Abstract
Nose shape, size, and inclination influence facial appearance, but few studies concern the relationship between the nasal profile and craniofacial structures. The objective of this study was to analyze association of nasal cephalometric variables with skeletal structures, age, and sex. Cephalometric and nasal analysis was performed in 386 Polish orthodontic patients (aged 9–25 years). Student t-test and Mann–Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients—to find correlations. Soft tissue facial convexity angle correlates to Holdaway ratio, ANB (A-Nasion-B), and Wits appraisal. Nasal dorsum axis, nose length, nose depth (1) and nose depth (2), nose hump, lower dorsum convexity, and columella convexity increase with age. Nasal base angle, nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, soft tissue facial convexity and nasal bone angle decrease with age. Nasal base angle and nasomental angle are smaller in females. Thus, a relationship exists between nasal morphology and sagittal jaw configuration. Nasal parameters significantly change with age. Sexual dimorphism characterizes nasal bone angle and nasomental angle.
Highlights
Student t-test and Mann–Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients—to find correlations
Wilcoxon one-sided test for repeated measurements revealed no differences between repeated measurements exceeding the level of clinical significance (5 degrees for angular measurements and 2 mm for linear measurements) for hump, Nasal base angle (NBA), nasomental angle (NMA), soft tissue facial convexity (SFC)
A relationship exists between nasal morphology and sagittal jaw configuration
Summary
Student t-test and Mann–Whitney test were used to compare quantitative variables and Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients—to find correlations. Nasolabial angle, nasomental angle, soft tissue facial convexity and nasal bone angle decrease with age. The nose constitutes the most prominent part of the profile and occupies the most visible position in the face. The nose shape in the cephalometric soft tissue profile is described by the nasolabial angle (NLA). By some authors, it is considered an excellent clinical and cephalometric parameter to reveal the anteroposterior position of the maxilla [1,8]. The NLA has two components: the inclination of the upper lip (lower nasolabial angle) and the upward nasal tip inclination (upper nasolabial angle) [1,9]. Lo and Hunter [9] divided the NLA angle into its two contributing angles. (1) Nasal upward tip angle—the angle formed when the posterior
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