Nanostructured Copper Research Articles

Study of Tribological Properties of Bulk Nanostructured Aluminum and Copper Samples Applicable in Automotive Bearing Application

Using lightweight systems and friction reduction approaches are two main contributors towards modern and efficient powertrains in the automotive industry. New materials and processes are required to achieve the demanding and ever-increasing performance requirement of automotive systems. Nanostructure induced by severe plastic deformation methods involves bimodal microstructures and hence, shows exceptional mechanical characteristics which can be exploited for automotive application. Through this study, samples were prepared using pure copper, aluminum alloy (series 7000) and were processed to attain bulk nanostructured samples using a Single Step High Pressure Torsion technique with appropriate dimensions applicable as the rolling elements of automotive bearings. The induced nanostructures resulted micro hardness and frictional characteristics of the bulk samples were assessed using transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopies as well as microhardness evaluations. The results revealed that a fully refined nanostructured samples were achieved with 90% increase in the hardness at the outer diameter of the sample. The AFM measurements indicated that the friction coefficient of nanostructured copper and aluminum samples were ~ 25 and ~ 45% less than that of both the unprocessed samples, respectively. Characteristics of treated samples suggest that these processes can be potentially used in demanding conditions of rolling element bearings with reduced weight and frictional losses.

Morphology controlled Cu nanostructures grafted over rGO as highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts to develop 1,2,3-triazole derivatives under click conditions

We report two easily synthesizable, reusable and morphology-controlled copper nanostructures grafted over rGO (i.e., rGO-CuNRs and rGO-CuNPs). The structure, morphology and the composition of the nanocatalysts have been characterized by TEM, SEM, XPS, PXRD and TGA analyses. These nanocatalysts having ‘rod-like’ (for rGO-CuNRs) as well as spherical (for rGO-CuNPs) nanostructures promoted one-pot multicomponent click reaction between in situ generated organic azide and phenyl acetylene to afford a 1,2,3-triazole derivative (L). The nanocomposites containing ‘rod-like’ morphology exhibited remarkably higher catalytic activity as compared to spherical nanoparticle counterparts. Interestingly, rGO-CuNRs exhibited rapid synthesis (∼ 60 min) of L with excellent yield (∼ 92%) involving pure water as a clean and eco-friendly reaction medium. A low copper loading, high recyclability upto 7 times with the negligible loss of catalytic activity and easy workup process is presented. The click product (L) will find promising applications as ‘polydentate click chelator’ to generate metallo-supramolecular assemblies in biomimetic chemistry.

Plasmonic Copper-activated ZnO Microarrays for Efficient Photoelectrocatalytic Applications.

In the present work, green synthesized plasmonic copper nanostructures derived from carbon quantum dots (PCQDs) activated ZnO microarrays (MAs) based catalyst system is developed and studied for photocatalytic activity and photoelectrocatalytic water splitting. CQDs are synthesized from pharmaceutical waste and used as a reducing agent to synthesize PCQDs of an average size of 10±2 nm. PCQDs decorated ZnO (PCQDs/ZnO) MAs exhibited enhanced photocurrent density of ∼7.1 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE), which is ∼11 fold to ZnO MAs alone (0.65 mA/cm2 ). The catalyst exhibits an ABPE of 1.07% at 0.7 V (vs. RHE), IPEC of 8.8% for 450 nm, and hydrogen production rate of 435 μmol/h. The enhanced PEC characteristics are assigned to the improved photons collection and better charge transfer for their participation in oxidation/reduction reaction. The same is well supported with DFT studies for the PCQDs/ZnO MAs catalyst for the first time.

Plasmon‐Assisted Operando Self‐Healing of Cu2O Photocathodes

AbstractThe ongoing problems in western countries connected to the global energy supply urgently force the research community to strive in finding new methodologies for boosting the functional properties of earth‐abundant raw materials, for example, the largely available cupreous oxide. In this work, the authors focus on the surface sensitization of this metal oxide semiconductor with an argon plasma treatment, that promotes, during photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution, the formation of metallic copper nanostructures. Interestingly, these copper‐based hierarchical nano‐branches, having inherent plasmonic properties, are at the origin of the improved shelf‐life of the modified Cu2O photocathode, as is demonstrated by advanced structural and photophysical analyses. This proposed photophysical mechanism for an operando electrode stabilization suggests that a self‐healing process can occur within the Cu2O/plasmonic Cu heterostructure. These findings pave the way to the implementation of new, easy‐to‐make strategies to improve the properties of low‐cost, low‐toxicity energy materials.

Influence of Copper-Based Fillers on Structural and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Composites

The importance of promising composites in modern materials science is constantly increasing. The use of various fillers or additives is associated with their influence not only on the defining properties of the composite, but also on physical and mechanical characteristics of the material. In this case, the distribution of the additive and its wetting with a polymer play an important role. The problem highlighted in this article is the influence of different copper-containing fillers (copper (II) sulphate powder, micro-sized copper (II) oxide powder, and nano-structured copper (II) oxide-based hollow microspheres) on the technological and physical–mechanical properties of the composites based on polylactic acid (PLA). The hollow microspheres of copper (II) oxide have been obtained by ultrasonic spray atomization via pyrolysis of copper (II) nitrate. The structure of the copper-based additives has been studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and static light scattering. For the PLA-composites, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, stress-strain properties testing, and density analysis have been performed. The plasticizing effect of polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol has been studied for the highly filled PLA/CuSO4 composite. The samples of PLA with over 2 wt.% of CuO microspheres have a full volume-filling and percolation structure of the additive’s particles. Due to the regular spherical shape of the particles and a lower specific volume, CuO hollow microspheres are uniformly distributed in the PLA matrix acting as a structuring and reinforcing modifier. Differential scanning analysis showed heterogeneous crystallization on CuO particles with an increase in the degree of crystallinity and the melting point of the polymer. It has been shown that the pre-masterbatching technology and adding plasticizers to obtain PLA composites contribute minimizing defects and enhance mechanical properties.

Anodization assisted preparation of diverse nanostructured copper oxide films for solar selective absorber

Copper oxide films with diverse morphologies are prepared on copper (Cu) substrate by anodization method. The concentration of aqueous NaOH solution used as electrolyte during the anodization process is found as crucial towards formation of different nanostructured films. The reaction temperature impact on chemical composition and morphology of films is also determined. X-ray diffraction patterns disclose that CuO and Cu2O are presented in films and the share between both could be altered by changing the NaOH concentration and applied potential. Scanning electron microscopy images unveiled formation of films with diverse morphologies comprised of nanorods, nanoflakes, nanoparticles, and nanoleaves. Raman spectra confirmed the presence of CuO mode and its significant peak intensity has indicated high crystallinity. The prepared films have displayed high solar absorptance (63.5%–77.3%), low thermal emittance (4.5%–5.5%), and better solar selectivity (>14). These results suggest that the anodization method can be employed as a potential technique to prepare facile and affordable solar selective absorbers.

Targeted Additive Micromodulation of Grain Size in Nanocrystalline Copper Nanostructures by Electrohydrodynamic Redox 3D Printing (Small 51/2022)

Nanocrystalline Copper Nanostructures In article 2205302, Maxence Menétrey and co-workers present a novel approach for microstructure control in nanopillars synthesized by electrohydrodynamic redox 3D printing. Variations in the deposition voltage allow on-the-fly grain size modulation in additively manufactured nanostructures.

Scalable and all-season passive thermal modulation enabled by radiative cooling, selective solar absorption, and thermal retention

Temperature regulation of infrastructures by active heating and cooling approaches consumes about 20% of the total energy across the world, intensifying the energy crisis and exacerbating global warming by greenhouse gas emissions. In this work, we demonstrate a strategy for the all-season passive thermal modulation enabled by its three-mode functionality of radiative cooling, selective solar absorption, and thermal retention in a scalable manner. The radiative cooler consists of a 50μm thick Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film with its back coated by broadband reflective silver (Ag) thin film (200 nm in thickness). The high solar reflectance (Rsolar, 0.95) and thermal emittance (ϵIR, 0.9) of the PDMS-derived radiative cooler facilitate the subambient cooling effect during the hot summer. The selective solar absorber is derived by selective leaching the aluminum (Al) element in the aluminum alloy by the hot alkaline solution to form the solar absorption copper (Cu) nanostructures over the all-wavelength reflective alloy substrate. The high solar absorptance (αsolar, 0.95) and low ϵIR (0.05) of the selective solar absorber assist the efficient solar harvesting during the daytime of the cold winter, meanwhile, its low ϵIR suppresses the radiative heat dissipation helping the thermal retention during the cold nighttime of the winter. The fabrication of the radiative cooler is derived by roll-to-roll casting, while the selective solar absorber can be manufactured by the solution process, which allows the all-season passive temperature regulation in a scalable manner.

Synthesis of Copper Nanostructures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors via Direct-Current Magnetron Sputtering.

In this paper, Cu nanocolumnar structure electrodes are synthetized using a clean and easy-to-scale-up direct-current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) technique for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The nanocolumnar structure increases the active surface area of the deposit, with the nanocolumns showing a mean size diameter of 121.0 nm ± 27.2 and a length of 2.52 µm ± 0.23. A scanning transmission electron (STEM) analysis shows the presence of Cu and a small amount of Cu2O. The behavior of the electrodes in alkaline environments and the electrochemical affinity of the Cu nanocolumns (CuNCs) towards the electro-oxidation of glucose are investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). After performing CV in NaOH solution, the columnar structures present corrosion products containing Cu2O, as revealed by STEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The amperometric responses of the CuNCs to the successive addition of glucose show a linear range up to 2 mM and a limit of detection of 5.2 µM. Furthermore, the electrodes are free from chloride poisoning, and they are insensitive to dopamine, uric acid, ascorbic acid, and acetaminophen at their physiological concentrations.

Annealing Rate as a Crucial Parameter Controlling the Photoelectrochemical Properties of AuCu Mosaic Core–Shell Nanoparticles

Thermal processing is an essential step during the synthesis of various metal nanostructures and for tailoring their morphology, optical, and electrochemical properties. Herein, a profound impact of the annealing rate and time on photoactivity of gold–copper nanostructures by changes in the position and alignment of energy levels and surface states is reported. AuCu nanoparticles (NPs) are fabricated by sputtering of thin metal layers on the Ti nanopatterned foil followed by slow (0.67 °C s−1) or fast (30 °C s−1) treatment in the rapid thermal annealing furnace and then utilized as photoanodes. Photocurrent in the visible range of the slow‐heated AuCu materials is 77 times higher, whereas for the fast heated 24 times higher than for pure Ti platform. On the other hand, the fast‐heated material exhibits higher photon‐to‐current efficiency, longer recombination rate which reaches 10s, and higher carrier transport rate of 150 μs. Based on the simulated projected local density of states analysis and the characteristics of intensity‐modulated spectra, this phenomenon is attributed to the presence of deeper midgap states in the electronic band structure for the fast‐heated samples. Furthermore, photocurrent is enhanced by the presence of Au inside NPs, which increases tunneling across copper oxides junction.

Targeted Additive Micromodulation of Grain Size in Nanocrystalline Copper Nanostructures by Electrohydrodynamic Redox 3D Printing.

The control of materials' microstructure is both a necessity and an opportunity for micro/nanometer-scale additive manufacturing technologies. On the one hand, optimization of purity and defect density of printed metals is a prerequisite for their application in microfabrication. On the other hand, the additive approach to materials deposition with highest spatial resolution offers unique opportunities for the fabrication of materials with complex, 3D graded composition or microstructure. As a first step toward both-optimization of properties and site-specific tuning of microstructure-an overview of the wide range of microstructure accessed in pure copper (up to >99.9at.%) by electrohydrodynamic redox 3D printing is presented, and on-the-fly modulation of grain size in copper with smallest segments ≈400 nm in length is shown. Control of microstructure and materials properties by in situ adjustment of the printing voltage is demonstrated by variation of grain size by one order of magnitude and corresponding compression strength by a factor of two. Based on transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, it is suggested that the small grain size is a direct consequence of intermittent solvent drying at the growth interface at low printing voltages, while larger grains are enabled by the permanent presence of solvent at higherpotentials.

Synthesis of novel nanostructured copper tungstate/GCE electrochemical system in deep eutectic solvent medium for simultaneous detection of dopamine and paracetamol

• DES solvent consist of 1: 1 M ratio of choline chloride and ethylene glycol is used as a ecofriendly solvent. • A nanostructure of CuWO 4 has been synthesized. • The prepared material is used effectively for the electrochemical sensing of dopamine and paracetamol with a detection limit of 24 nM and 14 nM in a linear range 0.6 × 10 −8 M–26 × 10 −6 M for DA and PAR, respectively. • The better current sensitivity of 9.4833 and 25.11µA µM −1 cm −2 for DA and PAR was found. Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) based systems are considered as eco-friendly approach, it can be applied to prepare copper tungstate nanorods with nanometer-size ranges. The synthesis of a novel nanostructured CuWO 4 /GCE electrochemical system in Deep Eutectic Solvent medium is described in the present study. Detailed characterization studies have been carried out to observe the surface morphology, crystallinity, and elemental composition of the nanocrystalline CuWO 4 . Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) provide electrochemical and interfacial electron transfer characteristics of the CuWO 4 /GCE system in 0.1 M phosphate buffer medium. The synthesized CuWO 4 /GCE electrode is exploited for both individual and simultaneous electrochemical detection of biologically important molecules dopamine (DA) and paracetamol (PAR) in the physiological pH range. The proposed system exhibits an enhanced current response towards electrochemical oxidation of DA and PAR and it can be extended to use further for the electrochemical determination in biological as well as pharmaceutical formulations in nanomolar concentration ranges. Differential pulse voltammetry method was applied to determine a wider linear concentration in the range of 6.0 × 10 −7 –26 × 10 −5 M and 6.0 × 10 −7 –30 × 10 −5 M, under the optimized experimental conditions, for DA and PAR, respectively. Because of enhanment in electrocatalytic properties, excellent sensitivity, and long-term stability, the prepared CuWO 4 /GCE sensor can be considered a novel promising system for sensing dopamine and paracetamol.

Copper(II) Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded within a PEDOT Matrix for Hydrogen Peroxide Electrochemical Sensing

The aim of this study is the preparation of nanostructured copper(II) oxide-based materials (CuONPs) through a facile additive-free polyol procedure that consists of the hydrolysis of copper(II) acetate in 1,4-butane diol and its application in hydrogen peroxide sensing. The nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide determination was constructed by drop casting the CuONP sensing material on top of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by a layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) conducting polymer (PEDOT). The PEDOT layer was prepared on GCE using the sinusoidal voltage method. The XRD pattern of the CuONPs reveals the formation of the monoclinic tenorite phase, CuO, with average crystallite sizes of 8.7 nm, while the estimated band gap from UV-vis spectroscopy is of 1.2 eV. The SEM, STEM, and BET analyses show the formation of quasi-prismatic microaggregates of nanoparticles, with dimensions ranging from 1 µm up to ca. 200 µm, with a mesoporous structure. The developed electrochemical sensor exhibited a linear response toward H2O2 in the concentration range from 0.04 to 10 mM, with a low detection limit of 8.5 μM of H2O2. Furthermore, the obtained sensor possessed an excellent anti-interference capability in H2O2 determination in the presence of interfering compounds such as KNO3 and KNO2.

Mixed Cu-Fe Sulfides Derived from Polydopamine-Coated Prussian Blue Analogue as a Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode.

Batteries employing transition-metal sulfides enable high-charge storage capacities, but polysulfide shuttling and volume expansion cause structural disintegration and early capacity fading. The design of heterostructures combining metal sulfides and carbon with an optimized morphology can effectively address these issues. Our work introduces dopamine-coated copper Prussian blue (CuPB) analogue as a template to prepare nanostructured mixed copper-iron sulfide electrodes. The material was prepared by coprecipitation of CuPB with in situ dopamine polymerization, followed by thermal sulfidation. Dopamine controls the particle size and favors K-rich CuPB due to its polymerization mechanism. While the presence of the coating prevents particle agglomeration during thermal sulfidation, its thickness demonstrates a key effect on the electrochemical performance of the derived sulfides. After a two-step activation process during cycling, the C-coated KCuFeS2 electrodes showed capacities up to 800 mAh/g at 10 mA/g with nearly 100% capacity recovery after rate handling and a capacity of 380 mAh/g at 250 mA/g after 500 cycles.

Electrochemically Dealloyed 3D Porous Copper Nanostructure As High-Performance Anode Current Collector of Li-Metal Batteries

Li metal anode is the ultimate choice for Li batteries owning to its highest theoretical capacity (3806 mAh/g) and lowest redox potential (-3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode) among possible candidates.[1] However, despite the advantages of Li metal anodes, a number of remaining challenges must be addressed before its commercialization: undesired dendrite growth of Li, and irreversible parasitic reactions between Li and electrolyte, etc.Stabilization of Li metal is essential for commercial application of Li metal anodes. In the past few years, several strategies have been developed to suppress Li dendrite growth and stabilize SEI formation during Li plating/stripping processes. Among these strategies, 3D current collectors showed its high potential in Li anode stabilization due to its much larger surface area, which can provide much more Li nucleation sites, alleviate volumetric changes of Li anode, and decrease practical current density. Thus, compared to flat Cu foil used in commercial Li-ion batteries, 3D Cu current collectors can facilitate uniform Li deposition, mitigate Li dendrite growth, and enhance Li cycling stability.[2]Our previous work reported a 3D porous Cu current collector fabricated via a facile one-step electrodeposition method directly on commercial Cu foil. [3] The fabricated 3D porous Cu current collector showed stable long-term cycling with a high areal capacity of 6 mAh/cm2 and no Li dendrite growth was observed during cycling process. However, for the one-step electrodeposition method, the thickness of the porous Cu deposition layer is limited. Thus, preparation of 3D porous Cu layers with both high thickness and high porosity is necessary to further improve the areal capacity of this current collector. Recently, we developed a new two-step electrochemical process to fabricate thick and porous Cu layer: a thick Cu-Zn alloy was first electrodeposited on commercial Cu foil, and Zn was then removed electrochemically, leaving a thick and highly porous 3D Cu layer. Compared to our previous method, this 3D Cu layer has a high thickness of ~14 um and porosity of ~72%. This new 3D Cu current collector can achieve stable Li cycling up to 230 h at high areal capacity of ~10 mAh/cm2 at a high current density of 10 mA/cm2, demonstrated its high commercial application potential in Li-metal batteries. Tarascon, J.M. and M. Armand, Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature, 2001. 414(6861): p. 359-367.Yang, C.P., et al., Accommodating lithium into 3D current collectors with a submicron skeleton towards long-life lithium metal anodes. Nature Communications, 2015. 6.Ma, X., Z. Liu, and H. Chen, Facile and scalable electrodeposition of copper current collectors for high-performance Li-metal batteries. Nano Energy, 2019. 59: p. 500-507.

Conversion of vertical-to-planar graphene by morphing of copper nanostructure during a moderate temperature plasma process

The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process enables the growth of graphene at a moderate temperature, but it is vertical graphene (VG) with a large number of defects. In this letter, we report a successful method to obtain planar graphene by morphing of Cu nanostructure during a modified Ar/CH4 plasma process at 600 °C. The insertion of meshed metal shields within the plasma region reduces the magnitude of ions bombardment on the substrate. In this circumstance, the evaporated Cu with a thickness of 200 nm on a black Si template is permitted to diffuse and form a planar film. The reduced plasma etching allows the growth of VG leaves and they are converted into planar multilayer graphene during the Cu morphing process. The crystal defect on planar graphene is minimum, where the values of Raman ID/IG and ID’/IG are 1.91 ± 0.06 and 0.20 ± 0.02, respectively.

Cluster-enabled patterning of copper nanostructures from aqueous solution using a femtosecond laser

A one-step method for patterning low-resistivity nanoscale copper wire is proposed herein to solve the challenging issues of using common metals rather than noble metal nanostructures fabricated by direct laser writing in solution. A complexing and a reducing agent were introduced for the single-photon absorption of copper solution in the visible range and to enable two-photon absorption with a femtosecond laser. Copper clusters were generated prior to direct laser writing to decrease induced laser energy during two-photon absorption and accelerate copper nanowire patterning to avoid the boiling of copper solution. A surfactant was used to restrain the overgrowth of copper clusters to obtain written nanowires with high uniformity. By controlling the laser writing parameters, the obtained copper wire had a minimum width of 230 nm and a resistivity of 1.22 × 10−5 Ω·m. Our method paves the way for the fabrication of common metal nanodevices by direct laser writing.

Pivotal Role of Copper Nanoparticles Shelled by Turmeric or Sumac on Huh-7 Cell Line Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis and Antioxidant Capacity

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Cancer is a complex interaction among multiple signalling pathways involving a variety of target molecules. Nanoparticles were used in cancer treatment because of their intrinsic anticancer properties. The use of plant extracts in the preparation of metallic nanoparticles as a convenient substitute has been proposed. This study assessed the cytotoxic, antioxidant and apoptotic effects of copper nanoparticles shelled with either turmeric or sumac biosynthesized as core-shell nanostructures on the liver tumour cell line (Huh-7). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The nanostructures were synthesized by sonochemical method and characterization was done to confirm the successful synthesis within the nanoscale. Cytotoxicity of nanostructures was investigated on Huh-7 and normal kidney epithelial cell lines (VERO). Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase were estimated in cell lysate to assess the antioxidant properties of nanostructures. Caspase-3 was also measured as an apoptotic marker. <b>Results:</b> Both nanostructures had low IC<sub>50</sub> on Huh-7 cells and a non-toxic effect on VERO cells. The cytotoxic effect was coupled with a significant increase in antioxidant activities and apoptotic efficiency compared to control. <b>Conclusion:</b> The findings summarized here support the utilization of biosynthesized copper with turmeric or sumac as core-shell nanostructures as a novel chemotherapeutic drug for cancer treatment that improves antioxidant effect that modulates the side effect of cytotoxicity. Also, it is obvious that copper nanostructure biosynthesized with turmeric has a more advanced effect than that of sumac.

Surfactant mediated electrodeposition of copper nanostructures for environmental electrochemistry: influence of morphology on electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction

Surfactant mediated electrodeposition of copper nanostructures for environmental electrochemistry: influence of morphology on electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction

Tinospora cordifoliaapproached copper oxide nanoparticles using different concentrations for optical and antibacterial applications

• Copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using different concentrations of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract. • Tinospora cordifolia extract acted as both a reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of CuO-NPs. • Effects of leaf concentration on average crystallite size, morphology, and antibacterial activity of CuO-NPs studied. • The highest amount of TC extract concentration containing CuO-NPs is more effective against the antibacterial activity than lower concentrations. In the present work, we successfully synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) via the green route using different concentrations of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) leaf extract. While adding TC leaf extract to copper acetate solution, the solution turned from bluish to dark green due to the formation of nanostructured copper oxide particles, and it was also confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the crystalline nature and pure monoclinic phase of the CuO-NPs with an average crystallite size of 33–38 nm range. FTIR spectroscopy study confirmed the existing functional groups. TheFESEM and TEM images showed that the CuO-NPs have a spherical structure with an average particle size of 20–30 nm and EDX analysis confirmed the existence of oxygen and copper elements. Further, the photoluminescence (PL) study showed the emission peaks within the 412 to 500 nm wavelength range and Raman spectra confirmed the pure phase of the synthesized CuO-NPs. CuO-NPsexhibited high antibacterial efficacy at a higher amount of TC extract concentration (C60) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Coagulase-negative staphylococci. For the first time, the effects of leaf extract concentration on crystallite size, morphology, and antibacterial activity of CuO-NPs were studied.