with more applied evaluation criteria compared to similar recent works.

Trajectory control and image encryption using affine transformation of lorenz system

This paper presents a generalization of chaotic systems using two-dimensional affine transformations with six introduced parameters to achieve scaling, reflection, rotation, translation and/or shearing. Hence, the location of the strange attractor in space can be controlled without changing its chaotic dynamics. In addition, the embedded parameters enhance the randomness and sensitivity of the system and control its response. This approach overpasses performing the transformations as post-processing stages by applying them on the resulting time series. Trajectory control through dynamic parameters is demonstrated. Simulation results validate the proposed analysis for both the simplest and Lorenz chaotic systems. An image encryption scheme is implemented using transformed Lorenz system resulting in a more secure encryption scheme in comparison to Lorenz and other recent related works. The scheme exhibits good performance when assessed using the PRNG properties, encrypted image histogram and its uniformity through chi square test, pixel correlation, Mean Squared Error (MSE), entropy, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) test, key space, key sensitivity, resistance to differential, ciphertext-only, known plaintext, and chosen plaintext attacks, robustness against noise and computation time.

Generalized switched synchronization and dependent image encryption using dynamically rotating fractional-order chaotic systems

This paper presents a generalization, attractor control and multi-scroll generation method for fractional-order chaotic systems through rotation transformation. A novel synchronization-dependent colored image encryption and secure communication scheme is also proposed. The systems with dynamic rotation angle fit successfully in a generalized dynamic switched synchronization scheme. Dynamic control switches specify whether the system acts as a master or slave. Dynamic scaling factors determine whether the master is a single system or a combination of two or more systems. Simulation results validate successful synchronization when rotating fractional-order systems act as slave or master or both. The proposed synchronization is suitable for one-to-one, one-to-many, mutual interconnection and role switching communication applications. The proposed synchronization-dependent image encryption scheme performs rotation angle modulation using the plaintext and XOR logic operation for plaintext image substitution. The performance of the chaotic systems as Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs) is validated using National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST). Three synchronization scenarios are tested using Lena image. The performance of the scheme is evaluated through the encrypted image, histogram and its uniformity through chi square test, pixel correlation, Mean Squared Error (MSE), entropy, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), key sensitivity, resistance to brute force, differential and other security attacks.

PRNG Implementation Based on Chaotic Neural Network (CNN)

In this work, a neural network with chaos activation function has been applied as a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG). Chaotic neural network (CNN) is used because of its noise like behaviour which is important for cryptanalyst to know about the hidden information as it is hard to predict. A suitable adaptive architecture was adopted to generate a binary number and the result was tested for randomness using National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) randomness tests.
 Although the applications of CNN in cryptography have less effective than traditional implementations, this is because these systems need large numbers of digital logic or even a computer system. This work will focus on applications that can use the proposed system in an efficient way that minimize the system complexity.

Technique t o Generate t he Secure Symmetric Key U nder Variable Keys Environment u sing Genetic Algorithm

The purpose of information security is to protect information or data from misuse, unauthorized access and also to ensure the secured communication between transmitter and receiver. In this regard, one of the primary and foremost necessity is to protect the key by any means and should also be unbreakable. In this context, a mechanism namely, Automatic Variable Key (AVK) has been introduced to maintain the secrecy of the key. However, in this approach the initial key must be established earlier, then only it changes the keys and make unpredictable to guess, for every new block of data transmission. Thus, to overcome from this extra burden of initial distribution of key, we propose a new technique using Artificial Intelligent (AI) in order to generate the initial key automatically using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). We have demonstrated the importance of AI in the area of cryptography by our scheme. A comparative study is also carried out with the existing schemes to prove the proficiency of proposed scheme. Thus, in order to prove the unpredictability among the auto-generated keys, we have verified the randomness with the help of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) Test suite.

Forensic WhatsApp based Android using National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) Method

Forensic WhatsApp based Android using National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) Method

Comparison of the Chemical Compositions of Two Different Non-polar Extracts of Heliotropium sudanicum Aerial Parts from Sudan

Aim: Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) is a widely spread genus of plants found in the Central and Northern parts in the Sudan and used for the treatment of inflammations, and rheumatism from ancient times. The aim of this work is to provide answers to impending research questions on compounds present in petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts of the aerial parts of H. sudanicum. 
 Methodology: Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts was performed by using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer. Various constituents were identified after matching their mass fragmentation pattern with data available in Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer library of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST).
 Results: Petroleum ether extract of H. sudanicum was characterized by abundance of 1,6,10,14,18,22- Tetracosahexaen-3-ol, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)- (33.99%), Squalene (20.94%) , Phytol (7.62%) and Hexatriacontane (7.49%). The constituents of the extract were fatty acid derivatives (15.24%), hydrocarbons (8.41%) and terpenoids (28.56%). H. sudanicum n-hexane extract was characterized by abundance of 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,methyl ester (15.14%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (14.67%), Cholesterol (11.12%), Fucosterol (10.30%), gamma.-Sitosterol (9.59%) and1,6,10,14,18,22- Tetracosahexaen-3-ol, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-E)- (7.73%).
 Conclusion: The resulted compounds in this study provide evidence for the utilization of the plant as alternative natural resource of medicinal and industrial interest. To best of our knowledge this is the first report that directly compares the two extraction solvents for active compounds from Heliotropium sudanicum aerial parts shows that petroleum ether should be the solvent of choice.