National Duty Research Articles

Democracy and the ‘citizen-soldier’ military: The case of Kosovo and Israel

The intention of Kosovo’s government to establish a ‘citizen-soldier’ military creates an opportunity to do the ‘right thing from the beginning’—the current comparative study elaborates on the steps that have to be taken in order to establish a military in a young and small democratic state, with a strong normative base, that will provide confidence in the defence system alongside constructive socialisation. The structure of constitutional analysis serves as a base for in-depth discussion concerning the military service model in democratic states. The analysis is followed by an elaboration on the ‘citizen-soldier’ military model in the context of cultural aspects and the connection to the constitutional base, combined with an analysis of Israel’s and Kosovo’s social–cultural features, security challenges, and geo-strategic situations, similarities and opportunities regarding implementation of a military model. The study reveals that in democratic states, the ‘citizen-soldier’ model has to be anchored in the culture and in the constitution in order to prevent social conflicts concerning rights and duties, establishing a constructive social platform that empowers national resilience alongside defensive abilities. Kosovo’s success in implementing a ‘citizen-soldier’ model is built on the adoption of positive ways of social integration using Israel’s experience while minimising its weaknesses: the existence of constitutional definitions that will balance civilians’ rights and duties in the context of military duty, harnessing the education system as a socialisation agent, and establishment of a reserve military force that will be anchored in national duty, in the security view and the social view.

한국 서원의 원생과 서양 중세 대학 학생의 성격 비교 - 원생과 학생의 특권을 중심으로

This thesis is a comparative review of students in Korea’s Seowon and medieval university students of the West with the focus on special privilege. The institutions of the two sides were one of the highest education institutions for respective region to educate the national elites. Therefore, the national and regional powers provided social and economic special privilege to the students in respective institution. However, there are extremely clear differences in the special privilege granted to the specific class on the level of influence on the actual national advancement and development into modern educational institution. First of all, those students in medieval western universities had taken the extremely public benefit position regarding the functions of universities. Namely, those medieval universities were the self-autonomous organization of students who had strong drive on academic freedom and professional occupation, not as a facility of church or state power. The kept demanding on right of self-autonomy to the Pope and kings, and such demands were materialized due to the realistic needs. Such self-autonomy of universities and special privilege of students were symbolized as so-called ‘freedom of university’, and it was the foundation to establish them to grow into professional education institution to accommodate diversified academic fields after the modern era. On the other hand, the special privilege of Seowon students of Korea was distanced from the educational efficacy. Those special privileges granted for the purpose of encouraging the academic endeavors had turned into a mean to secure social and economic interests that are represented as an avoidance of national duties. Under the situation, the educational function of Seowon was greatly declined after the 17th century, but the special privilege represented for exemption of military service. In such aspect, it would be attributable as one of important factors that Seowon was unable to transit or advance as a modern educational institution in Korea.

Investigating ISA adaptation in a developing country context: the selective influence of Big Four affiliates

ABSTRACT This paper examines how the national process of adapting the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) unfolds in developing countries, focusing on the case of Egypt. The study relies on data gathered from 33 semi-structured interviews with government officials and senior auditors alongside documentary evidence. Our findings show how legacy state institutions that were involved in the national standard-setting committee have largely fallen short of their aspirations to align local auditing standards with the expectations set out in the ISAs. The lack of a coherent approach to developing state policy objectives, resources, and public consultation, together with technical demands and translation difficulties, hampered the process. Such weaknesses provided an opportunity for the local Big Four affiliates to become deeply involved. The firms’ strategic manoeuvres were driven not only by a material desire to protect their market position/status but also by a commitment to a perceived national duty to support government attempts at national standard-setting. Importantly, our findings reveal the selectivity of such interventions and the differential impact of ISA adaptation on the diverse constituency of audit firms. Theoretically, we propose the institutional void perspective to conceptualise the intervention of private actors as well as to articulate the elements of a void in an audit regulatory process. While Big Four firms typically seek to position themselves in such processes, we argue that international reforms and policies should focus on fostering a more inclusive, accountable, and deliberative system that promotes the presence of diverse, independent and representative local audit actors.

The Role of Extra-Curricular Activities in Promoting Citizenship Among Post-Basic Education Students in the Sultanate of Oman

The study aims to examine the levels of the role of extra-curricular activities in developing the values of citizenship of post-basic education students in the governmental schools of Dhofar Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, and the measures to enhance it as seen by their principals. In order to achieve its objectives, a descriptive approach and survey analysis were used, with a comprehensive enumeration of all managers, and a questionnaire tool. Its most important results were: 1- The levels of the role of extra-curricular activities in developing citizenship values among students in its four areas (loyalty and belonging - community participation - national rights - national duties) were generally very high; According to the overall arithmetic mean (4.40). 2- There are no statistically significant differences between the sample's responses about the levels of the role of extra-curricular activities in developing citizenship values in their fields, according to the gender variable. While there are statistically significant differences in the development of the values of the field of national rights among students among the responses according to the variable of nationality, which is in favor of Omanis, and there are statistically significant differences in the development of the values of the field of community participation between the responses according to the variable of practical experience and in favor of the most experienced category of managers, then followed by medium experience Finally, the category of people with little experience.

The 1955 Japanese mission to New Guinea

In January 1955, an official mission departed Japan for New Guinea to collect remains of the war dead and to erect commemorative monuments to fallen soldiers. Just before its departure, a diplomatic contretemps arose about the English wording on the Japanese stones: the Japanese government considered them memorials to the dead, whereas the Australian government insisted that they be mere geographical markers noting the search for remains. This article examines how the divergent politics of commemoration in Japan and Australia created this dispute, demonstrating how the remains of soldiers functioned as important signifiers well beyond their material existence. In Japan, the search for remains spoke to the nature of national duty, the acknowledgement of mourning and the possibilities for atonement. In Australia, however, they stimulated visceral resentment, because the soldiers’ remains symbolised Japanese aggression and war crimes.

The transnational prosocial activities of elite African footballers: an exploratory study of the costs and the benefits

This paper explored the costs and the benefits of elite African players’ prosocial activities in their home countries. Through the players’ Twitter and Instagram posts and qualitative interviews, their prosocial activities were examined with regard to the costs and benefits for their career and life courses. The findings show that African players’ transnational prosocial acts are both altruistic (placing costs) and mutualistic (generating benefits). This exploratory paper adds to the existing literature by pointing out both the material and non-material consequences of players’ transnational social responsibility activities. Further, it reveals the complex implications of these practices. For example, while participation in the national team is often viewed primarily from the perspective of positive and beneficial contributions to players’ careers, it may also pose a very significant cost to African players, as they risk jeopardising their club careers. The practical implication of this study is that football governing bodies need to do more to eliminate administrative practices that discriminate against players based on their nationality and also ensure that African players who choose to honour national team duties are protected from undue disadvantages at their clubs arising from their international duties.

Problematics Of The Implementation Of Hajj And Umrah (Study Of Law Number 8 Of 2019 Concerning The Implementation Of Hajj And Umrah)

This research was conducted to find out the implementation of Hajj and Umrah according to Law Number 8 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Hajj and Umrah and to find out and provide solutions to problems with the implementation of Hajj and Umrah in Indonesia. Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam that must be performed by every Muslim who is physically, mentally, spiritually, socially, and financially capable and once in a lifetime. The implementation of Hajj is mandated by Law Number 8 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Hajj and Umrah (PIHU). In accordance with these laws and regulations, the organisation of the Hajj is the responsibility of the government. This is based on the consideration that the implementation of the Hajj is a national duty and involves the dignity and good name of the nation. The implementation of the Hajj in Indonesia as explained in article 2 and article 3 of Law Number 8 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Hajj and Umrah, that the Implementation of the Hajj is carried out based on the principles of sharia, trust, justice, benefit, benefit, safety, security, professionalism, transparency, and accountability. The normative legal research method is focused on analysing legal documents and applying a library research approach to Law Number 8 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Hajj and Umrah. Qualitatively analysed data will be presented in the form of systematic descriptions as well, then all data is selected, processed and then stated descriptively so that it can provide solutions to the problems in question. From the overall study that has been presented in accordance with Law No. 8 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Hajj and Umrah, it can be concluded that the implementation of Hajj and Umrah is inseparable from various problems. From the registration stage, discussion and determination of BPIH, guidance, transportation services, accommodation/lodging services, health, catering and protection of pilgrims, Hajj organisations, Hajj organising committees, and Hajj officers, the main focus of Hajj implementation has been on the provision of accommodation, transportation and catering services. Attention to these service aspects is important to realise the comfort of the pilgrims in performing their hajj, but another thing that must receive attention is the aspect of Hajj guidance, starting from the implementation of Hajj manasik guidance, to Hajj guidance during the implementation of Hajj in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. It must be said that not all hajj pilgrims have adequate knowledge and competence about hajj, therefore guidance in the implementation of hajj in Saudi Arabia is a necessity that should not be ignored, so that hajj pilgrims can perform their hajj in accordance with the provisions of shari'a and realise independence and resilience in the implementation of hajj and umrah in accordance with Law Number 8 of 2019.

The impact of cultural elite on public opinion formation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The intellectual elite has an important position and a great interest in all societies, especially in the integrated societies and the developed societies globally, they are told the mind of society, and for this reason, this research is entitled (the influence of the intellectual elite on public opinion in the Kurdistan region- Iraq), this research is an attempt to define the intellectual elite in general and the intellectual elite in Kurdistan region in particular. The researcher wants to point out that the national duty and responsibility falls on these elite at different stage. Therefore, the aim of research is to determine the role, influence and interest of these elite on the Kurdish society, and also wants to determine the level of influence and ability of these elite on public opinion. At the same time, it tried to identify and clarify all the obstacles that have become an obstacle to these elite and the reasons for reducing their efficiency and activity in Kurdish society.To answer the research questions, the researcher used a descriptive and analytical method, the descriptive method use to introduce the concepts and terms used in the research, as well as the analytical method for analyzing the acquired information. It is clear that the research community is Kurdistan region. In addition to the written and available sources, the researcher benefited from intellectuals and university professors by meeting with them, and here he reached to an conclusion : that the intellectual elite in Kurdistan region was not able to be at all required level in bad conditions, crises, political and social problems by affecting public opinion and proving its impact. On the one hand, this is a subjective reason and belongs to the Kurdish intellectuals themselves, and on the other hand, the political environment of the region is not an appropriate environment.

Effectiveness of Multilingual Broadcasting: A Case Study of Radio Nepal

Radio Nepal, as the pioneering radio broadcaster of the country, has played a crucial role in serving its listeners for over seven decades. In the earlier years, it was the sole medium of information, education, and entertainment, particularly for rural communities, before the advent of television and FM radios. As a national broadcaster, Radio Nepal has assumed significant national duties and responsibilities that set it apart from other media outlets. In response to the evolving socio-political landscape, Radio Nepal has bolstered its multilingual or inclusive broadcasting by incorporating more native languages into its programming. Currently, it broadcasts news and programs in 21 different languages, in addition to Nepali, aiming to address the linguistic diversity of the nation. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap and assess the impact of Radio Nepal's inclusive broadcasting from the listener's perspective. To measure the effectiveness, the research conducted a survey based on Radio Nepal's initiative to evaluate its inclusive broadcasting. The findings reveal that Radio Nepal's inclusive broadcasting has been highly effective. Listeners from diverse linguistic communities have shown a growing interest in news and programs broadcast in their native languages. Moreover, broadcasting has successfully transcended linguistic boundaries, reaching beyond specific communities, thereby contributing to the conservation and respect of different languages by the state and society.

Evaluation of the Results of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Food Sampled between 2017 and 2021

As mandated by the EU and the national risk management duties, pesticide residues were determined by four specialized laboratories in 9924 samples taken from 119 crops of economic importance in Hungary and imported foodstuffs during 2017–2021. The screening method applied covered 622 pesticide residues as defined for enforcement purposes. The limit of detection ranged between 0.002 and 0.008 mg/kg. The 1.0% violation rate concerning all commodities was lower than in the European Union. No residue was detectable in 45.9% of the samples. For detailed analyses, six commodities (apple, cherry, grape, nectarine/peach, sweet peppers, and strawberry) were selected as they were analyzed in over 195 samples and most frequently contained residues. Besides testing their conformity with national MRLs, applying 0.3 MRL action limits for pre-export control, we found that 73% of the sampled lots would be compliant with ≥90% probability based on a second independent sampling. Multiple residues (2–23) in one sample were detected in 36–50% of the tested lots. Considering the provisions of integrated pest management, and the major pests and diseases of selected crops, normally three to four and exceptionally, seven to nine active ingredients with different modes of action should suffice for their effective and economic protection within four weeks before harvest.

Does regionalism increase industrial policy space? An analytical framework applied to the East African textiles and apparel sector

We introduce a multidimensional and multilevel framework for industrial policy space as the set of legally permitted, economically viable and politico-institutionally feasible policy options for industrial development, given constraints at the national, regional and global levels. This is applied to the East African Community (EAC) textiles and apparel (T&A) sector, using data from policy documents and semi-structured interviews. The EAC customs union nominally transfers trade policy sovereignty to the regional level, but we present evidence showing how the duty remission scheme allows governments to provide targeted trade policy rents to domestic T&A firms, maintaining national legal policy space. This comes at a cost, because firms benefiting from national duty remission rents may not sell their goods duty free in other EAC countries, so the expanded economic policy space offered by regional integration is curtailed. In the political-institutional sphere, the EAC allowed a new policy option to emerge at the regional level – import substitution of used clothes – but global-level policy space constraints prevented implementation when US authorities threatened to remove trade preferences underpinning thousands of jobs. Regional integration policies should take into account tensions between different dimensions and levels of industrial policy space to maximise prospects for sustainable development.

Translating the Legal Terms in to Kurdish: Problem and Solution

Terminology is the science that investigates the relationship between the scientific concepts and the linguistic expressions. The title of this paper is (Translating the legal terms in to Kurdish: Problem and Solution). This work points out that translating terms into Kurdish has an important nationalistic and patriotic significance. Additionally, it has a crucial role for strengthening the status of the government, social relationships, policy, and united language. Thus, it’s a national and patriotic duty. The aim of this work is translating the legal terms into Kurdish with the issues that arise and furthermore, it elaborates the issues that arise amidst translating the terms. It’s hypothesized that problems will arise when composing the legal terms. The work clarifies the problems and suggests solutions for composing or deriving them. This work is answering the questions: What are the factors of linguistically weak legal terms? Are there problems when composing legal terms in Kurdish language? How do the problems of composing legal terms in Kurdish language can be resolved? This paper is consisted of two sections besides the introduction and the conclusion: The first section is specialized to terminology and composing terms in Kurdish. The second section is dedicated to setting legal terms, its problems and solutions, consisting of these headings: Composing terms in Kurdish language, The basic beliefs of composing terms, the problems of composing terms, the solutions of composing legal terms. And, the conclusion with abstract in Arabic and English Languages.

All’s Fair in Pandemic and War? A Gendered Analysis of Australian Coverage of Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic has repeatedly been framed by politicians and the media alike as this generation’s “Great War.” Metaphors are often used in political reportage as effective discursive tools to influence and persuade readers. War metaphors especially are frequently used in election campaigns, leadership spills, and during times of political unrest to portray politics as a brutal and competitive (masculine) arena. As such, the use of militaristic language and war metaphors to describe the shared challenges during a global pandemic is unsurprising. Framing the pandemic as a war can rally citizens by appealing to their sense of national and civic duty at a moment of crisis. Yet such framing is problematic as it draws on stereotyping cultural myths and values associated with war, reinforcing patriarchal understandings of bravery and service that glorify hegemonic masculinity while excluding women from the public sphere. Using a feminist critical discourse analysis, this article will examine Australian print media coverage of the first six months of the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on two case studies—the prime minister and “frontline” workers—to further understand the gender bias of mainstream media. We argue that, by drawing on war metaphors in Covid-19 coverage which emphasizes protective masculinity, the media reproduce and re-enforce political and societal gender stereotypes and imbalances.

Islamic urban heritage in Constantine - challenges and prospects

Scientific research on heritage is many and varied , because it represents a collective historical and cultural repository that expresses essentially identity. Among the areas of heritage, we distinguish the urban and architectural heritage that reflects the true identity and the civilizational dimension, which today the process of preserving it has become a historical responsibility and a national and national duty that stops specialists in all parts of the world. In light of the growing interest in the concept of sustainable development in various fields, the care of heritage in its comprehensiveness emerges as one of the major axes of this development, and an area that falls within the framework of a comprehensive policy to preserve the diverse world heritage. There is no doubt that the general problem with regard to ancient urban tissues lies in their ability to respond to the modern requirements of architectural urban development and provide an environment in which the balance between man and his surroundings is not disturbed, and to preserve the prevailing social and human dimensions, and to overcome purely economic approaches in comparing modern projects and conservation projects. In this context, we have the right to ask whether it is possible to protect and breathe life into heritage urban tissues, without this being an attempt at temporary revival. Is it possible to achieve sustainable urbanization in light of the predominance market rules? This research mainly aims to visualize an urban project that aims to achieve two basic things: - Protecting the Arab-Islamic architectural and urban identity of the city of Constantine, the capital of eastern Algeria, which has been subjected to cultural obliteration and attempts at Westernization over more than a century of French colonialism. - Adopting a practical methodology during the course of the approach

The type and extent of travel for professional footballers undertaking national team duties for a national football federation.

Elite football (soccer) involves club, continental and international fixtures, requiring players to undertake extensive travel [1]. For a national football federation, this includes the transport of players between club and camp/tournament commitments, which is often a point of contention between respective organisations [2]. Partly this contention results from the effects of travel, whereby jet lag and travel fatigue can negatively affect physical performance [3-5] and athlete wellbeing [6, 7]. Given the scarcity of data on elite players following travel, an initial step for any national football federation is to understand the volume and nature of travel undertaken by national team players. Such insight may better identify the schedule, timelines and needs of athletes' post travel. Better awareness of these travel needs can help maximise availability for training and minimise the impact of travel related stresses on performance or wellbeing. However, the regularity and volume of travel to national football team commitments has not previously been described. Further, travel demands are likely to vary significantly based on the location of the athlete and the national team camp. For countries outside of Europe, such as Australia, the travel demands and ensuing effects on player preparation can be substantial for both arrival into national team and on return to clubs [7]. Hence, detailed information regarding the type, frequency, and extent of travel for national team duties is important to aid in planning optimal travel schedules and interventions to assist players for international or club duty.

PARISIAN ''KULTURA'' IN RELATION TO UKRAINIAN EMIGRANT LITERATURE

The purpose of research is to present the activities of the Polish émigré magazine Kultura in the popularization of Ukrainian literature and culture, primarily formed in exile. The research methodology is based on the comparative methodology and hermeneutic methodology, which allow to present and explain different approaches to culture and literature. But they also teach respect for the Other. The Scientific Novelty lies in the fact that, for the first time in Polish literary studies, a deep reflection was undertaken on the forms of implementation by the “Kultura” program of cooperation between Poles and Ukrainians (postulated by Jerzy Giedroyc, the editor of emigration monthly). The Conclusions: Undoubtedly Lobodowski fulfilled the most important role in the process of evaluation of Ukrainian identity in conjunction with simultaneous reassessment of Polish identity. He stared at the Ukrainian literature, especially poetry, almost exclusively through the prism of its artistic value. In all essays Lobodowski commanded ‘dignity’ of Ukrainian literature, he also drew attention to the attainment of its independence, to the liberation from the chains of national duty.

Patriotyzm kard. Augusta Hlonda na tle epoki duchowej

At the beginning of Poland’s regaining independence, outstanding pastors played a special role: Cardinal Edmund Dalbor, Cardinal Aleksander Kakowski and Bishop Prince Adam Stefan Sapieha. To this group, from the second half of the twenties of the twentieth century, joined primate August Hlond. His pastoral teaching contained important patriotic content, and was not indifferent to the then political and social problems. The Primate, seeing the moral and social condition of the reborn Poland, had no doubt that it was necessary to renew and strive for the fullness of internal life. At the same time, he perceived and warned against threats, he called for fulfilling national duties. The Hierarch perceived and described Polishness in the context of three fundamental concepts: the nation - the state - Catholicism.

Competing narratives of modernization: the neoliberal subject of the knowledge-economy and its national duties

Competing narratives of modernization: the neoliberal subject of the knowledge-economy and its national duties

The Spy Center in International Law

The spy has an important and effective position in international law, as the spy enjoys a set of rights when performing his work tasks on enemy territory, because of the great danger that this work entails for his life as he is doing his work while he is among the ranks of the enemies of his state, and given the dangers and difficulties the spy faces, so he is keen International law has set many international rules and worked on organizing international conventions, which indicated the importance of the spy’s work and the extent of the legal protection provided by the law to him as he performs an important work for the benefit of his country by transmitting military, economic, political and information information about the enemy and presenting it to his country, which may help achieve victory. Therefore, in this research, we will try to explain the role and position of the spy in international law, as he performs a national duty and duty for the benefit of his state, as well as clarifying the legal responsibility arising from him.

Hashemites’ Custodianship of Jerusalem Islamic Holy Sites

<p>This study aims to demonstrate the Jordanian Hashemites’ custodianship of the Islamic sanctities in Jerusalem and their role in preserving its Islamic identity from the attempts of Judaization exposed by the Israeli State. The reigns of his Majesty King Abdullah I and King Hussein (kings of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) were taken as a model for the study, by presenting the most prominent services provided to Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, such as restoration, renovation, rebuilding, and providing financial and non-financial support to these sanctities. The study concludes that the Hashemites’ custodianship of the Islamic sanctities in Jerusalem was not only connected with the Jordanian-Palestinian relations, but also came out of the Hashemites’ faith in their religious and national duty to preserve Jerusalem identity and stand in the face of any attempt to Judaize, control and divide Jerusalem. This custody began since the era of Sharif Hussein bin Ali and it has continued to the present time.</p>