Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Folate functionalized multifunctional CuO@PHBV@PDA nanoplatform for pH-Responsive dual drug delivery and ROS-driven apoptosis in breast cancer

Current anticancer nanocarriers are still constrained by a disparity between their various functionalities and biocompatibility. Drug combinations delivered via cell-specific nanocarriers have the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we prepared a ROS-responsive CuO nanoparticle drug delivery system for treating breast cancer loaded with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and paclitaxel (PTX), encased in a layer of PHBV/PDA and embellished with folate to yield 5-FU@PTX-CuO@PHBV@PDA/FA NPs. Excellent monodispersity, size stability, and biocompatibility were displayed by the resulting nanoplatform with a diameter of about 186.3 ± 7.2 nm. Synthesized nanoplatform was studied in NIH 3T3 and MCF-7 cells to determine their antitumor mechanism. Invitro pH-dependent drug release rate, drug encapsulation, loading efficiency, and hemocompatibility were all quantified via Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values for dual drug-loaded CuO@PHBV@PDA/FA NPs and free drugs combination were 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, respectively, indicating considerably stronger antitumor activity of 5-FU@PTX-CuO@PHBV@PDA/FA NPs than free drugs combination. Apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and ROS production were also examined in vitro. In contrary, dual drug-loaded nanoparticles exhibited concentration-dependent and synergistic cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells. Together, these findings suggest that the 5-FU@PTX-CuO@PHBV@PDA/FA nanoplatform may help to resolve the conflict between the multifunctionality and biocompatibility of nanocarriers.

Cryo-Milled β-Glucan Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery.

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog effective against a number of cancers. However, it has an oral bioavailability of less than 10%, due to its high hydrophilicity and low permeability through the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the oral delivery of gemcitabine to improve its oral bioavailability. In this study, gemcitabine-loaded β-glucan NPs were fabricated using a film-casting method followed by a freezer-milling technique. As a result, the NPs showed a small particle size of 447.6 ± 14.2 nm, and a high drug entrapment efficiency of 64.3 ± 2.1%. By encapsulating gemcitabine into β-glucan NPs, a sustained drug release profile was obtained, and the anomalous diffusion release mechanism was analyzed, indicating that the drug release was governed by diffusion through the NP matrix as well as matrix erosion. The drug-loaded NPs had a greater ex vivo drug permeation through the porcine intestinal epithelial membrane compared to the plain drug solution. Cytotoxicity studies showed a safety profile of the β-glucan polymers, and the IC50s of drug solution and drug-loaded β-glucan NPs were calculated as 228.8 ± 31.2 ng·mL-1 and 306.1 ± 46.3 ng·mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the LD50 of BALB/c nude mice was determined as 204.17 mg/kg in the acute toxicity studies. Notably, pharmacokinetic studies showed that drug-loaded β-glucan NPs could achieve a 7.4-fold longer T1/2 and a 5.1-fold increase in oral bioavailability compared with plain drug solution. Finally, in vivo pharmacodynamic studies showed the promising capability of gemcitabine-loaded β-glucan NPs to inhibit the 4T1 breast tumor growth, with a 3.04- and 1.74-fold reduction compared to the untreated control and drug solution groups, respectively. In conclusion, the presented freezer-milled β-glucan NP system is a suitable drug delivery method for the oral delivery of gemcitabine and demonstrates a promising potential platform for oral chemotherapy.

Bioactive molecule-based nano-particulate drug delivery system for antifertility activity

Current research work was design to develop bioactive molecule (Plumbagin) loaded nanoparticle formulation by using Design of experiment to investigate its formulation characteristics and in-vivo antifertility activity. Plumbagin belongs to the (Plumbaginaceae) family and mostly obtained from plant Plumbago indica Linn. Insolubility, instability and poor bioavailability are the factors which constrained in designing formulation of plumbagin. In order to overcome these factors, nanoparticles loaded plumbagin were formulated, this modified delivery system not only enhances the solubility and stability of plumbagin by reducing the particle size from thousands to a few hundred nanometers; when the size decreases, the active ingredient’s bioavailability increases. However, it also aids in enhancing the antifertility activity’s impact. Optimized formula was selected on the basis of design expert software and characterized. As a result, the optimized formula showed Particle size was 397.4 nm, shape of the nanoparticle was spherical detected by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Entrapment efficiency was 67.49 ± 0.047% and Zeta Potential was 25.0 mV. The disruption of the estrous cycle is indicated by the drop in FSH levels found in the in-vivo investigation. An in-vivo study reveals that the reproductive rate of albino wistar rats is decreasing. It was also discernible on the histology slide of the uterus and ovaries of the female albino rat. Follicle counts can yield valuable insights into the ovary’s functioning, particularly on the interplay between the mechanisms that control and facilitate folliculogenesis. At all test levels, no adverse symptoms were seen in any of the experimental groups after treatment. Due to high entrapment efficiency, stability, kinetics of release under simulated physiological conditions, and increased antifertility activity indicated that eudragit based nanoparticle formulation provide appropriate delivery system for Plumbagin.

Abstract 7173: Animal pharmacokinetics of an anti-Her2+ immunoliposome of docetaxel

Abstract Despite the success of docetaxel in combination with trastuzumab in HER2+ breast cancer, docetaxel still has serious limitations, including poor water solubility and the canonical systemic toxicity of taxanes. These side effects of taxanes need to be overcome to improve patient management. In this context, we have developed a nanoparticle drug delivery system. We have developed an immunoliposome loaded with docetaxel and grafted with trastuzumab using a microfluidic method by mixing an aqueous phase (KH2PO4 buffer) and an organic phase composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEGmal in a molar ratio of 50:31:1, to which docetaxel is added at a rate of 1.8% of the total lipid. We perform a thiolation reaction to graft the trastuzumab onto the polyethylene glycol chain. Resulting immunoliposomes were characterized by a mean diameter of 140 nm, a docetaxel encapsulation rate of 73% and a trastuzumab uptake rate of 400 units of trastuzumab by nanoparticle. C57BL/6 mice were administered with docetaxel 1.9 mg/kg and trastuzumab 160 ng/kg or a mixture of free drugs or as liposomes at the same dose by intraperitoneal injection. Blood was collected 1h, 2h, 3h, 6h, 8h and 24h after injection and plasma was analyzed by HPLC-UV with Paclitaxel as internal standard. For each treatment group, pharmacokinetic parameters and exposure metrics were calculated using PKanalix®: half-life T1/2, elimination rate constant Kel and area under the curve AUC at the end points (AUCtlast) and infinity (AUCinfinity). Statistical tests were performed with Sigmastats®. The results showed a marked change in pharmacokinetics with increased plasma exposure with liposomal docetaxel. Preliminary results show a longer half-life for liposomal docetaxel (40.76 h VS. 4.33 h, i.e., a 9.4-fold increase). The concentration of docetaxel appeared to decrease more rapidly between T1h and T6h with free docetaxel (Kel 0.16h-1) than with liposomal docetaxel (Kel 0.017h-1). The concentration of docetaxel reached a plateau over time, up to 24 hours (52.72± 9.45 ng/ml) in mice treated with immunoliposomes whereas Docetaxel was undetectable at T24h when treated with free drugs. There was a statistical difference in PK at T6h between liposomal docetaxel and free docetaxel, 69.86 ± 15.25 ng/ml and 53.67 ± 4.92 ng/ml, respectively (p < 0.001, non-paired t-test). Liposomal docetaxel showed higher AUC0-t (x3.75) and AUC0-∞ values (x5.9) compared to non-liposomal docetaxel. In conclusion, these preliminary results suggest that we have developed a promising immunoliposome for the systemic delivery of docetaxel in HER2+ breast cancer with sustained exposure. Citation Format: Mathilde Dacos, Erwan Diroff, Sarah Giacometti, Joseph Ciccolini, Raphaelle Fanciullino. Animal pharmacokinetics of an anti-Her2+ immunoliposome of docetaxel [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7173.

The Chemical Modification to Improve Solubility of Chitosan and Its Derivatives Application, Preparation Method, Toxicity as a Nanoparticles.

Chitosan is a functional polymer in the pharmaceutical field, including for nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Chitosan-based nanoparticles are a promising carrier for a wide range of therapeutic agents and can be administered in various routes. Solubility is the main problem for its production and utilization in large-scale industries. Chitosan modifications have been employed to enhance its solubility, including chemical modification. Many reviews have reported the chemical modification but have not focused on the specific characteristics obtained. This review focused on the modification to improve chitosan solubility. Additionally, this review also focused on the application of chitosan derivatives in nanoparticle drug delivery systems since very few similar reviews have been reported. The specific method for chitosan derivative-based nanoparticles was also reported and the latest report of chitosan, chitosan derivative, and chitosan toxicity were also described.

Revolutionizing Antiviral Therapeutics: Unveiling Innovative Approaches for Enhanced Drug Efficacy.

Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in late 2019, viral infections have become one of the top three causes of mortality worldwide. Immunization and the use of immunomodulatory drugs are effective ways to prevent and treat viral infections. However, the primary therapy for managing viral infections remains antiviral and antiretroviral medication. Unfortunately, these drugs are often limited by physicochemical constraints such as low target selectivity and poor aqueous solubility. Although several modifications have been made to enhance the physicochemical characteristics and efficacy of these drugs, there are few published studies that summarize and compare these modifications. Our review systematically synthesized and discussed antiviral drug modification reports from publications indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We examined various approaches that were investigated to address physicochemical issues and increase activity, including liposomes, cocrystals, solid dispersions, salt modifications, and nanoparticle drug delivery systems. We were impressed by how well each strategy addressed physicochemical issues and improved antiviral activity. In conclusion, these modifications represent a promising way to improve the physicochemical characteristics, functionality, and effectiveness of antivirals in clinical therapy.

Research hotspots and trends of nanomaterials in stomatology: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2023

BackgroundNanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as highly promising candidates for stomatology due to their excellent quality and remarkable progress in recent years. However, with the rapid expansion of the research scale, challenges arise in the technological decision-making and research management processes, and therefore difficulty for researchers to understand the knowledge structure and research hotspots has increased significantly. This study aims to make a comprehensive summary of authors, institutions, journals, research topics, development trends, and research hotspots of NMs in stomatology through bibliometric analysis for the sake of providing references for scientific decision-making, research management, and academic exploration in this filed. MethodsStudies on research and application of NMs in stomatology were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) from January 1, 2000 to April 27, 2023. Bibliometric analysis and visualization were conducted using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. ResultsA total of 620 articles were included in this study, showing a gradual increase in the number of publications focusing on NMs in stomatology. Globally, China ranked first with 130 publications, and the United States (US) enjoyed the highest citation count (n = 5218) and average citation per paper (ACP) (n = 52.18). The top three institutions with the highest publication output were the University of Sao Paulo (n = 22), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (n = 20), and Shanghai Jiaotong University (n = 13). The journals MATERIALS and NANOMATERIALS emerged as the most popular in this field (n = 20), and BIOMATERIALS had the highest co-citations (n = 1597). The most prolific author was Dos Reis and Andrea Candido (n = 7), while Thomas J. Webster enjoyed the highest co-citations (n = 94). Burstness analysis of the references revealed a prominent research focus on nanoparticle drug delivery systems (specifically lipid nanoparticles). Keyword burstness analysis identified "oxide nanoparticle" as the primary frontier keyword in this field. ConclusionThis is the first study of using bibliometric analysis to summarize the research trends and frontiers of NMs in stomatology. With progressive advancements in the research and application of NMs in oral healthcare, their academic impact is steadily increasing. China and the US maintain a leading position in this field. Future directions could primarily focus on the development and application of nanoparticle drug delivery systems (especially lipid nanoparticles) and metal oxide nanoparticles (especially in antibacterial aspects). We hope that this bibliometric analysis could provide researchers with a panoramic view and useful references for future research, thus promoting the development of NMs in stomatology.

Alopecia areata: review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, current treatments and nanoparticulate delivery system.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a kind of alopecia that affects hair folliclesand nails. It typically comes with round patches and is a type of nonscarring hair loss. Various therapies are accessible for the management and treatment of AA, including topical, systemic and injectable modalities. It is a very complex type of autoimmune disease and is identified as round patches of hair loss and may occur at any age. This review paper highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and new treatment options for AA, with a specific emphasis on nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems. By exploring these innovative treatment approaches, researchers aim to enhance the effectiveness and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals living with AA.

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems responsive to tumor microenvironment: Promising alternatives in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.

The conventional therapeutic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is negatively influenced by the development of tumor cell drug resistant, and systemic toxicity of therapeutic agents due to off-target activity. In accordance with research findings, nanoparticles (NPs) responsive to the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been discovered for providing opportunities to selectively target tumor cells via active targeting or Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect. The combination of the TME control and therapeutic NPs offers promising solutions for improving the prognosis of the TNBC because the TME actively participates in tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. The NP-based systems leverage stimulus-responsive mechanisms, such as low pH value, hypoxic, excessive secretion enzyme, concentration of glutathione (GSH)/reactive oxygen species (ROS), and high concentration of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to combat TNBC progression. Concurrently, NP-based stimulus-responsive introduces a novel approach for drug dosage design, administration, and modification of the pharmacokinetics of conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the strengths, limitations, applications, perspectives, and future expectations of both novel and traditional stimulus-responsive NP-based drug delivery systems for improving outcomes in the medical practice of TNBC. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

Current approaches in tissue engineering-based nanotherapeutics for osteosarcoma treatment.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone neoplasm plagued by poor prognosis. Major treatment strategies include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Chemotherapy to treat OS has severe adverse effects due to systemic toxicity to healthy cells. A possible way to overcome the limitation is to utilize nanotechnology. Nanotherapeutics is an emerging approach in treating OS using nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Surgical resection of OS leaves a critical bone defect requiring medical intervention. Recently, tissue engineered scaffolds have been reported to provide physical support to bone defects and aid multimodal treatment of OS. These scaffolds loaded with nanoparticulate delivery systems could also actively repress tumor growth and aid new bone formation. The rapid developments in nanotherapeutics and bone tissue engineering have paved the way for improved treatment efficacy for OS-related bone defects. This review focuses on current bifunctional nanomaterials-based tissue engineered (NTE) scaffolds that use novel approaches such as magnetic hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, bioceramic and polymeric nanotherapeutics against OS. With further optimization and screening, NTE scaffolds could meet clinical applications for treating OS patients.

A comprehensive review on alpha-lipoic acid delivery by nanoparticles

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic benefits across a wide spectrum of health conditions. Despite its remarkable antioxidant properties, ALA is hindered by challenges such as low bioavailability, short half-life, and unpleasant odor. To overcome these limitations and enhance ALA's therapeutic efficacy, various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have been explored. This comprehensive review evaluates the application of different nanoparticulate carriers, including lipid-based nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles, niosomes, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and micelles), nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles (nanocapsules, PEGylated nanoparticles, and polycaprolactone nanoparticles), films, nanofibers, and gold nanoparticles, for ALA delivery. Each nanoparticulate system offers unique advantages, such as improved stability, sustained release, enhanced bioavailability, and targeted delivery. For example, ALA-loaded SLNs demonstrated benefits for skin care products and skin rejuvenation. ALA encapsulated in niosomes showed potential for treating cerebral ischemia, a condition largely linked to stroke. ALA-loaded cationic nanoemulsions showed promise for ophthalmic applications, reducing vascular injuries, and corneal disorders. Coating liposomes with chitosan further enhanced stability and performance, promoting drug absorption through the skin. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in nanoparticulate delivery systems for ALA, highlighting their potential to overcome the limitations of ALA administration and significantly enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. These innovative approaches hold promise for the development of improved ALA-based treatments across a broad spectrum of health conditions.

Design, optimization, and characterization of covalent organic framework-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems

Drug delivery system has became a research hotspot due to its excellent targeting ability and drug-controlled releases. Herein, a hierarchically flower-like hollow COF (HFH-COF) is synthesized via a simple one-step reaction method at room temperature. The as-prepared HFH-COF has high specific surface area, uniform pore size and pH sensitivity. Based on drug loading experiments using Adriamycin (DOX) as a model molecule, HFH-COF exhibits high drug loading capabilities. The drug release curves under different pH conditions show that HFH-COF is pH sensitive. In vitro cell experiments further confirmed that HFH-COF has good biocompatibility. DOX can be effectively released from HFH-COF to kill tumor cells. The as-prepared HFH-COF drug-loading system has exceptional drug loading ability, excellent biocompatibility, pH sensitivity of the tumor microenvironment, as well as good the potential application prospects in tumor treatment. Overall, a new COF-based drug delivery systems have been developed, and COFs are expanding the field of drug carriers as well.

Versatile Nanoparticulate Systems as a Prosperous Platform for Targeted Nose-Brain Drug Delivery.

The intranasal route has proven to be a reliable and promising route for delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS), averting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and avoiding extensive first-pass metabolism of some drugs, with minimal systemic exposure. This is considered to be the main problem associated with other routes of drug delivery such as oral, parenteral, and transdermal, among other administration methods. The intranasal route maximizes drug bioavailability, particularly those susceptible to enzymatic degradation such as peptides and proteins. This review will stipulate an overview of the intranasal route as a channel for drug delivery, including its benefits and drawbacks, as well as different mechanisms of CNS drug targeting using nanoparticulate drug delivery systems devices; it also focuses on pharmaceutical dosage forms such as drops, sprays, or gels via the nasal route comprising different polymers, absorption promoters, CNS ligands, and permeation enhancers.

Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the effects and mechanisms of lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery systems

Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the effects and mechanisms of lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery systems

Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery.

Nanoscale drug delivery systems have provoked interest for application in various therapies on account of their ability to elevate the intracellular concentration of drugs inside target cells, which leads to an increase in efficacy, a decrease in dose, and dose-associated adverse effects. There are several types of nanoparticles available; however, core-shell nanoparticles outperform bare nanoparticles in terms of their reduced cytotoxicity, high dispersibility and biocompatibility, and improved conjugation with drugs and biomolecules because of better surface characteristics. These nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are used for targeting a number of organs, such as the colon, brain, lung, etc. Pulmonary administration of medicines is a more appealing method as it is a noninvasive route for systemic and locally acting drugs as the pulmonary region has a wide surface area, delicate blood-alveolar barrier, and significant vascularization. A core-shell nano-particulate drug delivery system is more effective in the treatment of various pulmonary disorders. Thus, this review has discussed the potential of several types of core-shell nanoparticles in treating various diseases and synthesis methods of core-shell nanoparticles. The methods for synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles include solid phase reaction, liquid phase reaction, gas phase reaction, mechanical mixing, microwave- assisted synthesis, sono-synthesis, and non-thermal plasma technology. The basic types of core-shell nanoparticles are metallic, magnetic, polymeric, silica, upconversion, and carbon nanomaterial- based core-shell nanoparticles. With this special platform, it is possible to integrate the benefits of both core and shell materials, such as strong serum stability, effective drug loading, adjustable particle size, and immunocompatibility.

Cocktail Cell-Reprogrammed Hydrogel Microspheres Achieving Scarless Hair Follicle Regeneration.

The scar repair inevitably causes damage of skin function and loss of skin appendages such as hair follicles (HF). It is of great challenge in wound repair that how to intervene in scar formation while simultaneously remodeling HF niche and inducing in situ HF regeneration. Here, chemical reprogramming techniques are used to identify a clinically chemical cocktail (Tideglusib and Tamibarotene) that can drive fibroblasts toward dermal papilla cell (DPC) fate. Considering the advantage of biomaterials in tissue repair and their regulation in cell behavior that may contributes to cellular reprogramming, the artificial HF seeding (AHFS) hydrogel microspheres, inspired by the natural processes of "seeding and harvest", are constructed via using a combination of liposome nanoparticle drug delivery system, photoresponsive hydrogel shell, positively charged polyamide modification, microfluidic and photocrosslinking techniques. The identified chemical cocktail is as the core nucleus of AHFS. In vitro and in vivo studies show that AHFS can regulate fibroblast fate, induce fibroblast-to-DPC reprogramming by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, finally promoting wound healing and in situ HF regeneration while inhibiting scar formation in a two-pronged translational approach. In conclusion, AHFS provides a new and effective strategy for functional repair of skin wounds.

Biosynthesis, structural characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using an eco-friendly method with Mentha spicata L. extract and their antimicrobial activity and toxicological risk assessment

Due to the development of microbial resistance to medicines the development of antiseptics items on AgNPs is a vital task. To assess the efficacy of products based on AgNPs, it is essential to conduct an in-depth study of the activity of AgNPs. Currently,nanomaterialsprepared through ecofriendly procedure has got great interest. In the recent study, the potential ofMentha spicata L. to synthesizeAgNPs is described.The nanoparticleswere characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic tools including UV–Vis, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The obtained nanoparticles were assessed against microbes in antibacterial, and antifungal activities along with their biocompatible nature. The preparedAgNPsexhibited outstanding activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The highest cleared zone was noted at 20 mg/mL against E. coli (24 mm) followed, P. aeruginosa (22 mm), Klebsiella (21 mm), S. typhi (18 mm) and by S. aureus (17 mm). Similarly, the AgNPs showed antifungal activity at all concentrations but the highest zone of inhibition was observed at 1 mg/mL against A. niger (23 mm) followed by A. alternata (20 mm) and F. oxysporum (18 mm) The biocompatibility activities of the prepared nanoparticles towards RBCs were assessed in the range of 15 to 120 µg/mL. The hemolytic activity confirmed that the bio-inspired AgNPs is a safe as per the standard of American Society for Testing and Materials. The use of silver nanoparticles in drug delivery systems might be the future thrust in the field of medicine. Lastly these must provide highly accurate disease treatments that are eco and patient friendly, safe, dependable and profitable.

Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System: A Comprehensive Exploration from Classification to Neurodegenerative Therapies

Nanoparticles, defined as particles ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, distinct from their larger counterparts. Found widely in nature, nanoparticles have become the focus of interdisciplinary studies, including chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. This diverse class includes non-spherical shapes like prisms, rods, and cubes, with gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles gaining significance for their optical properties. The exploration of nanoparticles began in the 1950s, evolving into practical applications such as drug delivery systems pioneered by Tatzkenitz Bangham in the mid-1960s, introducing liposomes. Various types of nanoparticles, including carbon-based, ceramic, metal, semiconductor, polymeric, and lipid nanoparticles, have been classified based on size, morphology, and physical properties. The role of nanoparticles in treating neurodegenerative disorders is promising, leveraging their unique features for targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, antioxidant properties, gene therapy, biosensors for early detection, and neuroregeneration support. Despite the advantages, nanoparticles come with challenges such as biocompatibility concerns, potential toxicity, complex manufacturing processes, and regulatory hurdles. However, ongoing research aims to address these limitations, making nanoparticles a forefront technology in therapeutic interventions.

Nanoparticles Drug Delivery System in Targeted Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Nanoparticles Drug Delivery System in Targeted Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Orally-administered nanomedicine systems targeting colon inflammation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: latest advances.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and idiopathic condition that results in inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Commonly used treatments for IBD include anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and antibiotics. Fecal microbiota transplantation is also being explored as a potential treatment method; however, these drugs may lead to systemic side effects. Oral administration is preferred for IBD treatment, but accurately locating the inflamed area in the colon is challenging due to multiple physiological barriers. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems possess unique physicochemical properties that enable precise delivery to the target site for IBD treatment, exploiting the increased permeability and retention effect of inflamed intestines. The first part of this review comprehensively introduces the pathophysiological environment of IBD, covering the gastrointestinal pH, various enzymes in the pathway, transport time, intestinal mucus, intestinal epithelium, intestinal immune cells, and intestinal microbiota. The second part focuses on the latest advances in the mechanism and strategies of targeted delivery using oral nanoparticle drug delivery systems for colitis-related fields. Finally, we present challenges and potential directions for future IBD treatment with the assistance of nanotechnology.