National Academy Of Agricultural Science Research Articles

First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Witloof, Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii in Korea

In August 2011, bacterial leaf spot was observed on witloof (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum) grown in a commercial field with 15% incidence in Injae, Korea. Symptoms on leaves included irregular brown to reddish brown spots in the center. Bacterial streaming from the lesions was observed microscopically. Bacterial isolates (BC3286, BC3287, and BC3308-BC3310) were recovered on Trypticase soy agar from lesions surface-sterilized in 70% ethyl alcohol for 30 s. The isolates were gram negative, urease negative, fluorescent on King's B agar, and had aerobic rods with 2 to 6 polar flagella. Pathogenicity tests were separately performed in different greenhouses located in Suwon (National Academy of Agricultural Science) and Chuncheon (Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services) in Korea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by spray inoculation of healthy, 10-day-old leaves of witloof plants (two plants/isolate) with a suspension of original field isolate (106 CFU/ml). Sterile distilled water was used as negative control. The inoculated plants were incubated in a growth chamber (25°C and 95% relative humidity [RH]) overnight, then transferred to a greenhouse at 23 to 27°C and 60 to 70% RH. Characteristic leaf spot symptoms were observed on inoculated witloof plants 8 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on control plants. The bacterium reisolated from the inoculated leaves was confirmed by analyzing sequence of the gyrB gene with direct sequencing method of PCR products using primers gyr-F and gyr-R (2). The sequence of reisolated bacteria shared 100% similarity with inoculated ones. In LOPAT (1) tests, all isolates and the reference strain of Pseudomonas cichorii CFBP2101T (=BC2595) were levan negative, oxidase positive, potato rot negative, arginine dihydrolase negative, and tobacco hypersensitivity positive, indicative of group III (-, +, -, -, +) of fluorescent pseudomonads. The 16S rRNA (1,408 bp), and gyrB (676 bp) regions were sequenced to aid in identification of the original field isolates as well as P. cichorii CFBP 2101T (=BC2595) using reported sets of PCR primers, fD1/rP2 and gyr-F/gyr-R, respectively (2,4). Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the gyrB and the 16S rRNA of Psudomonas spp. available in GenBank, the reference strain of P. cichorii CFBP2101T (=BC2595), and the witloof field isolates were conducted using the neighbor-joining method with Juke-Cantor model of distance calculation in MEGA version 5.1 (3). The isolates and the reference strain of P. cichorii CFBP2101T (=BC2595) was clustered in one group with P. cichorii strains in both phylogenetic trees based on the two sequences. Sequences of the 16S rRNA region had a distance index value ranging from 0.000 to 0.001 between the reference strain of P. cichori CFBP2101T (GenBank JX913784) and the field isolates (JX913785 to JX913789), and ranged from 0.000 to 0.001 within the field isolates. Sequences of the gyrB region had a distance index value ranging 0.029 to 0.033 between the reference strain (JX913790) and the field isolates (JX913791 to JX913795), and ranged from 0.000 to 0.041 within the field isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot of witloof caused by P. cihorii in Korea. P. cichorii has a wide host range, and an important economic impact on vegetables. The disease is expected to result in a significant economic impact on root production of witloof in Korea.

Yield Response of Soybean to Drought Stress under Different Fertilizer Level

This study was conducted to investigate the yield response of soybean to drought stress in 1984 and 1986 at the experiment field of the National Academy of Agricultural Science using experiment plots with different soil water tension and fertilizer levels. The average yield response factor (YRF) of soybean to evapotranspiration (ET) calculated as [(Ya/Ym)/(ETa/ETm)], where Ya, average yield; Ym, maximum yield; ETa, average ET; and ETm, maximum ET, was 0.91 with the range from 0.74 to 1.16. Relationship between yield index (YI=[Ya/Ym]) and evapotranspiration index (ETI=[ETa/PET]) was <TEX>$YI=0.87{\cdot}(ETI)+0.09$</TEX>. Relationship between YI and the maximum soil water tension (Hmax) was <TEX>$YI=1.23-0.23{\cdot}{\log}$</TEX> (Hmax). Relationship between YI and the days of drought stressed (Dr) was <TEX>$YI=0.877{\cdot}{\exp}$</TEX> (<TEX>$-0.01{\cdot}Dr$</TEX>). The relation between YI and fertilizer level (F) was <TEX>$YI=-0.21{\cdot}F2+0.36{\cdot}F+0.33$</TEX>, under very serious drought condition as the maximum soil water tension was 0.3 MPa.

Dietary Intake of Phytonutrients in Relation to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Korea

The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data for health policy creation by estimating phytonutrient intake and identifying major food sources of phytonutrients. Dietary recall data collected in the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and phytonutrient database of the Korea National Academy of Agricultural Science were used in this study. The proportions of the population satisfying recommended dietary guidelines for fruits and vegetables were estimated, and phytonutrient intake was compared between populations who consumed the recommended intake and those who did not. The study found that 5.3% of subjects satisfied the recommended fruit and vegetable intake. In particular, the proportions of adolescents (13 to 18 years of age) and young adults (19 to 39 years of age) meeting the recommended fruit and vegetable intake were lower than other age groups (P<0.001). Intakes of major carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene), flavonoids (anthocyanidins, hesperitin, quercetin, catechin, and isoflavones), and one phenolic compound (gallic acid) were significantly higher (P<0.001) among subjects who met the recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption compared with those who did not. Carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and watermelons were found to be major sources of carotenoids. Flavonoids were mainly obtained from persimmons, mandarins, apples, grapes, onions, soybeans, and chestnuts. However, one or two food items contributed to nearly all intake of each phytonutrient, suggesting a lack of variety. In conclusion, the Korean population needs to consume a larger quantity and variety of fruits and vegetables.

Change in meat food Consumption Pattern of Korean

The purpose of this study was to define change in meat food consumption pattern of Korean from 1995 to 2010. Base on the Korea national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 1995 to 2010, We compared 1 portion size of frequently consumed meat food. And we calculated nutritional values of portion size, base on the Korea national Food Composition Tables. The results follow as : The kinds of mainly consumed meat food was increased from 27 to 33 kinds. The most frequently consumed meat was beef plate. Beef plate is mainly used to make the gravy that is basis of the Korean cuisine. Consistently consumed meat are Chicken(lean), pork(rib, belly), pork products(ham, bacon, vienna sausages, etc.) and beef(loin, plate, shank, small intestine, blood). The most consumed meat was duck meat with a portion size of 165g(since 1998). In recent years, Korean eat foreleg, loin, neck lean only, shank, ham of pork that are contains less fat.&lt;This study was financially supported by the National Academy of Agricultural Science of Rural Development Administration&gt;;.

Effects of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom on keratinocyte migration in vitro

Background:Since the ancient times the skin aging application of honeybee venom (BV) is practiced and persisted until nowadays. The present study evaluated the effect of the honeybee venom (BV) on keratinocyte migration in wound healing model in vitro.Objective:To access BV further as a cosmetic ingredient and a potential external application for topical uses, we performed studies to investigate the biologic effect of BV treatment on keratinocyte proliferation and migration in vitro.Material and Methods:BV cytotoxicity was assessed by using a 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay over 24 h. To assess BV genotoxicity, damage to human epidermal keratinocyte (HEK) was evaluated using the Comet assay. HEK migration was evaluated using a commercial wound healing kit. The skin pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were examined to evaluate the pro-inflammatory response to BV.Results:It was found that BV (<100 μg/ml) was not cytotoxic and stimulated more HEK proliferation and migration compared to negative control, and did not induce DNA damage. There were also decreases in IL-8 and TNF-α expression levels in HEK at all time points.Conclusion:These findings highlight the potential of topical application of BV for promoting cell regeneration and wound treatment.

미생물제 처리에 의한 토마토의 잿빛곰팡이병과 흰가루병의 방제효과

미생물제제의 토마토의 병 발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 2010~2011년에 걸쳐 공주의 친환경 토마토 재배농가에서 현장실증시험을 수행하였다. 친환경 미생물제제로 시판되는 EXTN-1 액상수화제 등 2종의 미생물제제와 농과원에서 개발 중인 2종의 미생물을 토마토 정식시 점적관수 및 뿌리 관주처리와 착화 초기 4회 경엽처리한 후 생육과 병 발생 정도를 조사하였다. 2010년에는 잿빛곰팡이병에 대해 정식 3주 후 1주일 간격으로 EXTN-1 액상 수화제와 씰러스 액상수화제를 4회 처리한 경우 방제가가 59.6%, 50.5%로 가장 높았으며, 정식 4주 후 1주일 간격으로 EXTN-1 액상수화제를 3회 처리한 경우의 방제가는 55.4%였지만 모든 처리구에서 흰가루병에 대한 효과는 저조하였다. 2011년에는 잿빛곰팡이병에 대해 EXTN-1과 Bacillus subtilis strain B17을 정식시 점적관수와 2주 간격 관주처리 2회 및 착화 초부터 경엽처리 4회를 한 결과 방제가가 57.0%와 55.1%로 가장 높았으며, 흰가루병에 대해서는 EXTN-1과 Bacillus subtilis strain B4 및 B17을 잿빛곰팡이병의 경우와 동일하게 처리한 경우 방제가가 50.5, 51.3, 52.5%로 가장 높았다. In vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of microbial agents on tomato disease occurrences in a sustainable tomato farm in Gong-ju, Chung-nam during 2 years (2010-2011). Two kind of commercial microbial agents (EXTN-1 and Cillus suspension concentrate) and 2 kind of microbial agents (Bacillus subtilis strain 'B4' and 'B17') developing by National academy of agricultural science were used in this study. In the 1st experimental year, the microbial agents were sprayed on leaves for 2-4 times at 1-2 weeks interval from 3 weeks after transplanting, and then disease occurrence were observed. As a result, the control efficacies of commercial EXTN-1 and Cillus suspension concentrate (SC) against gray mold were 59.6% and 50.5% in the treatment of 4 times foliar application at 1 week interval from 3 weeks after transplanting, and the control efficacy of commercial EXTN-1 SC against gray mold was 55.4% in the treatment of 3 times foliar application at 1 week interval from 4 weeks after transplanting. However, the control efficacies of EXTN-1 and Cillus SC were not enough for tomato crop protection against powdery mildew. In the 2nd experimental year, the microbial agents were treated following by the planned combination schedule of transplanting stage drip-watering, early stage root irrigation and early blooming stage foliar application. The control efficacies of EXTN-1 SC and B17 treatment following by transplanting stage drip-watering, 2 times root irrigation at 2 weeks interval root irrigation and 4 times foliar application at 1 weeks interval for gray mold management were 57.0 and 55.1%, respectively. In the case of same treatment for gray mold management mentioned at above, the control efficacies of EXTN-1 SC, B4 and B17 treatment for powdery mildew management were 50.5, 51.3 and 52.5%, respectively.

강원도에서 토양과 기후 데이터베이스를 이용한 이탈리안 라이그라스의 재배 적지 구분

As a part of establishing suitability classification for forage production, use of the national soil and climate database was attempted for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) in Gangwon Province. The soil data base were from Heugtoram of the National Academy of Agricultural Science, and the climate data base were from the National Center for Agro-Meteorology, respectively. Soil physical properties including soil texture, drainage, slope available depth and surface rock contents, and soil chemical properties including soil acidity and salinity, organic matter content were selected as soil factors. The crieria and weighting factors of these elements were scored. Climate factors including average daily minimum temperature, average temperature from March to May, the number of days of which average temperature was higher than 5 from September to December, the number of days of precipitation and its amount from October to May of the following year were selected, and criteria and weighting factors were scored. The electronic maps were developed with these scores using the national data base of soil and climate. Based on soil scores, the area of Goseong, Sogcho, Gangreung, and Samcheog in east coastal region with gentle slope were classified as the possible and/or the proper area for IRG cultivation in Gangwon Province. The lands with gentle or moderate slope of Cheolwon, Yanggu, Chuncheon, Hweongseong, Pyungchang and Jeongsun in west side slope of Taebaeg mountains were classified as the possible and/or proper area as well. Based on climate score, the east coastal area of Goseong, Sogcho, Yangyang, Gangreung and Samcheog could be classified as the possible or proper area. Most area located on west side of the Taebaeg mountains were classified as not suitable for IRG production. In scattered area in Chuncheon and Weonju, where the scores exceeded 60, the IRG cultivation should be carefully

분자마커를 이용한 토마토 시들음병 race 3 저항성 토마토 유전자원 탐색

National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration,Suwon 441-853, Korea(Received on October 5, 2012; Revised on December 13, 2012; Accepted on December 14, 2012)Fusarium wilt, caused by three races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most importantdisease of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) worldwide. A total of 1,906 tomato accessions were screened for theresistance to Fusarium wilt using I-3 SNP marker and high resolution melting analysis. Results showed that97 accessions were homozygous resistant, 8 accessions were heterozygous resistant and 1,801 werehomozygous susceptible. Accessions containing resistance were identified in 65 accessions of S. lycopersicumvar. lycopersicum, 13 accessions of S. lycopericum var. cerasiform, 8 accessions of S. pimpinellifolium, 3accessions of S. habrochaites , 3 accessions of S. corneliomulleri , 1 accession of S. galapagense , 3 accessions of S.peruvianum, 1 accession of S. chilense. For accurate evaluation of the Fusarium wilt resistance, however,screening to race 1 and race 2 and bio-assay still remain to be evaluated.Keywords : Fusarium wilt, I-3, Resistant resources

Random Forest as a Non-parametric Algorithm for Near-infrared (NIR) Spectroscopic Discrimination for Geographical Origin of Agricultural Samples

Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea E-mail: hoeil@hanyang.ac.kr Department of Long-Term Care Claims Review, National Health Insurance Corporation, Seoul 121-749, Korea Department of Mathematics, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea Smarteome. Co., Ltd., Suwon 441-853, Korea Department of Applied Bioscience, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea Received September 1, 2012, Accepted October 9, 2012

Population Structure of the Gibberella fujikuroi Species Complex Associated with Rice and Corn in Korea

Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea(Received on September 1, 2012; Revised on September 20, 2012; Accepted on September 23, 2012)Several species belonging to the Gibberella fujikuroispecies ( Gf ) complex are commonly associated with riceand corn, not only causing serious diseases, but alsoproducing fumonisins, a group of mycotoxins harmfulto animals and humans. To characterize the populationstructure of the putative fumonisin-producing Gf complexin Korea, we obtained 276 candidate isolates from riceand corn harvested in 2009 and 2010 by diagnosticpolymerase chain reaction with several specific primersets. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using multilocussequences (combined RPB2 and EF1A, totaling 1.6 kb)from these isolates. Among the 135 isolates from rice,F. fujikuroi (teleomorph: G. fujikuroi; 59.3%) and F.proliferatum (G. intermedia; 13.3%) were predominant,followed by F. concentricum (5.9%). Additionally, twenty-five (18.5%) rice isolates belonged in a distinct sub-clade of F. commune, a non-member of the Gf complex.In contrast, F. verticillioides was the most predominantspecies (38.3%) among the 141 corn isolates, and followedby F. fujikuroi (27.7%), F. proliferatum (14.9%), F. sub-glutinans (7.1%), and F. concentricum (2.8%). A singlemating type ( MAT1-1) was found predominantly amongthe Gf complex isolates examined. Possible distinct sub-clades were detected within the populations of F. fujikuroiand F. proliferatum; however, this needs further confir-mation. This is the first reported population-level charac-terization of putative fumonisin-producing Gf complexassociated with rice and corn in Korea.Keywords : fumonisin, Gibberella fujikuroi species com-plex, mating-type distribution, population structure, speciescompositionThe genus Fusarium is one of the most important fungalisolates associated with rice and corn because some membersof this group, such as the F. graminearum species complexand Gibberella fujikuroi species complex, are mycotoxinproducers as well as plant pathogens. The G. fujikuroi speciescomplex, a monophyletic lineage, consists of at least ninebiological species, formerly designated as mating populations(MPs) (Britz et al., 1999; Leslie 1999; Leslie et al., 2004),and numerous additional Fusarium anamorphs that areassigned to phylogenetically distinct species (Nirenbergand O'Donnell 1998; O'Donnell et al., 1998; O'Donnell etal., 2000). The Fusarium species in the G. fujikuroi species complexare distributed worldwide and cause serious diseases in awide variety of agricultural crops (Leslie 1999). These speciesalso produce a variety of toxic secondary metabolites andmycotoxins, including gibberellic acid (Cerda-Olmedo etal., 1994), moniliformin (Marasas et al., 1986), and fumoni-sins (Rheeder et al., 2002). Among these, fumonisins, agroup of polyketide-derived mycotoxins, have gained con-siderable attention because they have been associated withesophageal and liver cancer (Desjardins, 2006).To date, at least 15 Fusarium species, most belonging tothe G. fujikuroi species complex, are known to producefumonisins using a biochemical pathway catalyzed by apolyketide synthase (FUM1) (Proctor et al., 1999). Only afew species outside the G. fujikuroi species complex, suchas F. oxysporum, have the capacity for fumonisin produc-tion (Rheeder et al., 2002).As both rice grains and corn kernels are capable ofharboring the toxigenic G. fujikuroi species complex duringthe growing season, monitoring the fumonisin-producingFusarium species on these substrates is important. Severalspecies within the G. fujikuroi species complex are knownto be frequently associated with rice and corn. Three fumonisin-producing species, F. fujikuroi (MP-C,teleomorph: G. fujikuroi), F. proliferatum (MP-D, G. inter-media), and F. verticillioides (MP-A, G. moniliformis ), havebeen isolated from rice plants showing bakanae symptomsin Asia, Africa, Europe, and the United States (Amatulli etal., 2010; Carter et al., 2008; Desjardins et al., 2000;Desjardins et al., 1997; Hsuan et al., 2011; Wulff et al.,2010; Zainudin et al., 2008). The incidence of the latter wasrelatively lower than the first two species. F. verticillioidesis the most prevalent species on corn worldwide (Chulze et

지상원격탐사 센서를 활용한 벼의 질소시비수준 및 생체량 추정

A field experiment was conducted to selection of ground-based remote sensor and reflectance indices to estimate rice production, estimation of suitable season for ground-based remote sensor and N top dressing fertilizer application rate in 2010. application was determined by Fertilizer management standard for crops (National Academy of Agricultural Science, 2006). Four levels of N-fertilizer were applied as 0%, 70%, 100% and 130% by base N-fertilizer application and were fertilized as 70% of basal dressing and 30% as top dressing. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) of Chucheong and Joonam (Korean cultivar) were planted on May 22, 2010 in sandy loam soil and harvested on October 6, 2010. Reflectance indices were measured 7 times from July 5 to August 23 by Crop circle-amber and red version and GreenSeeker-green and red version. Remote sensing angle from the sensor head to the canopy of rice was adjusted to , and degree because of difference in the density of plant and the sensing angle. The reflectance indices obtained ground-based remote sensor were correlated with the biomass of rice at the early growth stage and at the harvest with and degree of sensor angle. The reflectance indices at the 52th Day After Transplanting (DAT) and the 59th DAT, critical season, were positively correlated with dry weight and nitrogen uptake. Specially NDVI at the 59th was significantly correlated with the mentioned parameters. Based on the result of this study, rNDVI by GreenSeeker on degree of angle at the 59th DAT in Chucheong and rNDVI by Crop Circle on degree of angle and gNDVI by GreenSeeker on degree of angle at the 59th DAT in Joonam can be useful for estimation of dry weight and nitrogen uptake. Moreover, sufficiency index estimated by reflectance index at the 59th DAT can be useful for the estimation of N-fertilizer level application and can be used as a model for N-top dressing fertilizer management.

Bacillus subtilis 균주의 기능성 분석 및 이를 활용한 고추 흰가루병 방제

The multi-function of 18 Bacillus subtilis isolates collected from agricultural extension centers of local government and National Academy of Agricultural Science was investigated by measuring their antifungal activities against five plant pathogens, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Magnaporthe oryzae and Phytophthora capsici, phosphorus solubilization ability, production of indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore, and nitrogen fixation. The B. subtilis isolates showed antifungal activity against several plant pathogens and nitrogen fixation activity, and produced siderophore and IAA. They could control pepper powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica), but there was no difference in control efficacy among the B. subtilis isolates. In fields, the control efficacy of B. subtilis R2-1 ( cells/ml) was compared with two microbial fungicides, Q-pect and Topsid. In 2009, the control efficacy of B. subtilis R2-1 (37.7%) was lower than that of Topsid (47.6%), but higher than that of Q-pect (25.7%). In 2010, the control efficacy of B. subtilis R2-1 (83.3%) was higher than that of Topsid (67.9%). In order to elucidate mode of action of B. subtilis R2-1 for controlling pepper powdery mildew, spore germination rates of pepper powdery mildew pathogen collected on treated leaves was investigated when suspensions of B. subtilis R2-1 and two microbial fungicides (Q-pect and Topsid) were foliar-sprayed. They highly suppressed spore germination of the pathogen with inhibition values of 84.2% for B. subtilis R2-1, 97.9% for Q-pect and 94.7% for Topsid. Further study on the mass-culturing method and formulation is needed for development of a microbial fungicide.

칠레산 수입포도 '레드글로브' 품종에 발생한 부패병 병원균의 동정

Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon 441-707, Korea(Received on July 9, 2012; Revised on September 26, 2012; Accepted on September 26, 2012)Post-harvest rot of grape causes a severe economic loss and lower of the grape quality. It is also one of theimportant limiting factors for grape export. Grape rots and their casual agents on ‘Red Globe’ varietyimported from Chile were identified. Grapes shown rotting symptom were collected from the storages nearthe import harbor. The 3 different rots were identified on the imported ‘Red Globe’; melting decay, graymold, and blue mold. A bacterium that isolated from a typical melting decay symptom was identified asGluconobacter cerinus on basis of its nucleotide sequence of 16S rDNA and fatty acid profile. By inoculationon grape, it caused cracking and dissolution of epidermis of grape which were the characteristics of meltingdecay. Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum were isolated from grapes showing gray mold and bluemold. The 2 fungal isolates were identified on basis of their morphological characteristics and nucleotidesequence of their beta-tubulin genes. They showed strong pathogenicity on ‘Campbell Early’ variety that is amajor table grape in Korea.Keywords : Blue mold, Botrytis cinerea, Gluconobacter cerinus, Gray mold, Penicillium expansum

Bacterial Stripe of Hog Millet Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, a New Disease in Korea

In July 2011, bacterial stripe was observed on a commercial field of hog millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Chuncheon, Korea, with a disease incidence of 37% in the field. Symptoms on leaves included reddish-brown, long, narrow stripes that varied in length and were sharply delineated by uninfected adjacent vascular bundles. Eleven bacterial isolates (BC3107, BC3214 to BC3223) were recovered on trypticase soy agar from lesions surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1 min. The isolates, all obtained from different plants, were gram negative, oxidase positive, aerobic rods with two to four flagella. The isolates produced circular, cream-colored, nonfluorescent, butyrous colonies with entire margins on King's B medium. Using the Biolog Microbial Identification System, Version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), the isolates were identified as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae with Biolog similarity indices ranging from 0.52 to 0.72 after 24 hr. Characters for differentiating between Acidovorax spp. were tested according to Schaad et al. (2). The isolates were positive for gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, lipase production, utilization of D-mannitol, sodium citrate, and alkaline in litmus milk. The isolates were negative for utilization of D-arabitol and did not amplify with PCR primer sets Aaaf5, Aaaf3/Aaar2, and Aacf2/Aacr2. Colonies were V-, V+, and V+ for utilization of D-fucose, maltose, and ethanol, respectively. Regions of the 16S rRNA (rrs) and the IGS were sequenced to aid in the identification of the isolates using reported PCR primer sets (1,4). A 1,426 bp fragment of the rrs region shared 100% similarity with all strains of A. avenae available in GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were separately performed for the 11 isolates in different greenhouses located in Suwon (National Academy of Agricultural Science), and Chuncheon (Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services) in Korea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by clip inoculation with sterilized scissors dipped into cell suspensions containing 105 CFU/ml on three 8-day-old leaves of hog millet (two plants per isolate), rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hopyeong), and sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Daehak) in a greenhouse maintained at 28 to 32°C and 90% relative humidity. The isolates induced similar symptoms as those originally observed on hog millet 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control plants (hog millet, rice, and sweet corn), which were clipped with scissors dipped in sterilized distilled water. The identity of bacteria reisolated from the stripes on inoculated leaves was confirmed by analyzing sequences of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (IGS) (1). On the basis of physiological, pathological, and sequence data, the isolates were identified as A. avenae subsp. avenae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial stripe of hog millet caused by A. avenae subsp. avenae in Korea. The spread of the bacterial disease is expected to have a significant economic impact on hog millet culture in the fields of Gangwon Province in Korea. Nucleotide sequence data reported are available under accession numbers JQ743877 to JQ743887 for rrs of BC 3207 and BC3214 to BC3223, and JQ743877 to JQ743887 for IGS of BC3207 and BC3214 to BC3223.

제초제 저항성 논잡초 발생동향

National Academy of Agricultural Science and eight province Agricultural Research & Extension Services investigated the occurring area of herbicide resistant weeds in paddy field of Korea. In order to estimate the occurring areas of herbicide resistant weeds, we collected paddy soils randomly from 3,200 sites in 2011 and 2012, and treated 30 kg ha -1 of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+pyriminobac-methyl GR to the paddy soil. 176,870 ha, approximately 22.1% of cultivated area excluding organic and eco-friendly cultivated area, was estimated to be infested by SU- herbicide resistant paddy field weeds. Several species of resistant weeds were occurred at Jeonranam-do with 44.3%, followed by 30.5% at Chungchungnam-do, 27.8% at Chungchungbuk-do, and 24.5% at Jeonrabuk-do, respectively. Monochoria vaginalis showed the highest distribution with 57,018 ha, 32.2% followed by Scirpus juncoides, and Lindernia procumbens, respectively.

일시수확 엽채류에서 살균제 Boscalid와 Fludioxonil의 잔류특성

Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, KoreaIn order to use in the classification of minor crop for the mutual application of safe use guideline, it was investigated the residue property of fungicide boscalid and fludioxonil at the same time harvest leafy-vegetables, such as spinach, ulgaribaechu, vitaminchae and cheongkyungchae. After pesticides were applied 2 times with 1 week interval in that day of harvest, 2 days, 5 days and 7 days before harvest, vegetables were harvested, and the residue of pesticides was investigated. Base on the residue in that day of harvest, the deposit of spray solution in vegetables was calculated. The deposit of spray solution of boscalid was 253.9 mL/kg in spinach, 83.0 mL/kg in ulgaribaechu, 97.8 mL/kg in vitaminchae, and 88.3 mL/kg in cheongkyungchae, respectively. In case of fludioxonil, it was calculated 157.6 mL/kg in spinach, 67.6 mL/kg in ulgaribaechu, 64.8 mL/kg in vitaminchae, and 66.6 mL/kg in cheongkyungchae, respectively. When the amount of the deposit of both pesticides was compared in leafy-vegetables, it was the highest in the spinach. On the other hand, it was estimated the predicted dissipation curve of pesticides in leafy-vegetables during cultivation. The half-life of boscalid was 5.9 days in spinach, 7.4 days in ulgaribaechu, 4.6 days in vitaminchae, and 4.3 days in cheongkyungchae, respectively. Also, it was estimated half-life in fludioxonil, it was 3.0 days in spinach, 4.0 days in ulgaribaechu, 3.2 days in vitaminchae, and 3.5 days in cheongkyungchae, respectively. The half-life was the longest in the ulgaribaechu. When both pesticides were compared with the residue property, the deposit of spray solution and half-life of dissipation of boscalid were more than those of fludioxonil.Key words Boscalid, Fludioxonil, At the same time harvest leafy-vegetables, Deposit of spray solution, Half-lifeAbstract

A study for development of a food exchange guide for Koreans to reduce energy, cholesterol and sodium, and to increase calcium consumption using one portion sizes of dishes frequently consumed by Korean adults

To help people achieve a balanced diet, various nutrition education tools have been developed and used. Among them, the food exchange system is most common and has been introduced to provide flexibility, balance and variety to a diet. It is based on the macronutrient value and serving size of each food. Foods are usually consumed by not a single item but by a dish cooked with various food items. And the cooking method and food combination can change energy and nutrient contents in a wide range. Also, the increase of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis has been important public health issue in Korea, so it is very important not only for energy consumption but also the consumption of other nutrients related to these chronic diseases. Considering these, the current food exchange system has certain limitations. In this study, we developed a food exchange guide using one portion size dishes frequently consumed by Korean adults. This is composed of four categories: 1) the food exchange list for reducing energy, 2) cholesterol, and 3) sodium, and 4) the food exchange list for increasing calcium. These results can be conveniently used by the general public, people who need diet therapy to manage chronic diseases or their dietary planners when making food selections for a nutritionally balanced diet.«This study was financially supported by the National Academy of Agricultural Science of Rural Development Administration»

Effects of fermented pinus densiflora extracts on obesity‐related pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels in KK‐Ay mice

With health concerns, substitutional sugar consumption is increasing. This study investigated the effects of fermented pinus densiflora extracts on obesity‐related pro‐inflammatory cytokines in diet induced obese diabetic mice. Twenty eight KK‐Ay mice were divided into four groups. Because sugar containing, we obtained appropriate concentration through preliminary experiment. Normal diet control (NC), 1% fermented pine needle (FPN), 3%FPN, 5%FPN group respectively. For seven weeks, they supplemented diluted solution with 10% fat calory (Normal) diet. Inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory analysis showed that Interlukin‐6(IL‐6), Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1(MCP‐1), Adiponectin were no differences. Also there were no significant changes in the values of Leptin, Adiponectin. But leptin concentration was tended to be higher in 1% FPN group than in other groups. Apolipoprotein‐1(ApoA‐1) showed significantly increased in 5%FPN group. These results suggest that the possibility of FPN, as an anti‐obese functional food ingredients, by improved lipid metabolism.Grant Funding Source: This Research was supported by National Academy of Agricultural Science of Korea Grant

First Report of Kalanchoe Leaf Scorch Caused by Stemphylium xanthosomatis in Korea.

Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) is widely cultivated in Korea as an ornamental houseplant and succulent garden plant because of its ease of propagation, low water requirements, and wide variety of flower colors. In August 2010, suspected nursery-stage kalanchoe leaf scorch was found at a grower's greenhouses located in Gimhae, Korea. In some greenhouses, 20 to 30%, and occasionally as much as 50%, of the plants were affected. Symptoms on kalanchoe include browning of the leaf margins and yellowing or darkening of tissues between the main leaf veins. As the disease progresses, affected leaves dried up, turned brown, and became brittle. A velvety, blackish olive mold formed on the surface of the dead tissue, followed by plant defoliation. Fresh leaf specimens were collected from infected plants and the causal pathogen was purified with a single-spore isolation technique and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies on PDA developed a gray or grayish brown, hairy, velvety mycelium that was mostly immersed and also formed conidia. Conidia were pale to mid brown, oblong, smooth or verruculose, with three to five transverse and one to two longitudinal septa in two to three transverse divisions, and 32 to 55 × 11 to 18 μm. Conidiophores were pale to mid brown, solitary or in fascicles, unbranched or occasionally branched, straight or flexuous, more or less cylindrical but enlarged slightly at one to three apical percurrent proliferations, septate, and 80 to 300 × 2 to 5 μm. A representative isolate of the pathogen was inoculated on kalanchoe leaves for pathogenicity testing. Cultures grown on PDA were flooded with sterile distilled water and after rubbing with an artist's paintbrush with hair bristles, the resulting suspensions were filtered through sterile cheesecloth. Conidial suspensions were adjusted to 2.5 × 104 conidia/ml with sterile distilled water. The leaves of five 1-month-old potted plants were wounded by applying pressure with forceps having serrated teeth, bruising the tissue. Wounded plants were sprayed with a conidial suspension until runoff. Five plants sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. The plants were maintained for 48 h at 25°C in a humidity chamber with 100% relative humidity and were then moved to a greenhouse. Symptoms similar to those observed in the farmer's greenhouse developed on wounded leaves within 9 days. The causal pathogen was reisolated from the lesions to prove Koch's postulates. To confirm the identity of the fungus, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) gene were amplified and sequenced (1). Amplification of the ITS region generated a 579-bp sequence (GenBank Accession No. HQ840713) and gpd was 558 bp (GenBank Accession No. JF776462). The ITS and gpd sequences were 100% similar to the sequences of Stemphylium xanthosomatis (GenBank Accession Nos. AF442804 and AF443903, respectively). On the basis of symptoms, mycological characteristics, pathogenicity, and molecular data, this fungus was identified as S. xanthosomatis. The type culture of the fungus is stored at the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC 45812), National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf scorch caused by S. xanthosomatis on kalanchoe in Korea. Reference: (1) M. P. S. Câmara et al. Mycologia 94:660, 2002.

Intakes of Antioxidant Nutrients and Carotenoids according to Lens Turbidity Level among Adults Visiting Cataract Clinic

This study examined intakes of nutrients, carotenoids and polyphenols according to lens turbidity levels among adults visiting a cataract clinic. A total of 102 males and females aged 40 years or higher agreed to participate in the study, and a face-to-face survey interview was conducted to obtain information on general characteristics, health behaviors, and dietary intakes of each participant. The dietary data were collected by a food frequency questionnaire which was previously validated in a Korean population. In addition to essential nutrients, intakes of a total of 10 carotenoids and polyphenols were calculated based on the tables of food functional composition developed by National Academy of Agricultural Science. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to turbidity levels (< 16, ≥ 16 and < 25, ≤ 25), and health behaviors and dietary intakes were compared among the turbidity groups. Data showed seemingly higher energy intake and lower dietary antioxidant (i.e., vitamin A, β-carotene, lutein, zeazanthin, lycopene, cryptozanthin) intakes in the highest turbidity group. However, no statistically significant findings were found in all the comparative analysis on characteristics of health behavior and intakes of nutrients, carotenoids and polyphenols. The current study findings should be cautiously interpreted in consideration of several limitations including a cross-sectional study design, a small sample size, uneven sample size distribution across turbidity groups, and limited generalizability due to using a convenience sample. Therefore we cannot conclude that the risk of cataract is unrelated with dietary antioxidant intakes based solely on the results of this study. (Korean J Community Nutr 17(2) : 205~214, 2012)