National Citizenship Research Articles

Citizenship by Investment - Latest Development in the European Union

This paper covers citizenship by investment (CBI) schemes in the European Union (EU) context which allow to acquire nationality of the EU member state through targeted investments. We were verifying whether the negative attitude of the EU towards the CBI schemes of member states and the ongoing war in Ukraine threaten their very existence. In order to achieve the objective, we analysed the rules on the acquisition of citizenship by naturalization as well as the relationship between nationality of the EU member states, which is still their exclusive competence and the EU citizenship status. Subsequently, we compared CBI schemes of three EU member states (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta). The results show that the EU has put pressure on member states to cancel their CBI programs because of the complex relationship between the national citizenship on the one hand and the EU citizenship and related rights enforceable across the whole EU on the other hand. This EU pressure has been further intensified following the war in Ukraine. The reason is that Russian nationals made up a significant number of CBI applicants and also because some Russian or Belarusian nationals who are supporting the war in Ukraine might have acquired EU citizenship under CBI schemes. Of the three countries we analysed, only Malta currently has a valid CBI program. Bulgaria and Cyprus abolished their CBI programs. This development indicates that the EU has gradually succeeded in eliminating the existence of CBI in the EU member states. However, it is not yet clear whether this practice of member states is contrary to the EU law. We assume that the Court of Justice of the EU will resolve this question in the ongoing infringement procedure initiated by the European Commission against Malta.

Community Mental Health Services for American Indians and Alaska Natives: Reconciling Evidence-Based Practice and Alter-Native Psy-ence.

This review updates and extends Gone & Trimble's (2012) prior review of American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) mental health. First, it defines AI/AN populations in the USA, with an explanation of the importance of political citizenship in semisovereign Tribal Nations as primary for categorizing this population. Second, it presents an updated summary of what is known about AI/AN mental health, with careful notation of recurrent findings concerning community inequities in addiction, trauma, and suicide. Third, this article reviews key literature about AI/AN community mental health services appearing since 2010, including six randomized controlled trials of recognizable mental health treatments. Finally, it reimagines the AI/AN mental health enterprise in response to an "alter-Native psy-ence," which recasts prevalent mental health conditions as postcolonial pathologies and harnesses postcolonial meaning-making through Indigenized therapeutic interventions. Ultimately, AI/AN Tribal Nations must determine for themselves how to adopt, adapt, integrate, or refuse specific mental health treatments and services for wider community benefit. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 19 is May 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Research on Multiculturalism Citizenship and Civic Education

Multiculturalist citizenship is a differential citizenship based on the claim of multiculturalism and a critique of the universality of liberal citizenship. It takes ethnic differences as the base, emphasizes the special rights of minority groups and cultural identity of ethnic groups, and cultivates the multicultural identity of citizens. Multiculturalism emphasizes the difference and multicultural identity of citizens, but does not exclude the unity of citizens and national citizenship. Therefore, multiculturalism citizenship education needs to deal with the relationship between equality and difference, and between ethnic identity and national identity. Only in this way can we maintain both the diversity of ethnic groups and the unity of national identity.

From the Editor

From the Editor Ricardo D. Trimillos Aloha kākou! The lead article for issue 54(1) is the print version of Daniel M. Neuman’s keynote address presented at the 2022 meeting of the Society for Asian Music. His homage, “Remembering My Teachers—Bruno Nettl and Sabri Khan,” celebrates the importance of individuals, their agency, and their personae in shaping a music culture; the individual actor is the leitmotif of this issue. Although ethnomusicology has generally been a project of understanding music in broad, culturally defined strokes, studies of individuals have become more frequent, a development that narrows the putative methodological divide between ethnomusicology and historical musicology (the latter is often characterized as giving greater attention to individual composers, performers, and works). The set of essays found here displays an array of modalities for locating artists within the respective genre each inhabits and examines such ancillary themes as copyright, ownership, organology, spirituality, and gender. Neuman’s keynote is a narrative documenting the intersections and inter-penetrations of the personal and the professional in the life of one individual. Neuman is recognized as a leader and pivotal figure in our field, and the experiences he recounts will no doubt resonate with many readers. His engaging, personal account spans six decades; it comprises idiosyncratic histories of ethno musicology and of global Indian classical music populated by prominent personalities from both worlds. Informal in delivery, it nevertheless references important concerns in the field, including processes of continuity, dynamics of globalization, and valorization of those we work with.1 The next contribution provides dramatic contrast: a single performer is the central figure in a contentious legal and public debate concerning ownership and control. The article by Dave Fossum, “Neşet Ertaş and the Ontologies of Turkey’s Folk Music,” examines the rerelease of a recorded song that pits the rights of the composer against those of the performer. In this conflict, modern institutions of copyright, commercialization, and mediatization decenter indigenous notions of ownership, control, and entitlement. Fossum documents ways that the performer Ertaş negotiates and strategizes a pathway through disparate, competing perceptions of folk song and considers how these actions construct a “reality” of the single composition in question. Although the author directs our attention to the performer Ertaş as protagonist, [End Page 1] the figure of the composer Özkan as antagonist occupies a continuous, albeit backgrounded, presence. Elements including the rural-urban divide, regional identity, commercialization, and sonic features inform the multiple ontologies of the title. The lute gambus is part of instrumental-vocal music popular in Malaysia and provides a historical link for Southeast Asia to West and Central Asia. “The Exceptional Fauziah Gambus: Negotiating Novelty, Piety, and Self-Promotion in an Androcentric Malaysian Musical Scene” by Joe Kinzer problematizes notions of gender, religious piety, and consumerism in a contemporary island nation. Like Fossum, Kinzer portrays the performer—a female—as an individual successfully negotiating and rationalizing multiple ontologies that revolve around cultural practices rather than legal institutions. Gender is only one feature of her exceptionalism; her acknowledged mastery of genres within Malay traditional music and “Arab” music further reinforces this status. Her agency employs various strategies to create and maintain an image that is simultaneously diva, pious woman, and national citizen. Kinzer addresses other themes shared in this issue—the rural-urban divide (here, province and metropole), mediatization, and globalization. In the preceding articles the focus is on the performer as the individual of interest. “Staging Noh Performance in Contemporary Opera: The Dance of the Shite in Toshio Hosokawa’s The Maiden from the Sea (2017)” by Paulo Brito foregrounds the composer. In contrast to Kinzer’s study, Brito’s treatment of gender is implicit rather than explicit—the noh creative collaborator for the project is a female practitioner. His attention to intercultural opera reinforces an ongoing construction of a Japanese identity that is self-conscious and global. The historical and the traditional are consciously juxtaposed with the contemporary and the creative. Performance scholarship often emphasizes the inseparability of music and dance—sound and movement—among Asian traditions. Brito meets this truism head-on by using a dance sequence to compare sonic and movement features between the original noh play and...

The (re)definition of national identity through security policies from 2016 onwards. A Comparative study of governmental discourse between France and the UK

While some argue that a growing global mobility as well as international norms and cooperation led to weakened national citizenship and identity, this paper analyses the way the French and British governments, from 2015 onwards, “renationalised” their approach to citizenship and the national community, in an attempt to respond to different crises, such as Brexit or terrorist attacks. It offers a comparison in the way France’s and Britain’s governments interpret, mobilise and respond to identity divides, -through the analysis of their discourse and policies on citizenship, security and the fight against extremism. This study also looks at the purposes and the consequences of this phenomenon of “renationalisation” in governmental discourse and security policies.

Brexit and Citizenship by Descent: A Relational Understanding of Defensive Pragmatism and of the Rediscovery of Belonging

By removing rights from British citizens and EU27 citizens in the UK, Brexit has redefined the value of national citizenships. This article shows the experiences of British citizens living in Belgium and the UK who considered obtaining Irish or Italian citizenship by descent, as well as British and EU27 citizens living in Belgium and the UK who adopted tactics to ensure the transmission of specific citizenships to their children. The interviewees were on the defensive and aimed to limit their loss of rights. This article argues that the decisions to pursue citizenship should be understood as relational, as different kinds of relations influence the decision, and as the decision is often taken for the benefit of relatives, especially children. At the same time, the process is not necessarily collective, as in some cases there are instances of non-collaboration or disinterest on the part of some of the relatives involved.

Prilog raspravama o postojanju ustavnog prava Evropske unije

Prilog raspravama o postojanju ustavnog prava Evropske unije

Religious Intolerance, America, and the World: A History of Forgetting and Remembering

Religious Intolerance, America, and the World: A History of Forgetting and Remembering

“An Exhibit as Will Astonish the Civilized World”: Seeking Separate Statehood for Indian Territory at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition

AbstractChickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminole citizens employed the Indian Territory exhibits at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition to advance the separate statehood movement. Increasingly shut out of the formal political realm, they adopted creative measures to exert their political will, including participating in the world’s fair. Employing insights from settler-colonial theory and public history, this paper argues that the politics of display expanded the agency of a group marginalized from political representation. The U.S. government, pressured by the territory’s growing population of non-Native settlers, had begun planning for statehood, passing the 1898 Curtis Act to force allotment and dissolve the Five Tribes’ governments by 1906. To protect their land and sovereignty, a cohort of Native citizens pursued statehood for Indian Territory separate from Oklahoma Territory. Although joint statehood won out, separate statehood advocates succeeded in creating exhibits that centered on the survival of Native nations. They also articulated an Indigenous conception of citizenship, developing an imaginative vision for a future in which self-determination and U.S. citizenship could converge in a Native state. This represented a novel contribution to ongoing debates over how to integrate remaining western territories into the United States and how to incorporate diverse peoples within the citizenry.

Online national citizen's ID renewal system

Through the National Registration Bureau (NRB), the Malawi government introduced mandatory registration and the issuance of National Identity Cards (IDs) to its bona fide Malawian citizens aged 16 and above, in accordance with the Registration Act of 2010. This administration is currently carried out manually in a few designated National Registration Bureau (NRB) offices. As a result, citizens find it time-consuming and congested to renew their IDs in case of loss, damage, or expiration. Due to these drawbacks, there was a need for a new system that could help overcome these challenges, leading to the proposition of an "Online National Citizen's ID Renewal System. The system is aimed at simplifying the process of renewing national ID cards for Malawian citizens in a convenient and secure manner. Through the web portal provided by the system, citizens are able to complete the renewal process in one sitting without being required to physically visit the National Registration Bureau offices (NRB). The functionality of the system requires citizens to create an account, wherein their names and their previous ID numbers are used as usernames and passwords, respectively, or credentials to log in to the system. Once the information has been verified, citizens would be able to access renewal or registration forms (which are currently collected, filled, and submitted manually) and pay the relevant renewal fee, which is currently at MWK2500, through secure payment gateways. To ensure the security and privacy of the citizens' personal information, the system is implementing industry-standard encryption and authentication protocols and is complying with data protection laws and regulations mandated by the Malawi Government. The online national Citizens ID renewal system will provide a more efficient, accessible, and secure system for managing citizen ID renewals. It has also reduced waiting times, improved accuracy, and increased accessibility for all citizens, while also providing better security and efficiency for government staff managing the system. The Online National Citizen's ID Renewal System is expected to improve the current manual ID renewal system, which poses several challenges and limitations, such as long waiting times, errors, inaccuracies, and inefficiency.

Tracking the spread of the eastern dwarf tree frog (Litoria fallax) in Australia using citizen science

An increasing number of species are establishing populations outside of their native ranges, often with negative ecological and economic impacts. The detection and surveillance of invasive species presents a huge logistical challenge, given the large spatial regions in which new populations can appear. However, data collected through citizen science projects are increasingly recognised as a valuable source for detection and monitoring of invasive species. We use data from a national citizen science project, FrogID, to quantify the spread of the eastern dwarf tree frog (Litoria fallax) outside its historical native range in Australia. Of 48 012 records of L. fallax in the FrogID database, 485 were located far outside the historical native range of the species. L. fallax has established geographically large populations hundreds of kilometres away from its native range, and these appear to be spreading in extent over time. These populations have resulted in novel species co-occurrences, with L. fallax now co-occurring with at least two frog species not present in their native range. Although the impacts of the invasive populations of L. fallax remain unknown, our work highlights the value in leveraging citizen science projects to detect and monitor native species that can become invasive far outside their historical range.

Causes and Consequences of Cross-border Migration of Nepalese People to India

Nepal and India share an open border as per the agreements of a bilateral treaty signed in 1950.According to the treaty, people of both countries can travel and work across the border and are to be treated at par with the native citizens. Due to its poor economic condition, Nepal has been supplying labour to India since Nepalese were recruited as ‘Gorkhas’ in the British Indian army after the Anglo-Nepal war of 1814-16. The 1991 and 2001 Censuses of Nepal recorded that absentee population from Nepal towards India constituted 89.2 and 79 per cent of the total migrants respectively, though this phenomenon has changed over the recent years. There has been increasing a trend of migration to Gulf countries, Asian Tiger States, American and European countries. This article is based on secondary data sources. People who are not that much skilled and have not enough resources are going to south East Asian countries, mainly to Malaysia, and Middle East. Nearly more than four-fifths of per cent absenteeism from Nepal remained in India. The similar socio-cultural, religious patterns, historical and geographical setting favor in participating on cross-border migration between two countries.

Digital Transformation through the Prism of Digital Identity

Breakthroughs in digital technologies have notably enhanced the capability of administrative systems across the globe and allowed precision and effectiveness in governance mechanisms like never before. This study builds around three critical aspects of governance: lack of state capacity, trust deficit between citizen and state (empowerment), and poor service delivery. It elaborates how the use of biometrics and smart technologies enhances public service delivery and revitalises trust of citizen on the state. It is a qualitative research based on observations, case studies and real world examples of linking national citizens registry to various disparate repositories and using it innovatively to reform governance. Its manifestations are manifolds: from empowering persons to avail public health services and financial inclusion to creating value for private sector through market creating innovations; NADRA has fortified digital governance framework in Pakistan by the virtue of legal identity. The success story of NADRA provides guidelines to the developing countries how organisations can be turned around by employing technologically innovative and culturally targeted approach towards public policy and digital governance initiatives.
 Keywords: Digital Transformation, e-Governance, Technology, Legal Identity

Bristol School of Multiculturalism as Normative Sociology

The Bristol School of Multiculturalism is a political theory/sociology interdisciplinary approach to its subject matter, which has been described as a form of normative sociology. It is normative in the way that a lot of critical social theory (e.g., Foucauldian) is not and is not merely “deconstructive” but also a constructive engagement with the concerns of co-citizens. It, however, eschews the abstract, top-down universalism of Rawlsian liberal egalitarianism in favour of a context of national citizenship and pays particular attention to bottom-up political struggle. However, unlike some other activist-oriented perspectives or standpoints, it is neither antistate nor antinational but is guided by a sense of inclusive unity or the common good. Essential to this unity is “recognition” and institutional, not merely symbolic, accommodation of minorities and a perspective on the “multi” which goes beyond the black-white binary and a secularist exclusion of political claims-making by religious and ethnoreligious groups such as Muslims in western Europe. Critically, the Bristol School of Multiculturalism is not just normative in that it does normative sociology, but most importantly, it engages in political theory to justify its normative perspective against objections and rival normative positions. So, the Bristol School of Multiculturalism is perhaps not just a normative sociology but also a form of normative sociological theory.

Safety, Gender, and the Public Transport System in Santiago, Chile

This research evaluated gender differences in the perception of safety in public transport in Santiago, Chile using quantitative and qualitative approaches. With data from the National Urban Citizen Security Survey 2019 (ENUSC), a gender comparison was made regarding the perception of safety in four scenarios: inside buses, inside the metro, at bus stops, and waiting for buses at night. Four ordinal logistic regression models were estimated to analyze how sociodemographic factors and variables associated with the perception of crime influence rider perceptions of safety in public transport. To complement the results, four focus groups were developed to obtain a deep understanding of the participants’ experiences with safety in the Santiago public transport system. We concluded that there is a high perception of insecurity in public transport for both men and women. In general, perceived insecurity inside buses, inside the metro, and waiting for public transport at night is greater among women, older people, and national citizens. Other influencing variables are the perception of insecurity regarding crime in general, the fear of being a victim of a crime, or negative situations that occur in the neighborhood, such as the presence of robberies, alcohol, and drug consumption. We proposed new variables such as fear of harassment, traffic accidents, discrimination, contagious diseases, and street protests among others. To carry out a precise public policy on this matter, a permanent scan on security issues in public transport should be developed, considering a complete set of variables. This result can be applied in Chile and all Latin American countries.

Economic nationalisms in a world on fire: An introduction

In a time when many national governments are rhetorically, if not practically, turning away from global collaboration and emphasizing economic nationalisms, understood here as a plurality of historically and politically contextualized policies, the authors in this thematic issue explore the possible contributions of comparative ethnographic analyses of economic nationalisms to interdisciplinary, transnational analyses. In this introduction to the thematic section, the editors note the turn to economic nationalisms in the current context of global crises, review the literature on economic nationalisms, and illustrate the strong political and historical variations in economic nationalisms within even the same nation, using India as an example. The three ethnographic articles in this thematic section are discussed in relation to each other. They offer examples from Turkey, Italy, Guatemala and the U.S., with a shared focus on economic nationalisms and the reliance on the labor of transnational migrants displaced by war, land grabs, and climate change even as those vital contributors to national economies are denied cultural and national citizenship – an irony rendered all the more visible during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Do refugee children impair the academic performance of native children in the school? Informative null results from Danish Register Data

Abstract Discussions concerning the social impact of accepting refugee immigrants arise each time large numbers of refugees apply for protection in rich countries. However, little evidence exists on how the integration of refugees into core welfare institutions affects native citizens who depend on and interact with these institutions. In this paper, we focus on whether receiving refugees in a school cohort affects the academic performance of natives, using administrative data from Denmark, which contain test scores on all children in public schools. We exploit variation in the timing of refugees’ entrance to schools to facilitate causal estimates. Our findings show that refugees tend to cluster in schools that had poorer performance even prior to the refugees’ arrival. When we take this selection pattern into account, the effect of receiving refugees on the academic performance trajectory of natives is both statistically insignificant and substantially unimportant.

The moral permissibility of banishment

This essay defends the moral permissibility, as a form of punishment, of banishment, namely the exclusion by a state of a citizen from its territory. I begin by outlining the prima facie case for banishment, consider for whom it may be appropriate, and acknowledge constraints on its permissibility. I then defend banishment against the main objections in the literature to banishment or the related measure of denationalization (stripping citizens of their citizenship): impermissible permanency; excessive severity; ineffectiveness; unfairness to those who are punished and the creation of two classes of citizens; unfairness among states; and that banishment without denationalization is incompatible with the nature of citizenship. I adopt a ‘cantilever strategy’: if incarceration is permissible notwithstanding a certain objection, so is banishment. In concluding, I sympathetically discuss the view that, despite the moral permissibility of banishment, the power to banish should not be instituted because of the risk of abuse.

이등시민의 반격: 잉글랜드의 의붓딸들과 이대녀

This paper discusses the ways in which Virginia Woolf’s discussion of female citizenship in her 1938 polemical essay Three Guineas speaks to women in their twenties, or Idaenyo, abbreviated from Isipdaeyoja, in South Korea. Recently, Korean media have paid attention to the emergence of women in their twenties as meaningful voters that have an impact on the domestic political scene. Even if this attention indicates the nation’s unprecedented gesture to interpellate young women as political subjects, identifying them as a homogeneous group seems erroneous. In Three Guineas, written after women’s suffrage was accomplished, Woolf discloses the limitations on women’s right to vote and touches upon various controversial issues regarding female citizenship: civic rights and duties, belonging and exclusion, political participation and indifference, and national citizenship and global one. Understanding how a nation-state conceives female citizenship, Woolf represents women of the educated class as “step-daughters of England” to underscore their implicitly excluded subject position and proposes a radical vision for their political influence in the form of indifference and their deliberate denial of national citizenship. I argue that both “step-daughters of England” in Three Guineas and young women in South Korea reveal second-class citizens’ self-awareness about their political agency that surpasses national boundaries. Acknowledging the complexities of gender-based conflicts in current Korean society, I conclude that Woolf anticipates the educated women’s dilemma as national subjects and suggests alternative ways of exercising their political agency.

Out-of-School Children in Nigeria: A Creation by Society and its Implications for Nation Building

Education is a major key to the development of any nation. The realization that education is an engine room to the advancement of both industrial and technological growth of nations has propelled the leadership and citizens of many nations to consider the training of their younger generations with seriousness. The school is a formal institution vested with the responsibility to ensure that children are properly trained in the methods, ways and means for the future progress of the society. In Nigeria, there are educational policies put in place in line with other international institutions to ensure that all children at least acquire the basic level of education. Presently, there are millions of children that lack access to basic education. These children are referred to as out-of-school children. The real statistical figure of these children appears obviously shady. With the rapid explosion of the number of out-of-school children, Nigeria has been described globally as the country with the largest population of such children. It is on record that one out of every child that is excluded from formal education in Africa is a Nigerian child. There are many reasons that evidently might be responsible for lots of these children being out-of-school. Among them are poverty, ignorance, insecurity, corruption, the devaluation of education and knowledge in the social system, materialism and many more. No one can expect to reap what he/she did not give or sow, subsequently the aftermath of leaving out these children without completing their education had multiple negative consequences to the child, the society and the country at large. For one, such children might become ready crop of adults later in life to serve in menial positions of responsibilities with low salary grades; experience marital instabilities due to their economic status and therefore become ready tools that could be ignorantly manipulated by the political elite in the society. They may also raise families without birth control, thereby extending a vicious cycle of people living in poverty and low self-esteem. Beyond being easily exploited, most of them become known for anti-social vices, such as cultism, criminals with tendencies as armed robbery, drug addicts, rapists, kidnapers, hoodlums, and sex workers (prostitutes). The implications of all these to nation building is stagnation and general insecurity to life and property. The article then proffered some likely suggestions that can assist the society to overcome some of these psychosocial challenges once taken into consideration.