Dr Umanoff has identified an important aspect of our study, and that of substance abuse research in general. Unlike disorders with reliable biological markers (hypertension, pneumonia, cancer, etc), cocaine dependence lacks a precise outcome measure, forcing researchers, and clinicians to rely on a urine drug screen (UDS) to measure the persistent cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine (BE). Urine testing is a rough measure of clinical outcome, and often plagued by missing data, which cannot be presumed to be random because active users are more likely to miss clinic visits. Self-reports provide an alternative means of assessing cocaine use, but are limited by the veracity of cocainedependent patients. Unfortunately, it is well documented that cocaine-dependent patients often under-report their cocaine use (Myrick et al, 2002), which is why researchers and clinicians rely more on urine testing than reported use. Cocaine-dependent patients might under-report cocaine use due to forgetfulness, denial, or force of habit, and sometimes to please providers or avoid treatment consequences. Regardless of why under-reporting occurs, it is too prevalent for self-reports to constitute an acceptable primary outcome measure in cocaine clinical trials sponsored by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) (Ehrman et al, 1997; Hser et al, 1999; Morral et al, 2000; Appel et al, 2001). Simply stated, urinary BE testing is currently the scientific standard. Over-reporting of cocaine use is much less of a problem, and we acknowledge that it would be an extremely unusual occurrence. That said, small amounts of cocaine used 3 days before urine testing could certainly go undetected, and give the false appearance of ‘over-reporting.’ Given these considerations, we are frankly puzzled by the following statement in Dr Umanoff’s letter: The peer reviewers should have insisted that the discrepancy be resolved either by showing the urine tests were erroneous or that the patients, when asked again about their coke use, admitted lying about it, lying about using more coke than they actually did, something I’ve never heard of. If we are interpreting his statement correctly, Dr Umanoff has assumed that modafinil-treated patients over-reported cocaine use, without considering the more likely explanation of under-reporting by placebo-treated patients. Dr Umanoff also criticized our omission of the actual self-report data, and our decision not to discuss this nonsignificant data in the Abstract and Discussion sections of our paper. We believe we followed accepted practice by omitting the nonsignificant self-report data. We also note that for both self-reported use variables (dollars spent and days of use), the mean responses in the modafinil group were lower than those in the placebo group for each of the 8 weeks of the study. While this difference was consistent with that shown by the UDS results, the statistical comparison between the two groups showed no significant difference, and we believe that the discrepancy between the two sets of hypothesis tests reflects the unreliability of self-reports by cocaine-dependent patients. Since Dr Umanoff requested specific relevant data, we provide below a comparison between our UDS data and that obtained from the Timeline Follow Back (TLFB), our most rigorous measure of patient self-reports. There were 1063 urine samples collected in our study, of which 559 were cocaine-positive and 504 were cocainenegative. To assess concordance between urine testing and TLFB self-reports, we used a cutoff of 3 days, based on a conservative estimate of BE urinary persistence. Patients were considered to be under-reporting when they submitted a positive urine sample on a given date, but denied cocaine use for the three prior days. They were considered to be over-reporting when they submitted a negative urine sample on a given date, but reported cocaine use during Online publication: 12 July 2005 at http://www.acnp.org/citations/ Npp071205050418/default.pdf Received 29 June 2005; accepted 29 June 2005 *Correspondence: Dr CA Dackis, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel: þ 1 215 662 8752, Fax: þ 1 215 243 4665, E-mail: dackis@mail.med.upenn.edu Neuropsychopharmacology (2005) 30, 2299–2300 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/05 $30.00
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Mar 1, 2008
A John Rush + 6
Open Access