National Academy Of Agricultural Science Research Articles

Narra J Co-Editor-in-Chief is awarded as Highly Cited Researcher (HCR) 2021

We acknowledge and congratulate Narra J Co-Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Kuldeep Dhama, as Highly Cited Researcher (HCR) 2021 by Clarivate. Dr. Kuldeep Dhama, is a Principal Scientist at ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute in Izatnagar, India. He is a NAAS (National Academy of Agricultural Science, India) Associate, Fellow-Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), UK, and has worked as Nodal Officer, WTO, and a member of Wildlife Health Specialist Group (IUCN). His research and teaching experience cover microbiology, immunology, virology, public health, medicine, and biomedicine. He is actively serving as Editor-in-Chief, Co-Editor-in-Chief, Editor, Associate Editor, Guest Editor and Member of Editorial Board for more than 15 scientific journals. Dr. Kuldeep Dhama role as Co-Editor-in-Chief of Narra J will enhance the quality of the Narra J one of the reputable journals in the near future. In his 27 years of research experience, he has published not only a great quantity of research (over 578 research publications indexed in Scopus with h-index of 50), but has published in highly respected journals such as Nature. Congratulations on an impactful career!

Differential Effects of Korean vs. American Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Profiles in Korean Adults: A Randomized Crossover Intervention (P20-004-19)

ObjectivesHabitual diet influences the intestinal microbiota and metabolites profiles, thereby influencing host physiology. In particular, the westernized diet can contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease whereas, traditional Korean (TK) diet which is rich in plant-based products and low in animal fat and protein provides health benefits. However, both from the gut microbial and metabolic point of view, the exact comparing westernized diet and the TK diet in regard to the biological mechanisms of metabolic disease development have not been studied yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of the TK diet and the western diet on metabolites and gut microbiota profiling in obese and/or overweight volunteers. MethodsA randomized crossover clinical trial was conducted. Sixty-one subjects were randomly allocated to one of six possible sequential orders for consuming the three diets (traditional Korean (TK) diet, traditional American (TA) diet, recommended American (RA) diet). Each of the three intervention phases was 4 weeks in duration separated by a 2-week. Using 16S rRNA-targeted sequencing as well as serum and urinary metabolomic platforms, we compared gut microbiota and metabolites composition at the time point before and after each diet intervention. ResultsThe diversity of gut microbiota was increased by TK diet intervention but not in TA and RA diet intervention. The TK diet consumption subjects had a reduced abundance of rx4–4, Parabacteroides, and Lactococcus, while an increased abundance of Pyramidobacter, Neisseria, Lachnospira, and Blautia compared with TA diet. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with serum branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) only after TK diet intervention. Also, gut microbial lipid metabolism was positively correlated with serum trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), betaine, and choline only after TK diet intervention. ConclusionsOur observations provide evidence that alteration of metabolites and gut microbiota profiles by dietary patterns would influence host metabolic status, which has relevance for metabolic disease. Funding SourcesThis study was supported by ‘Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development’, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (Project No. PJ013475032019).

Вміст полісахаридів у вегетативній масі кукурудзи у зв’язку з її селекційною характеристикою

The aim of our scientific research was to determine the content of the total amount of polysaccharides and their fraction composition in the vegetative mass of maize having different selection characteristic. 24 grades, lines and hybrids of maize grown on the experimental field of the V. Ya. Yuriev Institute of horticulture of the National Academy of Agricultural Science were used in the research. The content of water- soluble polysaccharides in some parts of the plants (stems, leaves, inflorescence) as well as the content of water- soluble polysaccharides, pectin, hemicellulose A and hemicellulose B have been determined. The former substances can be easily digested by ruminant animals under definite conditions. Object of investigation. The complex phytochemical study of the carbohydrate complex including polysaccharides of maize (Zea mays L) has been conducted. Subject of investigation. The determination of polysaccharides and water- and acid-soluble complexes of polysaccharides as the substances that can be easily digested by ruminant animals under definite conditions has been carried out in some parts of the vegetative mass (stem, leaves, inflorescence) of 24 grades, lines and hybrids of maize. Methods of investigation. Phytochemical, analytical, statistical methods were used in the research. Recently highly productive hybrids of maize of the Ukrainian and foreign selection with the unknown chemical composition of its vegetative mass have been widely used in Ukraine, so the objective necessity has appeared to study thoroughly the carbohydrate composition of all the feeds made from the above crop It has been revealed that the most part of polysaccharides was in the leaves of the plants – from 17,72 ± 0,53 % to 23,75 ± 0,56 % depending on the selection characteristic. High content of polysaccharides was revealed in the hybrids of the maize: Sugar AC-70, Waxen WM-69-8, Waxen WM-06 and the grade of Svitlana over sugar maize had the lowest content of polysaccharides. The structure of polysaccharides of water- soluble form was the following: leaves – 2,7%, stems – 1,8%, inflorescence – 1,7%. The content of pectin was 3,84%, 5,90% and 1,90%, respectively, the content of hemicellulose A was 6,81%, 12,22% and 5,84 %, respectively; the content of hemicellulose B was 21,20%, 23,61% and 9,75 %, respectively. The general conclusion has been made that the high content of the substances of polysaccharide complex led to the actuality of the scientific research in this aspect and to the conducting of the selection work with this crop in order not only to increase the crop yield and quality of grain but to improve the quality of vegetative mass in order to increase the amount of water- soluble substances in its polysaccharide complex.

Effects of Long-Term Application of Slurry Composting Bio-Filtration on Red Pepper Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Use Efficiency and Soil Response

We assessed the long-term application effects of slurry composting bio-filtration (SCB) liquid fertilizer on red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yield and soil response. Our study used a randomized complete block design with three replicates over five years (2007 to 2011). We evaluated seven nitrogen treatments: control, five rates of SCB (SCB0, SCB1, SCB2, SCB3, and SCB4), and chemical fertilizer (Urea3). SCB was used as basal fertilization and three top dressing doses of urea at the 30th, 60th, and 90th day after transplanting were applied. For plant analysis, fresh fruit yield, N uptake, fruit N use efficiency (FNUE), and quality (soluble sugar and capsaicinoid concentrations) were measured; and soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter, inorganic N, P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and Na, Zn, Fe, and Cu were analyzed. In this study, fresh fruit yield for Urea3 was similar to SCB3 and SCB4. Fruit soluble sugar and capsaicinoid concentrations were the same for all N treatments. The lowest FNUE was shown under SCB0 and the highest FNUE was under SCB4. Five years of SCB treatment had no effect on soil chemical properties. For example, soil pH, EC, and soil organic matter content did not show any changes for all N treatments, regardless of N fertilizer source, and soil P was not influenced by increasing SCB rates. Also, the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu did not show any difference among treatments. Although the concentrations of K and Na in soil increased with SCB rate, the concentration of K was still less than the recommended K level from the National Academy of Agricultural Science, and the sodium adsorption ratio indicated that the increased Na may not adversely affect growing crops. Therefore, the accumulation of K and Na was not critical during our study. These results suggest that SCB for basal fertilization can be used as one of the N fertilizer sources, replacing chemical N fertilizer sources. The recommended SCB rate for basal fertilization should be 103 kg N/ha (SCB3) or 128 kg N/ha (SCB4). Consequently, use of SCB liquid fertilizer could provide an alternative source of pre-transplant N fertilizer for red pepper production.

Anti‐cancer effect and gene expression profiling of melanoma induced mice treated with dung beetle glycosaminoglycan

Dung beetle (Catharsius molossus) glycosaminoglycan (CaG) possessed anti‐cancer activities of elongation in survival time showing reduced melanoma tumor sizes in treated CaG melanoma induced mice. Thus microarray analyses were performed with a rat 28K cDNA clone set array to identify the gene‐expression profiles for C57BL/6N mice treated with the CaG, 5 mg/kg, over a month for investigation of anti‐cancer effect compared with queen of Bombus ignitus glycosaminoglycan (IQG, 5 mg/kg). CaG5 or IQG5 produced meaningful anti‐cancer effect showing inhibition of melanoma cell growth in XTT assay. In addition, treated theses glycosaminoglycan increased tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 2 (TIMP‐2) activities in HMVEC cells pretreated by TNF‐alpha or melanoma cells. CaG5 treated rat group, compared to control, showed that 192 genes including collagen, type XII, alpha1 (Col12a1), and hemoglobin, beta adult minor chain (Hbb‐bt), amino levulinic acid synthase2, erythroid (Alas2) and heparanase (Hpse) were up‐regulated and 152 genes including nuclear RNA export factor (Nxf3), hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein1 (Hapln1), G protein‐coupled receptor17 (Gpr17) and myelin protein zero (Mpz) were down‐regulated. Data suggest collagen, type XII, alpha1, was up‐regulated, and nuclear RNA export factor (Nxf3) were down‐regulated by CaG5 treatment indicating to be potential therapeutic markers for anti‐cancer agentSupport or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the basic research of National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, PJ011853.

State of Knowledge of Apple Marssonina Blotch (AMB) Disease among Gunwi Farmers

Purpose: Fuji apples are one of the top selling exports for South Korea bringing in over $233.4 million in 2013. However, during the last few decades, about half of the Fuji apple orchards have been infected by Apple Marssonina Blotch disease (AMB), a fungal disease caused by Diplocarpon mali., which takes about 40 days to exhibit obvious visible symptoms. Infected leaves turn yellow and begin growing brown lesions. AMB promotes early defoliation and reduces the quality and quantity of apples an infected tree can produce. Currently, there is no prediction model for AMB on the market. Methods: The Precision Agriculture Laboratory (PAL) at the University of Florida (UF) has been working with the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, South Korea to investigate the use of hyperspectral data in creating an early detection method for AMB. The RDA has been researching hyperspectral techniques for disease detection at their Apple Research Station in Gunwi since 2012 and disseminates its findings to the local farmers. These farmers were surveyed to assess the state of knowledge of AMB in the area. Out of a population of about 750 growers, 111 surveys were completed (confidence interval of +/- 8.59%, confidence level of 95%, p-value of 0.05). Results: The survey revealed 32% of the farmers did not know what AMB was, but 45% of farmers have had their orchards infected by AMB. Twenty-five percent could not distinguish AMB from other symptoms. Overwhelmingly, 80% of farmers strongly believed an early detection method for AMB was necessary. Conclusions: The results of the survey will help to evaluate the outreach programs of the RDA so they can more effectively educate farmers on the identifying, treating, and mediating AMB.

Silk protein as a cell additive

Event Abstract Back to Event Silk protein as a cell additive You-Young Jo1, Haeyong Kweon1 and Kwang-Gill Lee1 1 National Academy of Agricultureal Science, Department of Agricultural BIology, Korea Introduction: A substance for the cell proliferation, additives such as cell cytokine is a very expensive. It is known that silk protein supports effectively cell proliferation[1]-[4]. Although there are many varieties of Bombyx mori silkworm, the effect of silkworm varieties on cell proliferation has not been considered in detail. To develop the cell additives using silk proteins, we studied that effects on cell proliferation and characteristics of silk obtained from Korea various silkworm varieties. Materials and Methods: Silk sericin was prepared under high temperature high pressure condition. Silk fibroin was prepared using CaCl2 : H2O : ethanol (1:8:2) with different dissolution time(1, 3, 5 hour). The characteristics of each silk protein were analyzed by performing Tensile strength, amino acid composition, porosity, XRD and gel electrophoresis. We investigated the attachment, proliferation, morphology of the cells and the expression levels of genes related to cell growth. Results: There are differences in silk cocoon from different silkworm varieties. The porosity of cocoons was 73~85%. The crystal structure of each cocoon was different by XRD analysis[5]. Also amino acid composition was different. But the molecular weight of silk proteins was same. The proliferation was accelerated in the presence all of silk sericin and silk fibroin. Especially, this was the best Baekokjam silk sericin in cell proliferation. The Baekokjam silk serin was upregulated the EGF gene expression up to 5 times. Conclusion: We expect that silk proteins could be a preferable culture medium supplement for stimulating the proliferation of cell. Then, these results suggest silk as a new material for medium supplement. This study was carried out with the support of "Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ010006)", National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea

Effect of 3% 4-hexylresorcinol silk vascular patch on healing of injured carotid artery in a rat model

Event Abstract Back to Event Effect of 3% 4-hexylresorcinol silk vascular patch on healing of injured carotid artery in a rat model Min Keun Kim1, Chang Hwan Kim1, Young Wook Park1, Hae-Yong Kweun2 and Seong Gon Kim1 1 College of dentistry, Gangneung Wonju National University, Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Korea 2 National Academy of Agricultural Science, Sericultural & Apicultural Materials Division, Korea Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of 3% 4-hexylresorcinol(4HR) silk vascular patch as a vascular repairing material on the injured carotid artery of the rat. The other objective is to analysis of the functional results of the healed carotid arteries between direct closure group and vascular patch groups. Materials and Methods: We used the 21 Sprague-Dawley rats with 8 weeks old and body weights of 250~300 g. The right caoritd artery of every rats were excised with sharp scissor, the defect size was 1 x 0.5 mm. And then we applicate 4-hr silk membrane(Group A) and GORE® ACUSEAL Cardiovascular Patch(Group B), and direct closrue(Group C). We use ultrasonic device for compare the peak systolic velosity, (PSV), end diastolic velosity(EDV) and rdsistivity index(RI) of all groups. And we use the angiography of carotid artery to confirm the patency of the injured carotid artery. After the carotid angiography, we get the tissue sample and histologic analysis was done. Results: The 4-HR silk membrane show good success rate of re-anastomosis than direct closure and gore-tex vascualr patch group. At the histologic analysis, 4-HR group show better result than gore tex group with minimal foreign body reactions. In gore tex group, there was 2 foreign body granulomas. At the ultrasonographic analysis, direct closure group show higher velosities than vascular patch groups. Discussion and Conclusion: In this experiment, the potential of 4-hr silk membrane as a possible candidate for vascular patches to accelerate vascular wall regeneration was discovered. The silk membrane can help regeneration of injured carotid artery and show good result compared with gore-tex vascular parch. Key words: Rat, carotid artery, microsurgery, vascular patch, gore-tex, 4-HR silk membrane, direct closure. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ011214042016) of the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. This work was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ011214042016) of the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Changes of Chemical Properties in Upland Soils in Korea

Soil testing is one of the major strategies for establishing sustainable agricultural practice as it analyzes nutrient contents of soil and determines the amount of nutrients required for crop growth. Soil testing for the field cultivating regional major crops in Korea has been conducting by National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS), provincial agricultural research & extension services and agriculture technology centers since 2000. 1,006,227 soil samples were analyzed and uploaded on Korean soil information system (http://soil.rda.go.kr) from 2003 to 2013. Soil pH has changed from 6.1 to 6.2. Organic matter (OM), available (Avail.) phosphate and exchangeable (Exch.) K have decreased from 24 to 23 g kg -1 , 541 to 399 mg kg -1 and 0.90 to 0.72 cmolc kg -1 between 2003 and 2013, respectively. Especially, Exch. Ca contents decreased to 5.7 cmolc kg -1 in 2009 and increased to 6.2 cmolc kg -1 in 2013. Ratios of optimal ranges for cropping were 48% for pH, 22% for OM, 26% for Avail. phosphate, and 23, 16, 22% for Exch. K, Ca and Mg in 2013. Ratios of optimal ranges for pH increased and low ranges for OM, Avail. phosphate and Exch. K increased. Frequency distribution was 64% for pH 5.5~7.0, 65% for OM 10~30 g kg -1 , 48% for Avail. phosphate under 300 mg kg -1 and 23, 29, 22% for Exch. K 0.2~0.6, Ca 4.0~6.0 and Mg 1.0~1.5 cmolc kg -1 .

산간집수역의 농민과 농촌지도사를 위한 농업기상재해 조기경보 현업서비스

필지단위 재해발생 가능성을 적절한 대응방안과 함께 재배농가에게 농장 맞춤형으로 전달할 수 있는 '농업기상재해 조기경보 시스템'의 실용성과 운영 효율성을 높이기 위하여 현업 서비스 시스템을 국립농업과학원에 구축하여 2014년도 10월부터 2015년 3월까지의 시범 서비스 운영기간 동안 현장 적용을 위한 개선, 서비스 안정화 단계를 거쳤다. 현업 서비스 시스템은 섬진강 하류 유역(행정구역상 광양시 일부, 하동군 일부, 구례군 일부)의 약 470 자원농가와 950 여필지를 서비스 대상으로 하였다. 자원농가에게 필지 단위 사전경보를 개별 문자로 통보하는 시스템과 해당 지자체가 관내 현황을 시각적으로 파악할 수 있는 분포형 사전 경보시스템(웹 GIS 기반) 형식의 투 트랙(Two track) 시스템으로 구성되었다. 1차 연구대상지역인 섬진강 하류에 대하여 현업 서비스는 2015년 3월 2일부터 개별 문자통보를 개시하였으며 온라인 홈페이지는 2015년 4월부터 인터넷 주소(http://www.agmet.kr)로 운영을 시작하였다. 현재는 농장 날씨정보, 농장 재해정보, 전국기상위험, 전국기상특보, 문자서비스를 제공하고 있으며 연구가 진행되는 2017년까지 서비스 대상지역 확대, 서비스 컨텐츠 확대, 서비스 품질 개선 등의 연구활동과 함께 지속적으로 유지될 것이다. To improve the practicality of 'Early warning service about agrometeorological weather hazards' and operation efficiency to deliver site-specific about a lot of land unit possibility of weather hazard occurrence with the suitable counterplan to farmer, site-specific early warning service system that was built at the National Academy of Agricultural Science in Korea passed some of the error supplementation and service's stabilization stage during operation period for trial services from October 2014 to March 2015. Field service system covered about 470 volunteered farmer and 950 lots in Seomjin river downstream areas (part of Gwangyang-si, Hadong-gun, Gurye-gun). This system (Two track system) consists of early warning system (a lot of land unit) to inform farmer by individual text message and dispersal prior alert system that can see the jurisdiction's situation of local government. Individual text message about Seomjin river downstream that is our first study area was launched since <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> March 2015, and online site (http://www.agmet.kr) started business since April 2015. Service offers currently information of farm weather, farm weather hazard, nationwide weather risk and special weather alert, also our system will consistently expand the service target area and contents and improve the service quality until 2017 when our study finished. To prevent crops damage that was caused by crisis situation like farm weather and weather damage offer prior alert about agrometeorological weather harzard to volunteered farmer, thereby our study expects to help the reduction of farm's damage caused by weather derivatives.

Effects of digestion temperatures and loading amounts on methane production from anaerobic digestion with crop residues

1Department of Climate Change and Ecology, Agro-Environmental Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea 2R&D Performance Evaluation and Management Division, Research Policy Bureau, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea 3Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea 4Department of Animal Biotechnology and Environment, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea 5Department of Soil Management, Agro-Environmental Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea

유기산 첨가 발효가 쌀 증류식 소주의 양조특성에 미치는 영향

Han-Seok Choi*, Eu-Gene Kim, Ji-Eun Kang, Soo-Hwan Yeo, Seok-Tae Jeong, and Chan-Woo KimFermented Food Science Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDAAbstract Following supplementation with organic acids (acetic, citric, and lactic acids), the pH of the alcohol mashchanged from 4.2 control to 3.73-3.97 supplemented, the acidity from 5.06 to 8.13-9.98, and the alcohol content from 17.8to 17.0-17.8%. Protease activity decreased owing to the pH change, and the total nitrogen content decreased by 13.1-36.9%following organic acid supplementation. Organic acid supplementation did not affect the distillation efficiency; however,thiobarbituric acid values in the crude distillate (40%) decreased 2.2-3.6 fold following supplementation with citric acid andlactic acid. The total isobutanol (B), isoamyl alcohol (A), and 1-propanol (P) contents in each soju (25%) supplementedwith organic acid were 1,041.47, 979.50, and 961.48 ppm, respectively, which were higher than those in the control soju(935.27 ppm). The A/P, A/B, and B/P ratios of soju were altered and the acetaldehyde content decreased followingsupplementation with the organic acid.Keywords: soju, organic acid, nuruk, distilled liquor, brewing

Microsatellite markers developed by next-generation sequencing differentiate inbred lines of Apis mellifera

Microsatellites, a special class of repetitive DNA sequences, have become one of the most popular markers of genetic polymorphism, especially as next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods have become available to streamline the identification of such markers. Based on 45,476 contigs generated by NGS, we obtained 205 Mbp of nucleotide sequences from six inbred lines of Apis mellifera maintained at the National Academy of Agricultural Science in Korea. In total, 20,580 repeat motifs were identified. Di-nucleotide repeats, comprised mostly of [AT]n motifs, were two-fold more common than tri-nucleotide repeats. We arbitrarily selected 50 microsatellite loci with high repeat numbers and were covered by overlapping contigs. PCR amplification yielded clean fragments from 34 of these loci, and nine were selected to differentiate the inbred lines. Genotyping at these nine loci revealed 4–14 alleles per locus, with average 10.11, as well as 0.1875–0.9592 per-locus observed heterozygosity, and 0.5432–0.8669 per-locus polymorphic information content. Thus, some of these loci are profoundly variable. Phylogenetic analysis using the nine microsatellite loci separated individual honey bees from different inbred lines very well, suggesting that these markers may be used to trace the six inbred lines of A. mellifera maintained in Korea.

왕겨 바이오차의 암모늄태 질소(NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-N) 흡착 특성

Adsorption Characteristics of Aqueous Ammonium Using Rice hull-Derived Biochar Yong-Su Choi, Joung-Du Shin, Sun-Il Lee and Sung-Chul Kim* (Climate Change & Agroecology Division, Department of Agricultural Environment, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Wanju 55365, Korea, Bio Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea)

Hygienic Behavior Test of Six Inbred Lines in Apis mellifera Through Freeze-killed Brood Method

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, perform hygienic behavior, by quickly detecting, uncapping and removing diseased brood from the nest. Hygienic behavior is a complex, genetically based quantitative trait that serves as a key defense mechanism against parasites and diseases, and is considered a potential characteristic associated with resistance to these parasites and pathogens. In this study, six inbreed lines of A. mellifera, bred over the course of eight years at the National Academy of Agricultural Science in Korea, were studied to hygienic behavior, a freeze-killed brood aay was conducted at 24 h and 48 h intervals. The results indicate that, after 24 h, two inbred lines were classified as nonhygienic (removal of dead brood 90%). However, after 48 h, the removal rate of two intermediate lines was >90%; thus, these lines were classified as hygienic at this interval.

농촌관광마을의 체험활동 분류 및 분석 연구

Abstract A Study on the Types Classification and Analysis of Experience Activities in Rural Tourism Village Song-Hee Han a · Jin-Kwan Son a · Yoon-Ji Choi a · Yu-Shik Yoon b a National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, b Department of Hotel and Tourism, Kyungheui University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development, Vol. 22 No. 1(March 2015), 31-41ISSN 1976-3107 http://dx.doi.org/10.12653/jecd.2015.22.1.0031© 2015 Korean Society of Agricultural Extension www.extension.or.kr Rural tourism village experience is proceeded quantitatively without distinct characteristic. This research aimed at analyzing the experience and utilizing in the establishment of differentiation and contents development. Type of experience activity was classified as 10 types in Level 1 and 0~4 types in Level 2. As the result of analyzing 3,007 experiences in 168 villages, types of experience activity implemented per 1 village was 17.9. Among them, ecological experience type appeared to be the most, and appeared in order of food, agriculture farming experience. In respect of agriculture farming experience, ‘harvest and utilization’ was analyzed to be the highest, and regarding rural farmhouse living experience displayed ‘farmhouse living’ experience the highest. Tradition courtesy experience displayed ‘traditional culture’ experience the highest, and rural food experience was analyzed to implement ‘food making’ experience the most. Ecological experience mainly consisted of ‘hunting and collecting’ and ‘observation/learning, ’ in case of play experience, ‘traditional play’ experience activity was analyzed to be performed the most. Considering utilization material, it appeared in order of ‘rice, ’‘sweet potato,’ ‘potato’, ‘corn’, ‘chili’, ‘agricultural implement’, ‘farmhouse’, ‘animal’, ‘culture’, ‘history’, ‘rice cake’, ‘alcoholic drink’, ‘tofu’, ‘kimchi’, etc. The place of ecological experience was performed in the forest the most, and lots of experience was performed in stream, valley, and river. The researcher expects that characteristic experience activity will be developed based on this result, by avoiding doubleness of the experience activity among the regions and the villages.

공정관광 운영자의 인식과 공정관광 운영 현황 분석 - 심층면접을 통한 영역분석을 중심으로 -

Abstract A Qualitative Study on Responsible Tour Operators’ Perception and Operation Status Kyung-Hee Kim·Sung-Jin Kang National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 166, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Republic of KoreaJournal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development, Vol. 22 No. 1(March 2015), 15-24ISSN 1976-3107 http://dx.doi.org/10.12653/jecd.2015.22.1.0015© 2015 Society of Agricultural Extension and Community Development www.extension.or.kr Responsible tourism attracting worldwide attention has supported local economy and community development as a type of alternative tourism. This study explored the perception toward fairness in tourism and operation status of responsible tour operators in South Korea by conducting in-dep th interviews with probe questions. Ten responsible tour operators were interviewed with a semi-structured interview questionnaire for one upto two hours. From the interview data, six themes were identified as difficulties of responsible tour operators: lack of manpower, advertising and promotion, absence of marketing strategy, regulation, lack of budget and lack of recognition of responsible tourism. As government support identified through the interviews, there are the followings seven themes: a low entry barrier market, investment in human resources, resource utilization, community-based policies, connection with local produce, community support and connection system of responsible travel agencies with intermediate support organizations at a local level, The findings of this paper implicate the underlying subject of responsible tourism from a tour operators’ perspective.

Molecular Biological Characteristics and Biosafety Assessment for β-carotene Biofortified Transgenic Rice

Sung-Dug Oh, Soo-Yun Park, Si Myung Lee, Kijong Lee, Soo-In Sohn, Soon Ki Park, and Tae-Hun Ryu* National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 560-500, Korea School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea Abstract : The β-carotene biofortified transgenic rice was developed by transforming rice cv. Nakdongbyeo with phytoene synthase (Psy) and carotene desaturase (Crt I) genes isolated from Capsicum and Pantoea. The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of rice transformants of T5-T7 generation harboring Psy and Ctr I genes driven by endosperm specific globulin promoter for biosafety evaluation of β-carotene biofortified transgenic rice. The structure and sequence of T-DNA in the transformation vector and the insertion sites, flanking sequences and generational stability of inserted T-DNA in transgenic rice lines were analyzed. The transformation vector consisted of right border, MAR gene, carotenogenic genes unit, herbicide resistance selectable marker unit, MAR gene and left border in sequential order. T-DNA was introduced at the position of 30,363,938-30,363,973 bp of chromosome No. 2 by adaptor-ligation PCR. Stable integration of T-DNA and stable expression of bar gene was confirmed in T5 to T7 generations. It was also confirmed that the backbone DNA of transformation vector containing antibacterial gene was not present in the genome of β-carotene biofortified transgenic rice. HPLC analysis confirmed that carotenoids were consistently detected through T5-T7 generations.

Changes of Chemical Characteristics of Soil Solution In Paddy Field from Fifty-Eight Years Fertilization Experiments

The objectives of this study were to monitor the changes in soil solution nutrients and to evaluate their effect on rice uptake and yield. The changes of chemical characteristics of paddy soil solution were examined from the 58th fertilization experiment in which the continuous rice cropping experiment started in 1954 at the National Academy of Agricultural Science. The treatments were no fertilization (No fert.), inorganic fertilization(NPK), inorganic fertilizer plus rice straw compost (NPKC) and inorganic fertilizer plus silicate and limefertilizer as a soil amendment (NPKCLS). The fertilizers were added at rates of standard fertilizer application rate in which nitrogen (N), phosphate (P₂O 5 ), potassium (K₂O), and sililcate (SiO₂) were applied at rates of 75~150 kg ha -1 , 70~86 kg ha -1 , 75~86 kg ha -1 , and 7.5 Mg ha -1 respectively and lime was applied to neutralize soil acidity until 6.5. Average Electrical Conductivity (EC) of soil solution in NPKCLS and NPKC ranged from 1.16 to 2.00 dS m -1 . The NH4+ and K+ levels in NPKCLS and NPKC were higher than that of the other treatments, due to high supply power of rice straw compost. The content of H₃SiO₄ - was higher in NPKCLS because of silicate application. The dominant ions in soil solution were Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Na + among cations and HCO₃ - , SO₄ 2- , and Cl - among anions in all treatments. The continuous application of inorganic fertilizers plus rice straw compost (NPKC) and silicate fertilizer (NPKCLS) led to the changes of various chemical composition in soil solutions. Also, they had a significant impact on the improvement of rice inorganic uptake and grain yield. Especially, inorganic uptake by rice in NPKC and NPKCLS significantly increased than those in NPK plot; 14~46% for T-N, 32~36% for P, 43~57% for K, and 45~77% for Si. Therefore, the combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organic compost as a soil amendment is considered as the best fertilization practice in the continuous rice cropping for the improvement of crop productivity and soil fertility.

유류저장시설 인근 농경지 중 Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene 및 Xylene (BTEX) 잔류량 모니터링

Monitoring of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) Residues in Arable Lands around Oil Reservoir Sung‐Jin Lim, Jin‐Hyo Kim, Geun‐Hyoung Choi, Nam‐Jun Cho, Jin‐Hwan Hong and Byung‐Jun Park (Chemical Safety Division, Agro‐Food Safety & Crop Protection Department, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 565‐851, Korea, 2Agro‐Food Safety & Crop Protection Department National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 565‐851, Korea)