Nasal Parameters Research Articles

Investigation of the Relationship between Sagittal Skeletal Nasal Profile Morphology and Malocclusions: A Lateral Cephalometric Film Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between skeletal sagittal nasal profile morphology and sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Regarding lateral cephalometric films, the study was conducted in a total of 135 individuals without any prior orthodontic treatment (mean age of 17.91 ± 1.91), including 49 males (mean age 17.91 ± 1.16) and 86 females (mean age 17.78 ± 1.91 years). The groups were divided into two groups as male and female according to gender, and three groups as skeletal Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 according to the Steiner's ANB angle. In addition, skeletal groups were compared within groups by dividing into two groups of male and female. A total of eight parameters, three skeletal sagittal angular (SNA, SNB, and ANB angles), four nasal linear (R-A, N-A, N-ANS, and N-R distances) and one nasal angular (N1-N2/N2-R angle), were measured on each cephalometric film. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of all measured nasal parameters were calculated. For statistical analysis, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) were used for normally distributed data, and Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for data that did not show normal distribution. For statistical analysis, p < 0.05 was considered significant. R-A, N-A, and N-ANS linear nasal parameters differed significantly between the male and female groups, which were evaluated regardless of the skeletal groups, with a higher rate in males (p < 0.05). N-R linear nasal parameter showed a statistically significant difference between skeletal malocclusion groups, which were evaluated regardless of gender. N-R distance was found to be significantly longer in skeletal Class 3 individuals than in Class 1 and 2 individuals (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in nasal bone concavity angle in all groups (p > 0.05). R-A and N-A linear nasal parameters showed statistically significant differences between male and female sex groups in all skeletal malocclusion classes (p < 0.05). At first, results showed that males had longer measurements than females in all linear nasal parameters. Second, longer measurements were found in all linear nasal parameters in skeletal Class 3 individuals than those in skeletal Class 1 and Class 2 individuals. Third, the nasal bone concavity angle was greater in skeletal Class 2 individuals than the others.

Three-Dimensional Analyses of Postoperative Effects of Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) on the Soft Tissue of the Midface Region and the Upper Airway Space Using Stereophotogrammetry and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).

Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) is an established method to treat transverse maxillary hypoplasia in skeletally mature adult patients. SARPE affects the surrounding soft tissue. In addition, effects on the airway and breathing have been described. Aim of this study was to assess the effects of SARPE on the nasal soft tissue and the upper airway by means of three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). This retrospective study used preoperative and postoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. Ten skeletally adult patients (4 male, 6 female; mean age 27.68 years) with transverse maxillary hypoplasia were included. Patients had undergone SARPE procedure, performed by the same surgical team using the same technique. Nasal soft tissue changes were analyzed, using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry records taken preoperatively (t0) and at the postoperative checkup appointment (t1). The upper airway was assessed using CBCT scans for surgical planning (t0) and the first scan taken after SARPE (t1). In stereophotogrammetry, it was shown that only a few soft tissue nasal parameters increased significantly and SARPE leads to mainly clinically irrelevant changes in nasal soft tissue. In CBCT, only a significant increase in nasopharyngeal airway volume was found. Results were in alignment with literature. The effects of SARPE on the nasal soft tissue are mostly statistically insignificant and clinically irrelevant. Airway volume significantly increased in the nasopharyngeal area. Further research on SARPE effects should be conducted to reinforce SARPE as a treatment option for sleep apnea patients.

Auricular Parameters: A Tool for Stature, Gender and Ethno-facial Determination in a Nigerian Population.

Background: The auricle is a defining feature with the capacity for facial identification, age estimation, and gender determination. This study was designed to establish auricular parameters as a possible tool for identification. Methods: The purposive sampling method was used to randomly select 150 males and 150 females such that each of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria: Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba was represented by 100 individuals. Results: Sexual dimorphism was established in all auricular parameters except right lobular length. Auricular parameters varied significantly among the ethnic groups. All the auricular parameters except left lobular length correlated significantly with stature, no significant correlation was noted between auricular parameters and nasal parameters. Facial height correlated significantly with both right and left auricular lengths. Conclusion: Auricular parameters are good predictors of ethnicity, stature, and gender. They can also be used to determine some facial parameters.

Comparative Evaluation of Nasal Index and its Role in Sexual Dimorphism in Central Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Nasal Index (NI) is a sensitive anthropometric index. It exhibits sexual difference and has become useful tool in forensic medicine and reconstructive surgery. It is an important anthropometric parameter for classification of gender of a person whose identity is not known. Aim: To determine the values of the nasal parameters such as Nasal Height (NH), Nasal Breadth (NB) and NI, clinically and radiographically for male and female and also to compare the NI and its role in sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of a premium Medical College in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, between July 2017 and July 2019, study included total 392 subjects (196 males and 196 females), aged between 18 to 60 years. Posteroanterior (PA), Cephalogram (Ceph) was taken for all the study subjects. NH and NB were measured both clinically and radiographically. NI was then calculated as NB/NH×100. The data was analysed statistically using unpaired Student’s t-test. Results: As males and females were equally divided, major subjects belonged to the age group of 41-50 years (31.63%), followed by 51-60 years (27.04%). Radiographic findings of NH were found to be statistically higher in males (47.46±2.26 mm) while clinical findings of NH were found to be statistically higher in females (55.66±3.21 mm). Radiographic findings and clinical findings of NB were found to be statistically higher in males (33.95±2.41 mm, 37.19±2.44 mm) as compared to females (30.55±1.50 mm, 32.41±1.58 mm). Radiographic findings and clinical findings of the NI were found to be statistically higher in males (71.70±6.21, 69.94±5.87) as compared to females (67.02±5.21, 58.44±4.70). Conclusion: Nasal parameters showed significant differences between males and females in Central Indian population, suggesting sexual dimorphism and also serve as important clinical and radiographical tools useful in nasal surgeries, anthropometry and forensic medicine

Analysis of the Effect of Autogenous Costal Cartilage Transplantation Combined with Silicone Augmentation Rhinoplasty in Nasal Cosmetic and Plastic Repair

Purpose: To analyze the application value of autogenous costal cartilage transplantation combined with silicone augmentation rhinoplasty. Methods: From January 2022 to January 2023, 84 patients with cosmetic and plastic repair of nose were divided into observation group (44 cases were treated with autogenous costal cartilage transplantation combined with silicone augmentation rhinoplasty) and control group (40 cases were treated with silicone augmentation rhinoplasty) according to the surgical intention of the patients. Compare the difference of prognosis indexes between the two groups after operation, and compare the changes of nasal parameters before and after operation between the two groups, and finally compare the difference of patients' satisfaction between the two groups. Results: ①The 3dVAS score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the wound healing time was shorter than that of the control group (P<0.05); ②The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was 4.5%, and that in the control group was 15%. The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05); ③There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05) in the angle of nose, the height of nose root and the angle of nose face before operation. The angle of nose tip, the height of nose root and the angle of nose face in the observation group were higher than those in the control group 3 months after operation (P<0.05); ④The satisfaction of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Autogenous costal cartilage transplantation combined with silicone augmentation rhinoplasty has the advantages of short wound healing time, less postoperative complications and good repair effect, which is helpful to improve the satisfaction of patients and can be widely used.

Nasal Anthropometry among Term and Preterm Indian Neonates- Does Size Matter?

Introduction: The binasal prongs are used in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to provide nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (n-CPAP) in preterm neonates. A variable degree of nasal trauma is the most common complication of n-CPAP therapy. This can be reduced by use of appropriately sized binasal prongs that are customized to the anatomical measurements of noses. The aim was to estimate the nasal two-dimensional anthropometrical parameters among Indian neonates across different gestations; to compare between both sexes and between neonates with different intra uterine growth status and gestational ages. Methods: Hundred and one neonates across different gestational ages (24 – 42 weeks) and intrauterine growth status who were admitted to the NICU of a tertiary teaching hospital were enrolled and grouped into five categories based on their gestational ages viz. 37 – 42 weeks, 34 – 36 weeks, 31 – 33 weeks, 28 – 30 weeks, and 24 – 27 weeks. Seven nasal and para-nasal measurements were taken (nostril width, nostril length, columella width, columella length, nose width, nose length and philtrum length) for each neonate using a vernier caliper. Results: All anthropometrical measurements differed significantly across gestations especially between 37 - 42 and 24 - 27 wks (p = 0.00). Males differed from females only with respect to nostril width (p = 0.032). The measurements varied significantly when compared among small for gestational age, appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age neonates. Conclusions: The nasal parameters differed significantly among various GA and intra-uterine growth statuses, which should help design appropriate sizes of bi-nasal prongs.

Relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures: does part of the nasal profile reflect some craniofacial structures?

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the nasal profile and other craniofacial structures. Lateral cephalometric images of 124 adults were collected for this purpose. Statistical analyses such as regression analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) were conducted on nasal and craniofacial anatomical parameters and their relationships. The regression analysis revealed that nasal length was related to maxillary height; nasal depth was related to the position of the maxilla and anterior cranial base length; and nasal base angle was related to upper dentoalveolar height. CCA revealed that nasal parameters (nasal length, depth, and hump) correlated more strongly with craniofacial parameters (maxillary height, anterior-posterior position of the maxilla, and maxillary length). Individuals with maxillary development curved anteriorly upwards had a straighter and smaller nasal profile, while those with maxillary development curved posteriorly downwards had a more arched and large nasal profile. The shape of the nasal dorsum was affected by the maxillomandibular rotation, while the increase in nasal base inclination was accompanied by an upward rotation of the maxillary plane, an increase in the upper dentoalveolar height, and an increase in the lower facial height. While it was observed that each nasal parameter was correlated with the underlying craniofacial structures to some extent, it was also observed that it would be more useful to evaluate the cumulative effects posed by craniofacial parameters. Various combinations of skeletal and dental structures are related to the nasal profile in varying forms and knowing these relationships will help reshape the face and provide aesthetic harmony.

Does nasal morphology gets affected by growth pattern, skeletal malocclusion and gender dimorphism in an individual in north Indian population

Background: Orthodontic patients primarily seek treatment for aesthetic reasons and due to paradigm shift from hard tissue to soft tissue, nasal morphology with associated structure present in the middle third of face has drawn attention. Hence the retrospective study compared and correlated parameters between nasal morphology and gender dimorphism, skeletal pattern and skeletal malocclusion. Preorthodontic cephalograms of 180 patients were randomly selected following exclusion and inclusion criteria from North Indian population. Cephalograms were divided into three different groups according to various skeletal growth pattern, gender dimorphism and skeletal malocclusion and were further correlated with nasal parameters of each sample groups. Results: The results stated that there was a statistically significant correlation and differences were found between nasal parameters such as NLth(p=0.005), NTP(p=0.004) and skeletal parameters in males and females The results also explained that nasal parameters showed significant correlation with skeletal parameters among various growth pattern. There was statistically significant difference found NLth(p=0.035) and NTP (p=0.029) among growth pattern. On comparing nasal parameters in different classes of malocclusion, nasal parameter LNLA seems to be affected in all the three classes. Conclusion: The study concluded that nasal parameters get affected by growth pattern, skeletal malocclusion and sexual dimorphism in an individual.

NASOFACIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND ITS RELEVANCE IN COVID 19: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Context- Nasofacial anthropometry is the measurement of facial and nasal parameters for racial and gender determination, forensic reconstructions, quantication and treatment of nasofacial abnormalities. Anthropometry also plays a pivotal role in industrial and fashion design, ergonomics and architecture. In these pandemic times, when mask etiquette has become the norm, it is imperative to ergonomically design facial masks to custom t individuals. 'One size ts all' does not serve the purpose as air leaks waiver the use of these masks completely. Hence revising nasofacial anthropometric baseline data of populations has become more relevant than ever. To assess the nasofacial parameters of males and females of Lucknow population. The present cross sectionalAim- Subjects &amp; methods- study was conducted in the Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology, BabuBanarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow where 200 subjects with an age group of 18- 35 years were assessed. Nasal, Facial, Philtrum and Columella parameters were recorded using vernier calipers. Statisical analysis- Student's T test was applied to compare two independent groups and Chi square test was applied to compare categorical groups. - Our study found that hyperleptoprosopic face and mesorrhine nose was predominant in both genders with aResults and conclusions denite increase in dimension among males; conrming sexual dimorphism. Literature review conrmed similarity of face types in places closer to India and variations in farther areas. To conclude, facial type may be majorly dependent on genetic descent and nasal type on environmental factors. Taking into account the huge Indian immigrant population worldwide, results of our study will provide baseline data to researchers.

Comparison of Cleft Lip Nasal Deformities Between Lesser-Form and Incomplete Cleft Lips: Implication for Primary Rhinoplasty.

This study investigated various manifestations of nasal deformities in lesser-form cleft lips, including the minor-form, microform, and mini-microform, by photogrammetric comparison with incomplete cleft lips. Retrospective study. Tertiary university-affiliated hospital. A total of 160 patients with unrepaired unilateral incomplete cleft lips ranging from lesser-form to two-thirds way clefts. The severity of nasal deformities was assessed by photogrammetric measurements of linear and angular variables. The symmetry ratio between the cleft and non-cleft sides was obtained by measuring various nasal parameters and comparing them among the different labial cleft groups. The degree of nasal deformities increased with the extent of labial clefts among the 3 labial cleft groups (lesser-form, halfway, and two-thirds way clefts) in terms of alar base width ratio (1.102, 1.197, 1.309; P < .05), nostril width ratio (1.287, 1.387, 1.551; P < .05), and columellar angle (11.5, 14.45, 18.197; P < .05). Each parameter indicated lesser-form, halfway, and two-thirds way clefts, respectively. However, only the lateral lip height ratio (0.942, 0.851, 0.87; P < .05) and nostril width ratio (1.207, 1.35, 1.29; P < .05) significantly differed among the 3 subgroups. Each parameter indicated mini-microform, microform, and minor-form, respectively. The cleft nasal deformities in lesser-form cleft lip present comparable severities among its subtypes, which implies that the extent of the labial cleft is not correlated with nasal deformities. Each nose in the lesser form cleft should be individually assessed for primary rhinoplasty and requires tailored correction.

The diagnostic value of nasal microbiota and clinical parameters in a multi-parametric prediction model to differentiate bacterial versus viral infections in lower respiratory tract infections.

BackgroundThe ability to accurately distinguish bacterial from viral infection would help clinicians better target antimicrobial therapy during suspected lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Although technological developments make it feasible to rapidly generate patient-specific microbiota profiles, evidence is required to show the clinical value of using microbiota data for infection diagnosis. In this study, we investigated whether adding nasal cavity microbiota profiles to readily available clinical information could improve machine learning classifiers to distinguish bacterial from viral infection in patients with LRTI.ResultsVarious multi-parametric Random Forests classifiers were evaluated on the clinical and microbiota data of 293 LRTI patients for their prediction accuracies to differentiate bacterial from viral infection. The most predictive variable was C-reactive protein (CRP). We observed a marginal prediction improvement when 7 most prevalent nasal microbiota genera were added to the CRP model. In contrast, adding three clinical variables, absolute neutrophil count, consolidation on X-ray, and age group to the CRP model significantly improved the prediction. The best model correctly predicted 85% of the ‘bacterial’ patients and 82% of the ‘viral’ patients using 13 clinical and 3 nasal cavity microbiota genera (Staphylococcus, Moraxella, and Streptococcus).ConclusionsWe developed high-accuracy multi-parametric machine learning classifiers to differentiate bacterial from viral infections in LRTI patients of various ages. We demonstrated the predictive value of four easy-to-collect clinical variables which facilitate personalized and accurate clinical decision-making. We observed that nasal cavity microbiota correlate with the clinical variables and thus may not add significant value to diagnostic algorithms that aim to differentiate bacterial from viral infections.

Anthropometric Measurement of Nasal Parameters in Adult Malay Population

Objectives: Anthropometry is notable for its suggestions in, human anatomy, forensic science, and physical human studies. Human nose is an unmistakable rule in close to recognizable proof and is an impression of uniqueness of each person. The information on nasal estimation is essential to clinicians like maxillofacial specialists, craniofacial specialists empowering them in identification of typical or strange changes, help with repair and reconstruction. Prosthetic recovery additionally requires the capacity to envision the position and measurement of the nose inside the facial closeness. In this way, the admittance to nasal information for every populace are worthwhile. The main intension was to quantify the parameters of outer nose of adult Malay populace and to decide the critical distinction in nose measurement among races.Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was led on 420 people (80 Malay male, 80 Malay female, 60 Indian male, 70 Indian female, 60 Chinese male and 70 Chinese female) in the age range 18-45 years. In this study digital caliper was utilized to identify the nasal landmarks. This research was conducted that the mean of variables were statistically significant differences in nose measurement scores among adult Malay population. All the average independent variables were measured and compared whether differs at the same time among races and ethnic groups.Results:It was discovered that nasal measurement were remarkably larger in Indian and Malay than in Chinese for nasal tip protrusion, nasal height and nasal length. There were larger in Chinese than in Malay for nasal width and alar base root. There were larger in Indian than in Malay for nasal width, nasal height and nasal length. But there was no significant difference in nasal parameters among genders of Malay populace. Conclusion: Thestatisticallysignificant difference in nasal anthropometric nasal parameters were found among three ethnic groups of adult Malay population. But there was no significant difference in anthropometric nasal values among genders of Malay populace

Anthropometric Study of Nasal Parameters of South Indian Population

Introduction The shape of the nose is a signature indicating the ethnicity, age, and sex of the person. Our aim is to map the range of various anthropometric parameters of nose in South Indians. Materials and Methods This study includes measurement and statistical analysis of different parameters of nose among 61 South Indian medical students (34 females;27 males) using digital Vernier calipers. Results The means of various parameters were- 1) Nasal Breadth -2.9cm (males) and 2.5 cm (females). 2) Nasal height-5 cm (males) and 4.9cm (females). 3) The nasofacial angle-37.9 degree (males) and 36.7 degree (females). 4) The nasolabial angle 115.2 degree (males) and 116.5 degree (females). 5) The nasofrontal angle 127.1 degree (males) and 134.7 degree (females). 6) The most common type of nose is leptorrhine in both males and females. Conclusion All the measurements can be used for evaluation of nasal deformity, treatment planning and post-surgical evaluation of the correction achieved during rhinoplasty.

Role of Nasal parameters in gender determination among medical students

Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of the nose has a great importance to differentiate gender, race, and ethnicity. Nasal index is an important parameter in forensic sciences and rhinoplasty surgery. Our aim is to compare the nasal index of both males and females and its role to identify gender differences among medical students. Methods: First and second year medical students were chosen and height, breadth and nasal index were calculated. The height and width of the nose was measured using a vernier caliper. The nasal index of both males and females were calculated and compared and based on this, the nasal shape was also determined. Results: Among 184 total participants, 114 (61.9%) were Nepalese and 70 (38.1%) were Indian. In the Nepalese cohort, mean nasal height for male students was 4.58 ± 0.37 cm which was higher than females (4.39 ± 0.34 cm). The mean nasal index was higher among males in students of both the countries. The mesorrhine was most common type of morphology found among all students. Conclusions: Nasal index of male medical students was significantly higher than females. Mesorrhine nose was the commonest type of nose in our study. This information may be used to estimate gender differences.

Changes to the Cleft Nose Esthetic After Le Fort I Advancement: A 3-Dimensional Analysis

Background and Purpose: The study of nasal changes in cleft lip and palate (CLP) orthognathics is limited. This study aimed to determine differences in 3-dimensional (3D) nasal changes for unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) patients after Le Fort I advancement. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort evaluation of 18 subjects (9 male, 9 female) treated at a single institution over a 5-year period who had class III skeletal and dentoalveolar malocclusion related to non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate and underwent surgical correction via Le Fort I osteotomy. Patients underwent pre- and postoperative cephalometric measurements and 3D volumetric assessment for comparison to analyze nasal changes. Statistical analysis was performed to determine changes in nasal parameters using student’s t-test and multivariate analysis. Differences were considered significant for P-values ≤.05. Results: All nasal parameters except for nasolabial angle and nasal length changed significantly postoperatively in the entire cohort. Alar base and flare width both increased significantly (2.1 mm, P = .0002, 1.4 mm, P = .0005), while both relative and total tip projection decreased (−3.4 mm, P = .000004, −2.2 mm, P = .0008). An advancement of the entire nasal complex was seen postoperatively (1.0 mm, P = .0005). UCLP patients had a significantly larger decrease in total nasal tip projection following surgery relative to BCLP patients (−3.5 ± 1.2 mm, −0.8 ± 2.1 mm, P = .008). BCLP morphology increases the degree of 3D nasal surface area advancement relative to UCLP (1.2 mm ± 0.3, 0.8 mm ± 0.6, P = .028). Alar cinch stitch decreases nasolabial angle ( P = .024) but increases nasal length ( P = .004). Conclusion: Discrepancies exist in nasal changes after Le Fort I advancement between UCLP and BCLP patients. Increased understanding of outcomes for cleft patients undergoing Le Fort I can help improve the predictability of nasal esthetic changes in this patient population.

Photographic Nasal Soft Tissue Analysis From Preadolescence to Young Adulthood: Anthropometric Measurements

The nose has a tremendous effect on facial esthetics and overall facial harmony, accordingly it contributes to the physical appearance of individuals. The aim of this study is to establish sex-related nasal soft tissue norms for preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults in Anatolian population. A total of 300 volunteers (150 males and 150 females) with ages varying from 10 to 24 years were divided into 6 subgroups according to gender and educational status. The anthropometric measurements of the nose in preadolescent, adolescent, and young adult males and females were performed on digital photographs. A total of 16 nasal parameters, 13 linear and 3 angular measurements, were analyzed for sex-related variations. A significant sexual dimorphism was observed for nasofrontal and nasolabial angles in adolescent and young adult groups (P < 0.001, P = 0.011, and P = 0.007, respectively). All linear measurements of the nose were larger in males as compared to females, except for left alar thickness, which were similar between males and females in young adult group. Of the 16 nasal measurements, 13 were found to be sexually dimorphic in certain age groups (P < 0.05). In Anatolian population, the nasal shape and dimensions displayed significant sexual dimorphism in preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults. The average values of nasal soft tissue in this population could serve as a database for the planning of cosmetic and reconstructive rhinoplasty in the pediatric and adult population and obtaining the desired outcomes.

Nasal Morphology and Its Correlation to Craniofacial Morphology in Lateral Cephalometric Analysis.

Nose shape, size, and inclination influence facial appearance, but few studies concern the relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures. The objective of this study was to analyze association of nasal cephalometric variables with skeletal structures, age, and sex. Cephalometric and nasal analysis was performed in 386 Polish orthodontic patients (aged 9–25 years). Student t-test and Mann–Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients—to find correlations. Soft tissue facial convexity angle correlates to Holdaway ratio, ANB (A-Nasion-B), and Wits appraisal. Nasal dorsum axis, nose length, nose depth (1) and nose depth (2), nose hump, lower dorsum convexity, and columella convexity increase with age. Nasal base angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, soft tissue facial convexity and nasal bone angle decrease with age. Nasal base angle and nasomental angle are smaller in females. Thus, a relationship exists between nasal morphology and sagittal jaw configuration. Nasal parameters significantly change with age. Sexual dimorphism characterizes nasal bone angle and nasomental angle.

Methods of Analysis of the Nasal Profile: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

The nose is the most prominent structure of the face, influencing facial appearance and profile. Orthodontists have an awareness of facial structures, including nasal morphology, when diagnosing and treatment planning. Maxillofacial surgeons influence facial profile by bimaxillary surgery, improving facial aesthetics and harmony. The aim of this review was to summarize the available methods of analysing nasal morphology and profile, and to assess their complexity. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase using the following search terms: “nasal profile analysis”, “nasolabial angle”, and “nasal profile cephalometric” in order to select studies providing knowledge on correlations between occlusion and nasal development, differences between skeletal classes, ethnic variability, and differences between the sexes. Studies concerning genetic disorders were excluded. Finally, 17 full-text papers were analysed, which pertained to nasolabial angle, or facial profile including the nose. Data concerning methods, ethnic group, reference landmarks used, and measurements made were extracted and placed in tables. Numerous methods of nasal profile analysis can be found in the literature. These methods describe various numbers of parameters, which have influence on facial aesthetic. Nasal parameters are correlated to skeletal class and nasolabial angle, positions of upper incisors, and maxillary inclination.

Relationship of Nasal Morphology With Different Dentoskeletal Patterns: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The nose is considered by some clinicians as the keystone of facial aesthetics. A treatment plan can be customized to intensify the facial aesthetics of a patient through careful evaluation of the soft tissue drape. Hence, for getting a better outcome of the treatment plan, orthodontists are supposed to have in-depth knowledge and awareness of soft tissue changes, taking into notice the ethnic and racial variation in discrete cohorts. The objective of this study is to enlist the relationship of nasal morphology with different dentoskeletal (sagittal and vertical) patterns. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive electronic database search was performed till July 2020, of Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and ScienceDirect. Only articles published in the English language were included. After excluding all the irrelevant data through careful screening, a total of 15 articles were selected which discussed the nose–dentoskeletal pattern relation. Results and Conclusion: The nose is found to be convex in skeletal class II, straight in class I, and concave in class III. Those with increased vertical growth may have an increased tendency of a convex nasal dorsum. Maxillary and mandibular jaw length affect the nasal parameters more than the jaw position. Nasal length and nasal depth increase with the jaw length and mandibular and maxillary/palatal-plane inclination to the cranium. A long nose with increased nasal depth is expected in long faces and those with long upper and lower jaws. An upturned nose is found with an anticlockwise-rotated maxilla.

Estimation of Stature from Nasal Dimensions

The objective of this study was to estimate stature from nasal measurements in South Indian population.The study was done using standard measuring apparatus measuring tape and vernier calipers including bothmales and females.Regression formula and correlation was derived between nasal dimensions and stature. In thisstudy, regression formula is derived with three variables generalized for both males and females, S=118.005+6.804NL+4.003NW+0.254NH ? 9.70100. Linear Regression equation for males and females havebeen derived separately with each of the nasal parameters. In conclusion nasal measurements can be aneffective tool in estimating stature.